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of Concrete Structures
Guide for Assessment

before Rehabilitation
Reported by ACI Committee 364
ACI 364.1R-19
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First Printing
April 2019
ISBN: 978-1-64195-058-9

Guide for Assessment of Concrete Structures before Rehabilitation

Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material
may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other
distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.

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documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one
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ACI 364.1R-19

Guide for Assessment of Concrete Structures before

Rehabilitation
Reported by ACI Committee 364
Ashok M. Kakade, Chair Paul E. Gaudette, Secretary

Randal M. Beard Fred R. Goodwin Liying Jiang Murat B. Seyidoglu

Benoit Bissonnette Pawan R. Gupta Keith E. Kesner K. Nam Shiu
Ryan Alexander Carris Ann Harrer John S. Lund Kyle D. Stanish
Larry D. Church John L. Hausfeld Marjorie M. Lynch David A. VanOcker
Bruce A. Collins Robert L. Henry Surendra K. Manjrekar David W. Whitmore
Timothy R. W. Gillespie Charles J. Hookham James E. McDonald

Consulting Members
Robert V. Gevecker Emory L. Kemp Dela Tharmabala Alexander M. Vaysburd
Stephen A. Johanson Weilan Song Robert Tracy William F. Wescott

This guide presents general procedures for assessment of concrete 3.3—Preliminary assessment, p. 4
structures before rehabilitation. Among the subjects covered are 3.4—Detailed assessment, p. 4
preliminary assessment, detailed assessment, review of documenta-
tion, field observation and condition survey, sampling and material CHAPTER 4—DOCUMENT REVIEW, p. 4
testing, evaluation, and final report. Evaluation to identify seismic
4.1—Introduction, p. 4
or building code deficiencies is beyond the scope of this guide.
4.2—Design information, p. 5
Keywords: assessment; condition survey; deterioration; distress; investiga- 4.3—Materials information, p. 5
tion; rehabilitation; sampling; testing. 4.4—Construction information, p. 5
4.5—Service history, p. 6
CONTENTS 4.6—Project documents, p. 6

CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 2 CHAPTER 5—FIELD INVESTIGATION, p. 6

University of Toronto User.

1.1—Introduction, p. 2 5.1—Introduction, p. 6
1.2—Scope, p. 2 5.2—Preparation and planning, p. 6
5.3—Field verification of as-built construction, p. 7
CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONS, p. 2 5.4—Condition survey and visual inspection, p. 8
5.5—Exploratory openings, p. 9
CHAPTER 3—INVESTIGATION, p. 3 5.6—Unsafe or potentially hazardous conditions, p. 10
3.1—Introduction, p. 3
3.2—Assessment: overview, p. 4 CHAPTER 6—SAMPLING AND TESTING, p. 10
6.1—Introduction, p. 10
6.2—Determination of sampling and testing requirements,
ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are
intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and p. 10
inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use 6.3—Testing and evaluation, p. 12
of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance 6.4—Test methods, p. 12
and limitations of its content and recommendations and who 6.5—Sampling techniques, p. 13
will accept responsibility for the application of the material it
6.6—Test reporting, p. 14
contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and
all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall
not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.
Reference to this document shall not be made in contract ACI 364.1R-19 supersedes ACI 364.1R-07 and was adopted and published April 2019.
Copyright © 2019, American Concrete Institute.
documents. If items found in this document are desired by
All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by
the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic
they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual
by the Architect/Engineer. reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless
permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.

1
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2 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)

CHAPTER 7—EVALUATION, p. 14 This guide is general in character and intended to provide

7.1—Introduction, p. 14 an approach for assessment of a concrete structure to meet
7.2—Determining causes, p. 14 one or more of the objectives listed in 1.1. The owner and
7.3—Evaluating the consequences of damage, p. 15 licensed design professional should understand and agree on
7.4—Structural evaluation, p. 15 the objectives and goals of the assessment prior to the start
7.5—Evaluation of rehabilitation approaches, p. 16 of the assessment.
The first step in the assessment is the investigation and
CHAPTER 8—REPORT, p. 16 concludes with the evaluation, at either a preliminary or
8.1—Introduction, p. 16 detailed level, depending upon the project requirements.
8.2—Purpose, objective, and scope of assessment, p. 17 After completion of the preliminary assessment, a detailed
8.3—Project, background, and history, p. 17 assessment can proceed if deemed desirable or neces-
8.4—Documentation obtained to support assessment, p. 17 sary. Assessments generally involve four major tasks: 1)
8.5—Field observations and condition survey, p. 17 reviewing available pertinent documents; 2) performing
8.6—Sampling and material testing results, p. 17 field observations and condition assessments; 3) sampling
8.7—Evaluation, p. 17 and material testing; and 4) evaluation and structural anal-
8.8—Findings and recommendations, p. 17 ysis. Based on results of the investigation, evaluation and
analysis can be performed and the results summarized in a
CHAPTER 9—REFERENCES, p. 18 report. The flowchart in Fig. 1.2 identifies the methodology
Authored documents, p. 19 and major tasks that are commonly undertaken in an assess-
ment conducted before rehabilitation.
CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE
CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONS
1.1—Introduction Please refer to the latest version of ACI Concrete Termi-
The guide outlines the approach and general procedures nology for a comprehensive list of definitions. Definitions
for the assessment of concrete structures before rehabilita- provided herein complement that resource.
tion. This guide should be used in conjunction with ACI assessment—process of investigating by systematically
562. An assessment, prior to rehabilitation, is generally collecting information that affects the performance of an
performed for one or more of the following purposes: existing structure; evaluating the collected information to
a) Evaluate the current condition of a structure make informed decisions regarding the need for repair or
b) Evaluate the extent of deterioration due to environmental rehabilitation; detailing of findings as conclusions and
conditions reporting recommendations for the examined structural
c) Evaluate structural damage or distress due to applied concrete work area (member, system, or structure).
loadings and support displacements damage—changes in capacity of an existing structure
d) Verify the structural adequacy and integrity of a structure resulting from events, such as loading and displacements.
or selected members within a structure deterioration—1) physical manifestation of failure of a
e) Assess the capacity of a structure to accommodate material; 2) decomposition of material either during testing
increased loads or exposure to service.

University of Toronto User.

f) Determine the feasibility of changing the use of a structure distress—physical manifestation of cracking and distor-
g) Modify or restore a structure tion in a concrete structure as a result of stress, chemical
h) Change the appearance of a structure action, or both.
i) Estimate the remaining service life of a structure (ACI evaluation—process of determining and judging the
365.1R) structural adequacy of a structure, member, or system for its
j) To assess the safety and structural capability of the struc- current intended use or performance objective.
ture to support the repair activities and to identify temporary investigation—collection and review of field data for the
support requirements. structure, such as geometry, material properties, conditions,
The objective of the condition assessment is to determine symptoms of distress, extent of damage, measurement of
the need, type, and extent of the rehabilitation, and to develop displacements, environmental factors, and reinforcement
the goals of the project. As the initial planning activity, the sizes and placement. Also includes the collection of back-
assessment can also help identify operational and economic ground data, such as plans, construction records, original
requirements that impact the rehabilitation plan. and current codes governing existing buildings, and histor-
ical events.
1.2—Scope rehabilitation—repairing or modifying an existing struc-
The purpose of this guide is to provide general procedures ture to a desired useful condition.
for the assessment of concrete structures before rehabilita- repair—reconstruction or renewal of concrete parts of
tion. Evaluation of structures other than concrete buildings an existing structure for the purpose of its maintenance or
is beyond the scope of this guide, although the approach for to correct deterioration, damage, or faulty construction of
condition assessment for such structures may be similar to members or systems of a structure.
those outlined in this guide.

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GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19) 3

University of Toronto User.

Fig. 1.2—Assessment methodology.

CHAPTER 3—INVESTIGATION priate. If the original construction, condition of the struc-

ture, or similar items are unknown or undocumented, a
3.1—Introduction preliminary investigation may be needed to determine the
The goal of an investigation is to gather information scope of the investigation. Due to the nature of concrete
regarding the existing condition of a structure. An inves- structures, as-built and existing conditions are frequently
tigation should identify the type and extent of conditions hidden beneath the surfaces of the concrete members and
affecting the structure’s behavior, performance, or intended not fully known. As a result, the preliminary assessment
function. The investigation should also provide the owner may not discover these conditions and may not provide suffi-
information to assist in the assessment of the feasibility of cient information to fully evaluate the concrete structure. To
the required or intended rehabilitation. better evaluate these conditions, a detailed assessment may
Before beginning the investigation, the owner should be be needed. Findings of the preliminary and detailed assess-
consulted and project requirements considered to determine ments are used in the assessment process, consideration of
whether a preliminary or detailed investigation is appro- the various rehabilitation options, and estimation of associ-
ated costs.

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4 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)

A scope of work agreed on between the owner and licensed

design professional to perform the assessment is recom-
mended, stating the objectives and extent of the assessment.
In some cases, the owner and licensed design professional
should meet with government agencies to confirm building
code(s) of record, historical preservation needs, timelines
for code official review of permit application and drawings,
anticipated materials of use (especially if newer materials
such as carbon fiber reinforcement are being contemplated),
and use of special inspections.
If significant distress is observed, the licensed design
professional should contact the owner regarding use of
the structure, need for an immediate repair, and temporary
shoring or stabilization of the observed component or struc-
ture experiencing distress. ACI 562 provides direction on
measures to be taken, recommendations to be issued, and
requirements.
Fig. 3.3—Localized sampling during a preliminary assess-
ment (photo courtesy of Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates,
3.2—Assessment: overview
Inc.).
The assessment should comply with code requirements
for concrete structures as described in ACI 562. distress and no unusual conditions exist. In other cases, it
Preliminary and detailed assessments (Fig. 1.2) often may not be needed to proceed with a further detailed assess-
include: ment, as in the case of significant damage where the structural
(a) Document review integrity cannot be economically restored, where it becomes
(b) Field investigation obvious that the owner’s objectives cannot be satisfactorily
(c) Sampling and material testing met, or when there is sufficient information gathered in the
(d) Evaluation and analysis preliminary assessment to proceed with rehabilitation.
(e) Reporting
3.4—Detailed assessment
3.3—Preliminary assessment A detailed assessment is performed when the preliminary
The preliminary assessment helps to develop an initial assessment has identified a need for a more in-depth assess-
understanding of the concrete structure’s behavior, condition, ment of the concrete structure’s behavior or condition to meet
and existing performance in consideration of the established the assessment objectives of 1.1. The detailed assessment
objectives for performing the rehabilitation. A preliminary may include additional assessment of the concrete structure,
assessment is typically limited to accessible components modification of the assessment strategy, and more compre-
that are visible or detectable without exploratory openings hensive technical and cost analyses. A detailed assessment
or specialized equipment. Condition assessment below the

University of Toronto User.

may be required for the structure as a whole, or for a specific
concrete surface or concealed components is generally not component.
included in the preliminary assessment. Although concrete If the preliminary assessment results led to the need for a
sampling (coring) and testing may be included, more often detailed assessment, it is important to reevaluate the owner’s
they are deferred to be part of a detailed assessment. objectives and goals before beginning the detailed assess-
Preliminary assessments are general in nature and may ment. A supplemental scope of work stating the objectives
extrapolate or estimate conditions and quantities based on and extent of the detailed assessment is recommended.
selective examinations in limited locations. The preliminary
assessment may provide recommendations for a detailed CHAPTER 4—DOCUMENT REVIEW
assessment that includes more comprehensive examinations
to achieve the established objectives. 4.1—Introduction
A preliminary assessment may include review of existing The first step in performing an assessment of a concrete
construction documents and drawings, visual assessment of structure is to review available information related to the
the concrete components, obtaining a general understanding construction, alterations, repair, and maintenance of the
of existing conditions, and evaluating the need and priority structure. This review process allows the licensed design
for a detailed assessment. Localized sampling or testing may professional to become familiar with the design of the struc-
also be performed (Chapters 3 through 6), but this is more ture and its evolution over time as part of the assessment,
typically performed in the detailed assessment (Fig. 3.3). and to minimize the assumptions required to properly eval-
A detailed assessment will not be necessary when uate the structure. Information gathered from the document
proposed usage changes involve the same or similar design review should be verified during assessment of the structure.
loads, where extensive documentation on the construction The type of structure, type and extent of deterioration, scope
and maintenance of the structure exists, or where minimal of the rehabilitation project, and availability of documenta-
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GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19) 5

tion will dictate the nature and quantity of information that Historic concrete structural systems were often developed
should be reviewed. In some cases, documentation may not in a competitive commercial atmosphere. Therefore, there
be available and a detailed assessment (possibly including were many proprietary reinforcement and forming systems,
nondestructive testing, material sampling, and laboratory including many reinforcing bar deformation patterns that
material studies) may be necessary. were protected by patents and illustrated in catalogs and by
trade organizations. Not only were design calculations often
4.2—Design information presented in tabular form, but the strength of the system was
4.2.1 Documents and other sources that may contain validated by load tests, and the results of tests included in
useful information include: the catalogs. Early textbooks and handbooks, which also
a) Construction documents, including drawings, specifica- include much of this information, are especially helpful.
tions, addenda, submittals, change orders, calculations, and Newspaper clippings and old photographs that describe or
other project correspondence illustrate the structural system, construction, or both, of a
b) Shop drawings for formwork, reinforcement, and concrete structure may be helpful during the process of planning for
placement the preservation of historic structures. If a historic structures
c) Quality control records and testing report has been developed for the project structure, it may
d) As-built drawings, photographs, job field records, test contain additional helpful information about the structural
data, and correspondence system and construction.
e) Construction documents for previous modifications or
alterations 4.3—Materials information
f) Manufacturer’s technical information, descriptions of Information on original construction and repair and main-
construction materials, patents, and test data tenance materials may be available, especially for more
g) Textbooks available at the time of design recently constructed structures, from the following sources:
h) Documentation of prior repairs and maintenance, prior (a) Original construction and repair project specifications
studies, or other history and drawings
i) Design and building codes in effect at the time of design (b) Submittals for concrete mixtures, components, and
and construction of the structure and any modifications or quality control test results
alterations (c) Submittals for reinforcing and prestressing steel
j) Interviews with owner, building manager, and building (d) Ready mixed concrete supplier historical data on specific
engineer mixtures used
k) Other potential sources for older structures, such as (e) Manufacturers’ technical information, installation
historic handbooks, historic catalogs, standards, newspaper instructions, and description of construction materials at the
clippings, photographs, and historic structures reports time of original construction
Information regarding original construction or alterations (f) Manufacturers’ technical information, installation
may be obtained from the owner, the architect or engineer instructions, and description of repair materials and mainte-
of record, local building departments or regulatory agencies nance materials used on the structure
for the governmental entity in which the structure is located,
the general contractor, subcontractors, manufacturers, fabri- 4.4—Construction information

University of Toronto User.

cators, and suppliers. Local building department records Construction documents and other records from original
may be valuable in locating construction documents from construction may be helpful in understanding the construc-
an alteration and other related records, such as inspection tion methods, materials, basis of design, and difficulties
reports or violation notices. Although gathering all the infor- encountered during construction; however, it is important to
mation listed may not be required for typical assessment and understand that the as-built conditions may vary from those
rehabilitation projects, it could be required for more complex shown in original drawings and specifications. This infor-
and unusual projects. mation is valuable in the assessment process. The following
4.2.2 Historic structures—Buildings may be designated as records may be available:
historic structures at several jurisdictional levels including a) Correspondence, including requests for information and
federal, state, or local, with each jurisdictional entity estab- change orders, between members of the construction team,
lishing its own standards and requirements for reviews design team, and owner or developer
associated with preservation and rehabilitation. Often, the b) Concrete batch tickets and truck tickets
governing standards have varying requirements and specific c) Results of tests on fresh and hardened concrete
definitions that need to be reviewed and considered for each d) Quality control data and field inspection reports by a
structure. testing agency or others
When working on older structures, it is important to relate e) Drawings and specifications kept on the job, including
the structural system used in the project to the design and modifications and change orders
construction practices existing at the time of construction. f) Diaries or journals kept by the construction team,
Fortunately, for many older structural designs, there is a contractor daily field reports, or construction observation
substantial amount of available information about design reports from owner’s representative
and construction practice in the era being considered. g) Job progress photographs

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6 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)

h) As-built drawings When original construction documents or repair project

i) Survey notes and records documents are not available, the assessment should compen-
j) Inspection records sate for the missing information, such as by recording
k) Material test reports for structural materials used accurate dimensions for structural components, analyzing
l) Information concerning the foundation and soil-bearing materials, and locating reinforcing steel through use of
capacity, including: nondestructive testing or exploratory openings, as further
i. Geotechnical reports prepared before construction described in following chapters.
ii. Allowable pressures and foundation type used in the
design CHAPTER 5—FIELD INVESTIGATION
iii. Soil and foundation work, including backfill and
compaction conducted during construction 5.1—Introduction
iv. Location of the water table during construction The field investigation includes observations to verify the
Pile-driving records and pile cap modification drawings accuracy of information obtained from the document review
may be helpful. The geotechnical and foundation records (Chapter 4), together with a condition survey to assess the
may be useful when foundation loadings are to be increased existing physical condition of the as-built structure. The
during the rehabilitation, or whenever evidence of founda- field investigation is usually carried out by performing the
tion movement has been noted. Local geotechnical engineers following three tasks:
may be aware of geotechnical and groundwater information a) Preparation and planning
for recently built and adjacent structures. b) Field verification of as-built construction
Other possible sources of information regarding recently c) Condition survey of the structure
constructed or repaired structures may be the construction The scope of the field investigation is determined by the
company and owner’s representative. More information is project requirements and may need to be phased or refined to
often obtained through a personal interview with involved meet available schedule and funding constraints. The extent
personnel (for example, the construction superintendent). of each of these tasks should be based on existing condition
Local newspaper and trade publications may also have of the structure and the scope of the rehabilitation project.
provided coverage of the original construction. In addition, also consider the type, size, complexity, age,
architectural or historic significance, as well as the intended
4.5—Service history future use of the structure.
Documents that relate to the structure’s service history If the field evaluation is conducted after a natural disaster,
should be reviewed to learn as much as possible about the such as a catastrophic wind, seismic, snow, fire, or flood
maintenance of the structure and distress, damage, deteriora- event, review of applicable industry guides or standards
tion, and subsequent repairs that have occurred. such as requirements, ATC-20-1, ATC-45, ASCE/SEI 31,
The types of information that may be available include: and local governing ordinances is recommended.
a) Records of current and former owners or users of the
structure 5.2—Preparation and planning
b) Maintenance, repair, and remodeling records Planning for the initial investigation usually begins with a
c) Reports from previous assessments or inspections meeting with the owner. The planning meeting can include

University of Toronto User.

d) Reports maintained by owners of adjacent structures a discussion of the structure’s history, known conditions, as
e) Weather records during construction or storm well as prior and current maintenance protocols. The owner
f) Interviews with operation and maintenance personnel can describe access to the facility and express their expec-
g) Logs of seismic activity or geologic activity tations and concerns. The licensed design professional can
h) Insurance reports and records of damage to the structure then explain in detail the scope of the assessment and antici-
by fire, wind, snow, water intrusion and floods, overloads, pated impact of the survey on the structure.
impact, earthquake, or fatigue Access and safety during the work for users of the facility,
i) Information on operation, occupancy, instances of over- passers-by, as well as those conducting the field investiga-
loading, and load limits tion and testing should be discussed during preparation and
j) Records from government or local building departments planning. Use of building space or vehicular traffic may have
or departments of licenses and inspection, including inspec- to be barricaded or cordoned off temporarily to accommo-
tion reports and reports of violations date survey and testing operations. Pedestrian or vehicular
k) Photographs protections may need to be temporarily installed.
l) Local newspapers and trade publications Some structures or portions of structures may be consid-
m) Documented observed or previously assessed condition ered confined spaces or require specialized equipment for
access. Preliminary planning should also include a review
4.6—Project documents of the site to establish general local conditions and deter-
After the project documents are obtained, organizing and mine if special access equipment or permits are required,
cataloging them for present and future use is beneficial for if any finishes have to be removed for access, if services
the licensed design professional, owner, contractor, and of subcontractors are required to provide the appropriate
future users of the building documents. means of access, or if specialized inspection services such as

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GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19) 7

swing stage suspended scaffolding, individual rope access,

or underwater inspection are required. The known presence
of any hazardous materials should be discussed during plan-
ning as well.
The scope of the field investigation should provide infor-
mation consistent with project goals, including general
confirmation of as-built conditions, modifications or repairs
previously completed, and current condition of members
and components. Before a detailed field investigation and
survey is undertaken, the findings and conclusions of the
preliminary assessment should be reviewed to determine the
type and extent of information that needs to be obtained or
verified during the detailed field assessment. If the structure
is considered historic, review of existing documentation,
local and national preservation ordinances, and preserva-
tion guidelines (Gaudette and Slaton 2007; Slaton 2005) is
recommended, as additional information regarding the struc- Fig. 5.3.2.3—Distress adjacent to a leaking drain and drain
ture may need to be determined as part of the field investiga- line resulting in distress to the concrete slab and reinforce-
tion. In planning these tasks, procedures and forms, back- ment bars (photo courtesy of Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associ-
ground plans and elevations, or schematic drawings should ates, Inc.).
be developed to document information obtained in the field. history or tenant usages, relying on any available documents
such as those for previous renovations. A comparison can be
5.3—Field verification of as-built construction made between loadings acting at the time of the survey and
5.3.1 Geometry and structural materials—Spans and those stated on record documents. The survey should note
cross sections of the selected structural components and any changes that can affect the load-carrying capacity of the
members should be measured, particularly at critical loca- structure. The exposure to thermal changes, moisture, or other
tions, to verify information provided on available drawings. environmental conditions acting on a structure may also be
Differences and variations between drawings and as-built different from those assumed during the original design. The
construction may be due to subsequent design modifica- survey should note changes and variations in environmental
tions or field changes. Previous repairs or modifications conditions from place-to-place within the structure.
made after original construction may also have modified 5.3.2.1 Dead loads—Differences between design and
the structural system. Of particular concern are unrecorded actual dead loads may arise from variations in the dimen-
alterations that may result in reduced strength of, or addi- sions of the structure, use and modification of the struc-
tional demand on, the structure. It is important that location ture, load redistribution resulting from physical changes
and size of openings or holes performed post-construction in structural components (for example, change in density
in structures be documented and considered. Recommen- and moisture content of the construction materials that can
dations for further assessment and subsequent repair may

University of Toronto User.

affect stiffness), deterioration or distress, previous repair, or
be required to fully understand any changes to the original deformation including support displacements. Alteration of
design of the structure. architectural aspects, such as the addition of partition walls,
If the original construction drawings or original shop recladding or changes in facade construction, or addition of
drawings are available, nondestructive testing methods can nonstructural members or penetrations, can also affect the
be used to verify original construction or repair information dead loads.
such as member thickness (ACI 228.2R; ICRI 210.4; Carino 5.3.2.2 Imposed loads—Because the imposed loads
and Malhotra 2004). When original shop drawing and depend on occupancy use, a description of current and
construction details are not available, nondestructive testing proposed uses should be obtained from the owner. The
methods may be used to establish existing conditions, such imposed loads acting at the time of the field observation
as reinforcing steel size and spacing at critical sections. An should be documented. Both static and dynamic effects of
adequate number of tests at selected locations establishes the imposed loads should be considered in the evaluation;
a reliable estimate (ACI 562; ASTM E122; ACI 228.2R). therefore, the field observation should also note conditions
To confirm the nondestructive testing, the results should be that can affect dynamic response. A partial list of imposed
verified with field measurements by removal of concrete or loads, which is not comprehensive but, rather, intended as an
exploratory openings at selected locations, as discussed in example of additional loadings, is offered for consideration:
Chapter 6. (a) Warehouse and storage loads
5.3.2 Loads and environment—The loads, soil pressures, (b) Equipment and machinery-operating loads
and environmental conditions acting on a structure could (c) Wind loads
be different from those assumed during the original design, (d) Snow and ice loads, including effects of drifting
especially in historic or older structures. During the field (e) Thermal loads and differential thermal effect
survey, it may be necessary to determine the structure’s load (f) Seismic loads
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8 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)

Fig. 5.4.1a—Facade of structure with spalling and delami-

nation as observed from ground. Up-close access is neces-
Fig. 5.4a—An example of severe reinforcement corrosion and
sary to observe and document conditions (photo courtesy of
concrete spalling (photo courtesy of Concrete Science, Inc.).
Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.).

Fig. 5.4b—Area of concrete delamination and spalling Fig. 5.4.1b—An example of severe cracking and spalling in
(photo courtesy of Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.). a concrete beam (photo courtesy of Concrete Science, Inc.).

University of Toronto User.

(g) Pedestrian or vehicular and equipment loading (including mation on nondestructive testing can be found in Chapter 6
impact of rolling heavy vehicles) of this guide and ACI 228.2R.
(h) Impulse/impact loads (for example, effects of traveling The condition survey should document the approximate
cranes) extent and severity of distress or deterioration, especially
(i) Time-related loss of prestressing steel tension that which could adversely affect the strength, durability, or
5.3.2.3 Environmental conditions—Environmental condi- service life of the structure (Fig. 5.4a). Previously repaired
tions affect the long-term performance of the structure and or modified portions of the structure and their condition
can impact the nature of the rehabilitation program, particu- should also be included in the condition survey. The condi-
larly the need for protective systems. Environmental condi- tion survey documentation should be supplemented with
tions such as exposure or shelter from water, salt, wind, and appropriate sketches, photographs, and videos. Condi-
sunlight should be noted (Fig. 5.3.2.3). tions listed as follows should be identified, measured, and
recorded using the guidelines in ASCE/SEI 11, ACI 201.1R,
5.4—Condition survey and visual inspection and The Concrete Society (1989, 1992, 2001):
The condition survey should be performed by, or under a) Crack width, depth, length, location, and type. Cracks
the direction of, a licensed design professional with experi- should be examined to determine if they are likely the result
ence in the evaluation of concrete structures. The condition of structural behavior, concrete shrinkage, thermal changes,
survey should include visual observations combined with material behavior, combination of these, or are of unknown
various nondestructive testing such as sounding (ASTM origin. Cracks occurring as a result of structural behavior can
D4580/D4580M) and exploratory openings. Additional be identified as flexure, shear, torsion, or direct tension. Note
information on condition surveys and visual inspection can crack patterns and determine whether the crack is actively
be found in ASCE/SEI 11 and ACI 201.1R. Additional infor-

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GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19) 9

moving or dormant. Refer to ACI 224R, 224.1R, and 224.2R of the beam in unspalled regions, as well as the location of
for further information the beam within the structure.
b) Surface defects such as scaling, popouts, and 5.4.2 Visible deviations and deformations—Measure
honeycombing and record visible deviations of components or members
c) Spalling or delamination due to distress or corrosion of from the intended position and size. Appraisals of devia-
embedded reinforcing steel (Fig. 5.4b) tions are often guided by comparisons with neighboring
d) Corrosion of reinforcement, including the extent and or adjacent structures, or components or members thereof.
amount of reduced cross section For example, unintended deviations from the vertical or
e) Delamination or debonding (including coatings, repairs, horizontal (excluding roof members that may be sloped for
and overlays) (ICRI 210.3R) drainage) plane more than approximately L/240 are likely
f) Suspected concrete material problems, such as alkali- to be noticed, where L represents the span length. For hori-
aggregate reaction or scaling zontal components, a slope exceeding L/50 (1/4 in./ft [20
g) Evidence of physical or chemical deterioration due to mm/m]) will generally be noticeable, as will a deflection of
chemical or environmental attack, including exposure to more than approximately L/240. Whenever visible deforma-
potential chemical or environmental attack (for example, use tions are noticeable on the structure, further monitoring and
of deicing salts on the structure or exposure to contaminated more detailed evaluation might be appropriate. For construc-
soils) tion tolerances, refer to ACI 117.
h) Surface erosion of concrete matrix 5.4.3 Foundation movement—The field investigation of
i) Water problems, such as leakage and areas of poor drainage foundation movement should include floor level surveys,
or ponding and documentation of the separations of structural members
j) Staining, efflorescence, leaching, or other evidence of and cracks that result from differential settlement or heave.
water intrusion The installation of displacement monitoring devices and
k) Exposed or erupted tendons in post-tensioned or periodic floor level surveys may be necessary to document
prestressed concrete members ongoing movement. The existing foundation construction
l) Loose, corroded, or otherwise defective connectors for drawings should be reviewed for the type of foundations,
precast concrete elements, or ties to architectural elements types of soils, design water table, surrounding terrain, site
or cladding drainage, and adjacent structures.
m) Permanent or transient deformations, out-of-plumb The field investigation should note changes in the water
columns, uneven or deflected slabs, and other misalignments table, any signs of erosion and scour, and the addition of
n) Signs of foundation settlement or heave and related distress structures or other construction, such as underground storm
5.4.1 Visible deterioration—It is generally difficult to clas- sewers, in the vicinity. If signs of differential settlement are
sify and quantify the visible deterioration because it depends present, it may be necessary to carry out a more detailed
on proximity to area, subjective criteria, and experience. For geotechnical assessment to fully consider the impact of the
example, concrete delaminations on a facade are difficult to observed conditions.
detect unless viewed up-close, from several angles, or both
(Fig. 5.4.1a). In addition, deterioration that is acceptable in one 5.5—Exploratory openings
circumstance may not be acceptable in another. For example, Exploratory openings may be necessary to verify as-built

University of Toronto User.

spalls may be objectionable aesthetically, but they may have conditions, reveal hidden conditions, obtain insight to
no significant impact on structural load-carrying capacity; causes of deterioration, and provide information regarding
thus, their ratings may vary based on the criteria used for constructability of repair work (Fig. 5.5). For example, an
judgement. Therefore, the licensed design professional should exploratory opening can be performed to verify the size and
define terms such as severe, moderate, and minor deteriora- location of a concealed void or region of honeycombing
tion to establish a consistent representation and understanding identified through nondestructive testing methods. Typically,
of the significance of the damage irrespective of the individual exploratory openings into a structure are generally small and
conducting the evaluation (Fig. 5.4.1b). should be done in such a way to minimize their impact on
Following are examples of survey descriptions that may structural performance. If a large exploratory opening or
be used: removal and replacement of portions of a structure is to be
(a) Unsafe or potentially hazardous performed, it could necessitate the installation of temporary
(b) Severe distress or deterioration shoring and repair.
(c) Moderate distress or deterioration Laboratory studies of concrete cores or samples removed
(d) Minor distress or deterioration from the structure often assist in the evaluation of concrete.
(e) Acceptable or good condition Determine the locations for concrete samples or concrete
Sketches, photographs, videos, measurements, and brief core removal during the field investigation to represent the
descriptions should supplement the condition survey. Note various conditions observed over the structure.
the extent and severity of deteriorated areas with respect to
the entire structure being surveyed. For example, if spalling 5.6—Unsafe or potentially hazardous conditions
of a concrete beam is observed, it is important to note the When conditions that appear to be unsafe or potentially
location, size, and depth of the spall. Also, note the condition hazardous are discovered during the field investigation,

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10 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)

to complete the assessment of a structure with reasonable

confidence. This may also be the case when a structure is
observed to be in sound condition, without visible defects,
and with field-measured dimensions and configuration
consistent with record documents. However, requirements
for testing arise where:
a) There is inadequate information about the materials in a
structure
b) Deterioration or defective construction or materials are
observed or suspected
c) The load-carrying capacity or serviceability behavior are
uncertain
d) Requirements on the structure (for example, increased
load demands, enhanced life safety goals, modified use)
have changed
e) Planned rehabilitation will alter the performance of the
Fig. 5.5—An exploratory opening to observe as-built condi- structure
tion of reinforcement to document its size and measure the Many analytical and testing tools can be used in the evalu-
clear cover (photo courtesy of Concrete Science, Inc.). ation of concrete structures. The selected method should be
appropriate for the intended use and have the reliability to
immediately notify the owner of potential consequences yield the required data. In addition, supplemental testing
of these conditions. An appropriate jurisdictional authority required as a result of the structure’s exposure to aggres-
may need to be notified. Temporary evacuation, temporary sive environments or natural hazards should be included.
shoring or stabilization measures, or other emergency safety The actual sampling and testing plan should be developed
measures may need to be implemented. The identification based on the judgement of the licensed design professional
of unsafe or potentially hazardous conditions may require performing the assessment.
further assessment and the required increase of scope should Tests can yield the actual strength of existing concrete and
be discussed with the owner. reinforcement and can locate and quantify damage/defects in
concrete structures (Table 6.2). The selection of appropriate
CHAPTER 6—SAMPLING AND TESTING test methods requires definition of what data and relative
accuracy are needed, and assessment of the type and number
6.1—Introduction of tests needed to produce a statistically valid sample size.
This chapter contains information on practices and methods A common need is to determine the in-place compres-
to investigate the condition and properties of materials that sive strength of existing concrete. Strength testing of core
govern the behavior of a concrete structure (for example, samples removed from the structure is typically performed
existing concrete compressive strength) and assess the in the laboratory per ASTM C42/C42M procedures. The
expected performance of the structure as a whole (for example, results from such testing can also be correlated with addi-

University of Toronto User.

analysis, load testing, or both). These practices and methods tional nondestructive testing results to reduce the size and
include field-based nondestructive and destructive tests, and number of destructive samples required (Sezen et al. 2011).
field sampling coupled with laboratory-based tests. The latter The selection of the suitable destructive and nondestruc-
methods typically involve removal of small samples of the tive test methods (ACI 228.1R; ACI 228.2R; ASCE/SEI 11)
structure for laboratory-based material physical property and determination of the number of tests and their locations
testing and examination for degradation (for example, petrog- typically depend on:
raphy to assess alkali-aggregate reactions). Destructive field (a) Variation in material properties within the structure
tests and sampling generally must be followed by local repair (b) Variations in exposure, loading, and use
actions. The objective of the testing program and the impact (c) Access to critical locations, such as connections and
of the information to be gathered in the rehabilitation program lateral load transfer areas
should be evaluated prior to performing testing. (d) Availability of sampling/testing equipment and qualified
test personnel
6.2—Determination of sampling and testing (e) Extent of the member or structure over which a specific
requirements property is measured or extrapolated
The need and requirements for sampling and field/labora- ACI 437R, ICRI 210.4, and ASCE/SEI 11 provide insight
tory testing depend on the findings of the assessment of the into the selection of test methods and locations where inves-
structure (Chapter 3), the review of available engineering tigation of the strength and deformation properties of a
documents related to the structure (Chapter 4), findings of structure, its members, or components is needed. If concrete
the field investigation (Chapter 5), and the establishment of sampling and laboratory studies are to be used, the sample
rehabilitation plans. There may be no need for sampling/ location(s) should be selected to be representative of the
testing where the available documentation is sufficient structure, primary reinforcing steel should not be damaged,

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GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19) 11

Table 6.2—Test methods to assess hardened concrete in existing structures

(adopted from ACI 228.2R and ASCE/SEI 11)
Possible test methods

Property/ condition Primary Secondary Comment

Penetration resistance (ASTM C803/ Strength of in-place concrete; comparison

Cores for compression testing (ASTM C42/
Compressive strength C803M); drilled in pullout testing of strength at different locations by drilled
C42M; ASTM C39/C39M; ACI 214R)
(ASTM C900) in pullout test per ASTM C900

Rebound number influenced by near-

Rebound number (ASTM C805/C805M);
Relative compressive strength — surface properties; UPV gives average
ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) (ASTM C597)
result through the thickness

Splitting tensile strength of cores (ASTM C496/ Determine approximate tensile strength
Tensile strength —
C496M) of concrete

Sampling and testing of sawed beams (ASTM Break-off test (Carino and Malhotra Limitations posed by aggregate size and
Flexural strength
C42/C42M) 2004) nonhomogeneity

Density Specific gravity of samples (ASTM C642) — Special technique requiring calibration curve

Moisture meters (ASTM D6938; ASTM D4263;

Moisture content ASTM F1869; ASTM F2170; ASTM F2420; — —
ASTM F2659)

Static modulus of elasticity Compression test of cores (ASTM C469/C469M) — —

Requires knowledge of density and

Ultrasonic pulse velocity (ASTM
Resonant frequency testing of sawed specimens Poisson’s ratio (except ASTM C215);
Dynamic modulus of elasticity C597); impact-echo; spectral
(ASTM C215) dynamic modulus is typically greater than
analysis of surface waves (SASW)
static elastic modulus

Length change of drilled or sawed specimens

Shrinkage/ expansion — Measure of residual length change
(ASTM C157/C157M; ASTM C341/C341M)

Electrical indication of concrete’s Establish relative susceptibility of

Coefficient of chloride diffusion of cementitious ability to resist chloride-ion concrete to chloride-ion intrusion;
Resistance to chloride penetration
materials (ASTM C1556) penetration (ASTM C1202; determine effectiveness of chemical
AASHTO T 259) sealers, membranes, and overlays

Air content; cement content and degree

of hydration; aggregate characteristics Assist in determination of nature and
Petrographic examination of concrete samples
(alkali-aggregate reactivity; freezing- degree of damage; cause(s) of distress;
removed from structure (ASTM C856 and C457/ —
and-thawing susceptibility); cement quality of concrete when originally cast
C457M); cement content
paste microstructure characteristics and and current
condition

Petrographic examination of concrete samples

Cornell/SHRP rapid test (SHRP Establish if observed deterioration in field
Alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) removed from structure (ASTM C856 and C457/
C-315) is due to ASR
C457M)

Evaluate corrosion protection value of

Petrographic examination, pH

University of Toronto User.

concrete with depth and susceptibility of
Carbonation, pH Phenolphthalein (qualitative indication); pH meter indicators (for example, litmus
steel reinforcement to corrosion; depth of
paper)
carbonation

Petrographic examination of cores (ASTM C856),

compressive strength tests (ASTM C39/C39M), SASW; UPV; impact-echo; Rebound number (ASTM C805/C805M)
Fire damage
splitting tensile strength tests (ASTM C496/ impulse-response permits demarcation of damaged surface
C496M), rebound number (ASTM C805/C805M)

Petrographic examination of cores Freezing and thawing can cause internal

Freezing-and- (ASTM C856), compressive strength tests SASW; UPV; impact echo; cracking in concrete; splitting tensile
thawing damage (ASTM C39/C39M), splitting tensile strength impulse-response strength is useful in estimating the tensile
tests (ASTM C496/C496M) strength of concrete

Acid-soluble (ASTM C1152/C1152M) and water- Chloride ingress increases susceptibility

Chloride ion content Specific ion probe (SHRP S-328)
soluble (ASTM C1218/C1218M) of steel reinforcement to corrosion

Measures in-place permeability index

SHRP surface airflow method Figg Technique of the near-surface concrete 0.60 in.
Air permeability
(SHRP S-329) (15 mm); results vary depending on the
moisture content of concrete

AC resistance useful for assessing

effectiveness of admixtures and
SHRP surface resistance test (SHRP
Electrical resistance of concrete AC resistance using four-probe resistance meter cementitious additions; SHRP method
S-327)
useful for assessing effectiveness of
sealers

Acoustic impact (ASTM D4580/D4580M), Success dependent on test procedure,

Internal voids, delaminations impulse response impact-echo, Gamma radiography equipment, and personnel, as well as void
infrared thermography, UPV, radar geometry

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12 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)

and samples should be protected from damage during 6.3—Testing and evaluation
recovery. If samples are being removed from an architec- Evaluation of existing concrete should be based on existing
tural or historic structure, sampling should be performed conditions, strength, serviceability, and properties of the
in less visible location and a suitable repair procedure used concrete as derived from field tests or laboratory studies on
to restore the structure’s appearance satisfactorily after samples removed from the concrete structure (ACI 228.1R;
sampling. In the absence of testing, some properties may ACI 214R; ACI 437R; NRMCA 1999; The Concrete Society
be based on the approximate construction date, historical 1989) (Fig. 6.3). Guidance on the type, frequency, and loca-
values for concrete compressive strength and yield strength tion of the testing is discussed in ACI 437R, ICRI 210.4,
of reinforcing steel are presented in ASCE/SEI 41 and ACI and ASCE/SEI 11. Data collection and subsequent evalua-
562. These values are typically conservative and can be used tion should provide an understanding of the ability of the
for analysis in place of testing. structure to sustain the loads and environmental conditions
to which it is subjected (Mather 1985; Hookham 1994).
6.3.1 Test procedures for concrete—Table 6.2 shows a
summary of typical test methods used to test concrete prop-
erties. Before proceeding with a given test method, its appli-
cability, availability of equipment and qualified personnel,
accuracy, and possible outcomes should be evaluated to
verify whether it is appropriate for the assessment.
6.3.2 Test procedures for steel reinforcement—The test
methods, as tabulated in Table 6.3.2, should be considered
in assessing the embedded steel reinforcement. As methods
used to define properties require destructive removal of
the cover concrete and sampling of in-place reinforcement
for laboratory testing, the need for this testing should be
confirmed based on availability of documentation and struc-
tural condition. Experienced personnel should be used for
conducting the sampling and the laboratory testing.

6.4—Test methods
In Tables 6.2 and 6.3.2, material properties of interest for
Fig. 6.3—Use of ground-penetrating radar, a nondestruc- a concrete structure are presented together with test methods
tive test procedure, to locate existing reinforcement bars and (primary and secondary), with an explanation of their require-
embedded members within a concrete slab (photo courtesy ments, advantages, and limitations (Thornton and Alexander
of Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.). 1987; Mathey and Clifton 1988; Carino and Malhotra 2004;

Table 6.3.2—Test methods to determine structural properties and determine condition of reinforcing steel
(partially adopted from ACI 228.2R and ASCE/SEI 11)

University of Toronto User.

Possible test method
Property/condition Primary Secondary Comment
Expose reinforcement for measurement,
X-ray and γ-ray Steel location and distribution; concrete cover; bar
Reinforcement location pachometer; ground-penetrating radar (GPR)
radiography size estimation
(ASTM D4748, D6432)
Observe and measure reduction in steel;
Expose reinforcement and measure observe corrosion of embedded post-tensioning
Reinforcement cross- Intrusive probing;
diameter; using calipers, ultrasonic thickness components; verify location and extent of
sectional area reduction radiography
gauge (requires direct contact with steel) deterioration; provide more certainty in structural
capacity calculations
Identification and mapping of active reinforcement
Corrosion potentials Half-cell potential (ASTM C876) —
corrosion
Electrochemical Corrosion rate of embedded steel; rate influenced
Corrosion rate Linear polarization (SHRP S-324 and S-330)
impedance by environmental conditions
Tension testing of metallic materials (ASTM
Tensile testing — Tension testing of removed samples
A370 and ASTM E8/E8M)
Needed for determining weldability or to confirm
Chemical analysis Laboratory test on sample (ASTM A751) —
bar grade
Remaining coating thickness on exposed
Protective coating thickness surfaces (ASTM E376; ASTM D7091; — Requires calibrated test equipment
ASTM G14; ASTM G20)
Note: Other mechanical property testing of metal components, such as hardness and impact, are described in ASTM A370 and ASTM E8/E8M.

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GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19) 13

ACI 228.2R; ASCE/SEI 11). In general, it is preferred that little or no distress or deterioration may warrant few, if any,
nondestructive tests be used to measure material proper- core samples, especially where design documents are avail-
ties where possible and to minimize sampling and repair able, and no change of usage is planned for the structure.
needs (Fig. 6.3). Based on findings of the field investigation, Alternatively, a structure exhibiting a wide range of distress
sampling and laboratory studies can also be used to determine or deterioration in different components and areas may
the causes of existing distress or deterioration, for example, warrant numerous samples to adequately assess the targeted
with laboratory petrographic analysis (ASTM C856). property and its degree of variation.
Where supplemental information is needed regarding Selection of test method(s) to diagnose the nature and
in-place structural behavior or extent of distress, a field extent of distress/deterioration should consider the likely
load test (ACI 318; ACI 437.1R; ACI 437.2) involving cause(s) or source(s) (for example, corrosion of reinforcing,
components or the full-scale structure may be carried out. alkali-aggregate reaction), the accessibility, and the struc-
However, the feasibility of such tests is often limited by the ture configuration/geometry, among other factors. Struc-
magnitude of the structure and the difficulty of delivering tural distress caused by prior loading events (for example,
accurate test loading to assess overall performance of the seismic, wind, gravity overload) may require more focused
structure. The controlling failure mechanism may also affect and rigorous testing/assessment to determine appropriate
the viability of load testing. For example, if the member is corrective action, including rehabilitation and repair.
flexure-controlled, it is easier to test than a shear-controlled Concrete is not an isotropic material and properties may
member that has an inherently brittle failure mechanism vary depending on the location or direction along which
(ACI 437R). samples are taken. Particular attention should be given to
vertical concrete components or members, such as columns,
6.5—Sampling techniques walls, and deep beams, because concrete properties can
6.5.1 Concrete—Concrete samples can be retrieved in the vary due to the placement operations, owing for instance
field and tested in the laboratory to determine strength as of nonuniform compaction, or the occurrence of significant
well as many other physical and chemical properties. The segregation or bleeding.
samples should be obtained, handled, identified (labeled), 6.5.1.1 Core sampling—The procedures for properly
and stored properly in accordance with ASTM standards to removing concrete samples by core drilling are given in
prevent contamination (Stowe and Thornton 1984). ASTM C42/C42M and Sezen et al. (2011). The number,
Guidance on developing an appropriate sampling plan size, and location of core samples should be selected such
is provided by ASTM C823/C823M. Samples are usually that required laboratory tests can be performed satisfacto-
taken to obtain overall statistical information about the prop- rily. It is recommended that separate core samples be used
erties of concrete in the structure, or to characterize some for each different test to avoid cross-contamination of test
unusual or extreme conditions in specific components (for results. The average concrete strength from core specimens
example, slabs, beams). Initially, sample locations should should only be used to verify the in-place concrete strength.
be randomly distributed throughout the structure. The type, The measured average concrete strength should not be used
size, and number of samples (for example, cores) extracted in calculating the existing load-carrying capacity. Appro-
from the structure depend on the nature and condition of the priate adjustment is needed before the measured strength can
structure to be assessed, the laboratory tests to be performed, be used as the in-place compressive strength. At least three

University of Toronto User.

and their extent. cores should be removed at each location in the structure
Based on the field investigation, data needed, and defi- and the strength value should be taken as the average of the
ciencies identified, a sampling and testing plan should be three cores (ACI 318; ACI 562). Refer to ACI 214.4R for
developed. Where information about a specific concrete discussions of interpreting variations in core test strengths.
property is needed and that property is believed to be consis- For determining compressive strength or static or dynamic
tent, sampling locations should be distributed randomly modulus of elasticity, the diameter of the core should be in
throughout the area of interest, and all data treated as one accordance with the applicable standard (ASTM or other).
group (ACI 562). Otherwise, the study area should be subdi- 6.5.1.2 Sampling of concrete with sawed beams—Where
vided into regions of the structure believed to be relatively appropriate, sampling by sawing beam sections in accor-
consistent, with each region sampled and analyzed sepa- dance with ASTM C42/C42M may be used as an alternative
rately. As an example, the sampling frequency and method- to drilled core sampling. Refer to ACI 214.4R and ASCE/
ology required to determine concrete compressive strength SEI 11 for additional information on variations that may be
in a simple floor on metal deck will be different from the encountered when using both cores and sawed beam samples
one needed in a moment frame, where a structural analysis to assess the actual in-place concrete strength.
may be needed to identify where samples can be extracted 6.5.1.3 Random sampling of broken concrete—Sampling
without affecting the overall safety of the structure. of broken concrete generally should not be used where a
For tests intended to measure the average value of a strength property of concrete is in question; however, such
concrete property, such as compressive strength, elastic samples can be used to assess chemical or physical deteriora-
modulus, or air content, the number of samples should be tion using petrographic or other laboratory analyses, partic-
determined in accordance with ASTM E122, ASTM C42/ ularly when a failure plane is involved. When performing
C42M, and ACI 214.4R. For example, a large structure with

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14 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)

tests on a broken concrete sample, effects of the damage (f) Test execution observations and results
source should be considered. (g) Data recovered, sorted by specific tests completed and
6.5.2 Steel reinforcement—Samples of reinforcement can data type (for example, strength and chloride content)
be tested to determine physical or chemical properties of the (h) Assessment of test results and extrapolation of such rela-
reinforcing steel. The sampling characteristics, selection, tive to the concrete structure as a whole
and preparation are discussed in ASTM A370. Some general (i) Recommendations for additional testing or other action
considerations related to conventional reinforcement are:
a) Specimens should be removed at locations of minimum CHAPTER 7—EVALUATION
stress in the reinforcement. Not more than one specimen
should be removed from the same cross section of a struc- 7.1—Introduction
tural component or element. Evaluation is the process of determining and judging the
b) Specimen locations should be separated by at least the structural adequacy of a structure, member, or system for
development length of the reinforcement to avoid excessive its current intended use or performance. Deficiencies are
weakening of the component. identified during this process, such as distress or deteriora-
c) For structural members, being investigated, having a span tion. Older structures may be found deficient with respect
of less than 25 ft (7.5 m) or a loaded area of less than 625 ft2 to original or current code provisions. The physical condi-
(60 m2), at least one specimen should be taken from the main tion of the structure, completeness of information gathered
longitudinal reinforcement (not stirrups or ties) (ACI 437R). in the investigation, the strength and quality of the existing
d) For longer spans or larger areas, more specimens should construction materials, and other factors will influence the
be taken from locations well distributed through the portion level of evaluation. Some concepts common to many proj-
being investigated to determine whether the same strength of ects are discussed in this chapter. These should be applied
steel was used throughout the structure. with the judgment of the licensed design professional as
e) Information from grade marks and mill marks from rein- appropriate to the specific situation.
forcing bars should be collected when possible and used as Rehabilitation programs that change the use of a structure
appropriate in guiding sample collection. may require different considerations, including the struc-
f) Newer conventional reinforcing steel typically exhibits tural and architectural impact of the proposed modifica-
low variability in material properties across a structure. tions. Effects of modifications can range from the relatively
As a result, less sampling may be needed to gain reason- obvious (for example, higher live loading requirements) to
able confidence in in-place mechanical properties. For older more subtle aspects (for example, alteration of a shadow
structures, where smooth, square, or iron-based reinforce- line on a facade as a result of a change in slab thickness).
ment was used, additional sampling may be needed. In addition to the impact on the structural requirements
g) The minimum gauge length for testing mechanical properties of the sections that are being modified, it is also neces-
should be in accordance with ASTM A370. Shorter samples sary to consider what structural or architectural changes
may still be useful. Coupons for testing may be obtained from are mandated by the governing code or regulations when
samples with a length of at least 4 in. (100 mm), which will extensive rehabilitation is being performed. When modifica-
provide some information on physical and chemical properties. tions are sufficiently extensive, it may become necessary to
Sampling of prestressed reinforcement for laboratory upgrade existing construction to satisfy current code require-

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testing should be undertaken with care using appropriate ments including conformance with current accessibility or
safety procedures. When the anchorages of unbonded seismic upgrade requirements. Refer to the local jurisdic-
tendons are accessible, a visual examination can be carried tion, International Existing Building Code (IEBC 2018), and
out and lift-off tests conducted to measure the prestress force to ACI 562 for guidance.
(ACI 546R; Gupta 2003). Sampling of unbonded tendons
and wires is generally not recommended unless corrosion is 7.2—Determining causes
observed, cracking has occurred, or the structural capacity is When distress or deterioration is encountered, it is impor-
in question (PTI DC80.3/ICRI 320.6). tant to establish their causes during the evaluation process. It
is also important to consider whether the conditions are wide-
6.6—Test reporting spread or isolated. For example, where a similar cracking
The findings and results from testing performed on a pattern is observed throughout the structure, the cause may
concrete structure should be documented in a written report be related to the design or a construction technique. Where
as described in Chapter 8. The sampling and testing portion cracking is isolated to one location, the cause may be related
of the report should include the following information: to an isolated construction defect, localized deterioration,
(a) Scope of sampling and testing completed or exposure to overloading. Another example is corrosion-
(b) Lab certification information induced spalling that may occur at only a portion of the
(c) Date of testing and names/qualifications of personnel structure or be widespread throughout the structure. If the
involved identified distress or deterioration is isolated to one location,
(d) Equipment used and accuracy/calibration information consider what makes that area different than the remainder
(e) Alignment of sampling/test performed with plan of the structure. The effectiveness of an appropriate reha-
document bilitation technique is a function of whether the cause of the

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GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19) 15

Fig. 7.2—Strengthening of concrete beam with fiber-rein-

forced polymer (photo courtesy of Klein and Hoffman). Fig. 7.3a—Temporary shoring of concrete structure (photo
courtesy of Klein and Hoffman).
initial condition has been removed or remediated. Failure to
do so often results in repeated failure of the repair.
Observed distress may be a result of original construction
deficiencies, modifications or change of use, imposed loads,
material characteristics (for example, reactive aggregates),
environmental effects or weathering, or other considerations.
This determination will inform the selection of approaches
to rehabilitation. Structural issues typically require strength-
ening, which can be costly and invasive (Fig. 7.2). Remedia-
tion to address durability-related issues may be less intrusive
and only require use of a protective system.

7.3—Evaluating the consequences of damage

In addition to causes of distress or deterioration, it is
important to consider the consequences of the damage. Most
deterioration of concrete structures is the result of a progres-
sive mechanism that gets worse with time. Depending on
the progress of the deterioration, different rehabilitation
approaches may be feasible or required. Delaying the imple-

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mentation of repair or rehabilitation usually allows the dete-
rioration to spread, possibly to the point where a more exten-
sive repair is necessary, or repair is no longer feasible, but
rather replacement (of a member or section of the structure)
in whole or in part is necessary.
Damage may result in an unstable or unsafe condition Fig. 7.3b—Temporary installation of mesh of area over
that requires immediate intervention to address the risk or concrete deterioration (photo courtesy of Klein and Hoffman).
hazard. Measures such as temporary shoring (Fig. 7.3a) may
be needed, or portions of the structure may be closed using design professional to report hazardous conditions to the
protective barriers to keep occupants away from danger. In jurisdictional authority.
the case of building facades, it is common to perform local-
ized removal of spalled or fractured portions of concrete, or to 7.4—Structural evaluation
install mesh or netting (Fig. 7.3b) to reduce the risk of sudden Depending on the project objectives and the observed
failure. Depending on the size and location of the removal, conditions, it may be necessary to assess the current struc-
temporary enclosures may be necessary, often to preclude tural capacity of all or a portion of the structure. This can
moisture penetration or leakage into a building facade. be done by structural analysis following generally-accepted
When distress has progressed to the point that an immi- structural principles (such as ACI 318), by load testing, or
nently hazardous condition has developed, the licensed both. The choice of approach depends on the nature of the
design professional should report this condition to the owner structure or element being assessed and the amount of infor-
as described in ACI 562. If the owner does not adequately mation that is available.
address the condition, it may be necessary for the licensed

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16 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)

The required loading needs to be defined based on the

anticipated function of the structure or element, and obser-
vations of existing conditions. Both gravity (for example,
dead, live and snow) and lateral loads (for example, wind
and seismic) should be considered. Depending on the design
basis code, loads may be established based on the load
requirements at time of original design, or by current load
requirements (IEBC 2018 and ACI 562). Structural anal-
ysis can either be performed with the design information
obtained from original construction documents, or by using
material properties obtained by testing. If enough informa-
tion is gathered by testing, then it may be possible to use
adjusted strength reduction factors. This testing informa-
tion can be either from original construction if the detailed
records are available, or from testing performed during the Fig. 7.4—Load being applied to top of concrete slab as part
assessment. Guidance on necessary testing information and of load testing (photo courtesy of Walker Consultants).
appropriate strength-reduction factors is provided in ACI
562. ACI 562 also provides information on recommended may require more invasive rehabilitation approaches. For
values for historic material properties if no other information example, if chloride-contaminated concrete has contributed
is available. The influence of any deterioration that has been to widespread corrosion of reinforcement, a more significant
documented should be considered in analysis. and invasive repair approach may be necessary over that of
Load testing (Fig. 7.4) is typically performed when: a) corrosion not yet started; mitigation of water intrusion to
there is insufficient information available to perform a struc- reduce the corrosion may be a minimally invasive rehabili-
tural analysis; b) when the complexity of the design or lack tation approach.
of experience with the structural system; or c) the extent or Disruption to building operations can impact only a portion
nature of existing deterioration makes structural analysis unre- of a facility or its entirety. Phasing alternatives should be
liable. Load testing should be performed in accordance with considered to keep the building occupied and operations in
the recommendations of ACI 437.1R. Load testing is typically service while the rehabilitation progresses. Suitable protec-
supplemented with structural calculations or modeling. tive measures to safely maintain operations may have a
significant impact on the final program costs.
7.5—Evaluation of rehabilitation approaches 7.5.1 Historic structures—Buildings and structures desig-
The licensed design professional should consider the nated as historic landmarks by governing jurisdictions or
various rehabilitation approaches that will fulfill the require- contributing to the historic fabric of the local area may have
ments and establish a list of final recommended approaches. unique attributes that need to be considered during the eval-
In evaluating alternative approaches, the following criteria uation of the repair rehabilitation approach. These require-
should be considered: ments should be identified during the document review
a) Probability of success (Chapter 4). Consultation with local historic commissions,

University of Toronto User.

b) Achievable service life boards, or authorities is often necessary to understand their
c) Initial costs and future maintenance costs interpretation of governing laws and how they may view
d) Relative risks and uncertainties various rehabilitation measures.
e) Disruption to operations
The owner’s input should be sought in weighing each CHAPTER 8—REPORT
of these, leading to the identification of a final preferred
approach for the rehabilitation. Costs should be expected 8.1—Introduction
to vary among rehabilitation approaches. The licensed The results of the assessment should be presented in a
design professional should provide guidance to the owner report that can be brief or detailed, depending on the scope of
on expected future maintenance costs, as lower initial costs the assessment or rehabilitation. The report is an important
may have considerably higher long-term maintenance costs. document for summarizing findings and recommendations,
Differing service lives and maintenance requirements should and for use as the basis for decisions regarding the scope of
be discussed with the owner prior to selection of a rehabili- the rehabilitation. This report should include a description of
tation approach. Note that ACI 562 recommends that the the following:
licensed design professional establish the expected service (a) Purpose, objective, and scope of work
life of repairs and advise owners of future maintenance (b) Project, background, and history
needs of the rehabilitated structure. (c) Documentation obtained to support assessment
Recommended rehabilitation approaches will be depen- (d) Field observations and condition survey results
dent on not only the cause of the observed distress, but also (e) Sampling and material testing results
the extent of distress. Distress that is more widespread or (f) Evaluation process and results
more severe and affecting more portions of the structure (g) Findings and recommendations

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GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19) 17

8.2—Purpose, objective, and scope of assessment projected future performance of the concrete materials and
This section of the report should describe the purpose, components tested.
objective, and scope of the assessment as agreed upon with
the owner or other party who requested the assessment. The 8.7—Evaluation
report should also note any modifications made to the scope The report should summarize the significance of the
of services during the course of the assessment, significant observed condition of the various components of the struc-
assumptions, and applicable building codes and standards. The ture, as well as the results of material testing and analysis
level of assessment undertaken, from preliminary or detailed that may have been performed as part of the assessment.
assessment, including testing, should be clearly stated. The assumptions made, and methods used in the assess-
ment process, should be documented including, if appli-
8.3—Project, background, and history cable, building codes, loads, modeling approaches, and
The report should contain the project description, signifi- computer tools. If required, a brief description of rehabilita-
cant assumptions, background information, description, and tion approaches or strengthening methods considered should
history of the structure. The history should include a descrip- be included. In addition, if included in the agreed scope of
tion of structure alterations, previous repair projects, extent the detailed assessment, the various approaches and methods
of work, applicable building codes and standards, and other can incorporate sketches or drawings showing typical details,
items that are pertinent to the assessment. cost estimates, and the impact of the proposed rehabilita-
tion method(s) on the structure and its users. In situations
8.4—Documentation obtained to support where strengthening or structural rehabilitation is needed,
assessment the report should indicate the extent to which it is neces-
The results of the document review should be summarized sitated by code-mandated provisions (upgrades) along with
and supplemented by plans, photographs, copies of draw- any special conditions that exist (for example, rehabilitation
ings, and any other pertinent information as applicable. procedures for historic buildings). The assessment results
The summary should include available information on the should also identify any follow-up recommendations for the
existing structure, including its location, size, architectural structure, such as:
and structural descriptions, history, historic significance (if (a) Immediate remedial actions needed from a safety or
any), current uses(s), architectural or structural modifica- serviceability perspective
tions, and past repair and maintenance programs. A list of (b) Additional testing or analysis that could be used to
the documents reviewed or referenced, and their sources confirm or refine report conclusions
should be included. (c) Monitoring of specific components
(d) Long-term maintenance program to warrant adequate
8.5—Field observations and condition survey condition and performance
Results of the field observations and condition survey (e) Seismic retrofit, as required by code
included in the scope of the work should be presented to
include a description of the portions of the structure that are 8.8—Findings and recommendations
to be rehabilitated or altered for change of use or appear- The findings from each preceding task should be summa-
ance. As-built construction, including verification of compo- rized in this section of the report. It should include a discus-

University of Toronto User.

nents, deviations, and deficiencies, should be documented sion of the current conditions of the structure (or components
as part of the scope of the assessment. Components of the of the structures identified in the scope of assessment), the
structure included in the scope of the assessment that could identified causes of deterioration and distress, the expected
not be evaluated, or could only be partially evaluated, should future performance of the structure (or components), and the
be noted in the report. feasibility of the rehabilitation under proposed programs and
Existing conditions, including deterioration or distress options. The recommendations may address the following
for investigated components, with inspection methods and topics: action plan; cost estimates; and additional consider-
equipment used, should be described with photographs, ations such as scheduling, constraints, and feasibility.
sketches, drawings, and other pertinent information prepared 8.8.1 Action plan—The recommendations should iden-
during the inspection and field survey operations. tify a course of action for the structure or components of the
structure, such as:
8.6—Sampling and material testing results (a) Regular maintenance and inspection
The locations, methods, and results of the nondestructive (b) Correct identified deficiencies (deterioration, distress, or
and destructive testing performed during the assessment, performance concerns)
as well as test results obtained from laboratory analysis, (c) Conduct additional testing, assessment, monitoring, or
should be summarized. The summary may be supplemented all three
with photographs and copies of laboratory test reports as (d) Change the use
appropriate. This section can include a description of how (e) Phase out of service
the testing results demonstrate the in-place properties of (f) Close immediately or provide suitable protection against
the concrete in terms of physical condition, strength, and failure such as shoring

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18 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)

The course of action that will best satisfy the owner’s ACI 228.1R-19—Report on Methods for Estimating
objectives should be considered, and an appropriate and cost- In-Place Concrete Strength
effective solution for the rehabilitation, as required, should ACI 228.2R-13—Report on Nondestructive Test Methods
be developed. The plan for the structure should address what for Evaluation of Concrete in Structures
action(s) should be taken and how it should best be accom- ACI 318-14—Building Code Requirements for Structural
plished. Where budget constraints exist, it may be prac- Concrete and Commentary
tical to assign priorities to the various rehabilitation works ACI 365.1R-17—Report on Service-Life Prediction
required and to stage the program over a certain period ACI 437R-03—Strength Evaluation of Existing Concrete
of time. Feasible alternatives to the recommended plan of Buildings
action should be identified, including estimated costs. ACI 437.1R-07—Load Tests of Concrete Structures:
8.8.2 Cost estimates—Cost estimates should address the Methods, Magnitude, Protocols, and Acceptance Criteria
recommended repair work, including options and alter- ACI 437.2-13—Code Requirements for Load Testing of
nates. The cost estimate can also cover phasing, engineering Existing Concrete Structures and Commentary
services, testing services, construction period services, ACI 546R-14—Guide to Concrete Repair
effects on owner’s operations, contingencies, and other ACI 562-16—Code Requirements for Assessment, Repair,
items. Depending on the scope of the assessment, the service and Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete Structures and
life expectancy of various alternate rehabilitation schemes Commentary
and the life-cycle performance of the entire structure may be
evaluated (ACI 365.1R). American Society of Civil Engineers
8.8.3 Scheduling—The project schedule is primarily ASCE/SEI 11-99—Guideline for Structural Condition
determined by the extent, type, and urgency of the reha- Assessment of Existing Buildings
bilitation project along with the phasing, weather, ongoing ASCE/SEI 31-03—Seismic Evaluation of Existing
operations, and other construction conditions. If the project Buildings
schedule is part of the report, it should consider the lead time ASCE/SEI 41-17—Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of
for engineering, preparing construction documents, permit- Existing Buildings
ting, contractor selection, and mobilization. Rehabilitation
projects often involve discovery of hidden or unexpected Applied Technology Council
conditions, so additional time should be considered in the ATC-20-1-15—Field Manual: Postearthquake Safety
schedule to account for possible modifications and required Evaluation of Building, Bhutan Edition
extra engineering services during the construction phase. ATC-45-04—Field Manual: Safety Evaluation of Build-
ings after Windstorms and Floods
CHAPTER 9—REFERENCES
ACI committee documents and documents published by ASTM International
other organizations are listed first by document number, full ASTM A370-18—Standard Test Methods and Definitions
title, and year of publication followed by authored docu- for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
ments listed alphabetically. ASTM A751-14—Standard Test Methods, Practices, and
Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products

University of Toronto User.

American Association of State Highway and Transportation ASTM C39/C39M-18—Standard Test Method for
Officials Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens—
AASHTO T 259-2002(R2012)—Method of Test for E Learning Course
Resistance of Concrete to Chloride Ion Penetration ASTM C42/C42M-18—Standard Test Method for
Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of
American Concrete Institute Concrete
ACI 117-10(15)—Specification for Tolerances for ASTM C157/C157M-17—Standard Test Method for
Concrete Construction and Materials and Commentary Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and
ACI 201.1R-08—Guide for Conducting a Visual Inspec- Concrete
tion of Concrete in Service ASTM C215-14—Standard Test Method for Fundamental
ACI 214R-11—Guide to Evaluation of Strength Test Transverse, Longitudinal, and Torsional Resonant Frequen-
Results of Concrete cies of Concrete Specimens
ACI 214.4R-10(16)—Guide for Obtaining Cores and ASTM C341/C341M-18—Standard Practice for Prepara-
Interpreting Compressive Strength Results tion and Conditioning of Cast, Drilled, or Sawed Specimens
ACI 224R-01(08)—Control of Cracking in Concrete of Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete Used for Length
Structures Change Measurements
ACI 224.1R-07—Causes, Evaluation, and Repair of ASTM C457/C457M-16—Standard Test Method for
Cracks in Concrete Structures Microscopical Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void
ACI 224.2R-92(04)—Cracking of Concrete Members in System in Hardened Concrete
Direct Tension

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GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19) 19

ASTM C469/C469M-14—Standard Test Method for ASTM F1869-16—Standard Test Method for Measuring
Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio of Concrete Moisture Vapor Emission Rate of Concrete Subfloor Using
in Compression Anhydrous Calcium Chloride
ASTM C496/C496M-17—Standard Test Method for ASTM F2170-18—Standard Test Method for Deter-
Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens mining Relative Humidity in Concrete Floor Slabs Using in
ASTM C597-16—Standard Test Method for Pulse situ Probes
Velocity Through Concrete ASTM F2420-05—Standard Test Method for Deter-
ASTM C642-13—Standard Test Method for Density, mining Relative Humidity on the Surface of Concrete Floor
Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete Slabs Using Relative Humidity Probe Measurement and
ASTM C803/C803M-18—Standard Test Method for Insulated Hood
Penetration Resistance of Hardened Concrete ASTM F2659-10(2015)—Standard Guide for Preliminary
ASTM C805/C805M-18—Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Comparative Moisture Condition of Concrete,
Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete Gypsum Cement and other Floor Slabs and Screeds Using a
ASTM C823/C823M-12(2017)—Standard Practice Non-Destructive Electronic Moisture Meter
for Examination and Sampling of Hardened Concrete in ASTM G14-04(2018)—Standard Test Method for Impact
Constructions Resistance of Pipeline Coatings (Falling Weight Test)
ASTM C856-18—Standard Practice for Petrographic ASTM G20-10(2015)—Standard Test Method for Chem-
Examination of Hardened Concrete ical Resistance of Pipeline Coatings
ASTM C876-15—Standard Test Method for Corrosion
Potentials of Uncoated Reinforcing Steel in Concrete International Code Council
ASTM C900-15—Standard Test Method for Pullout IEBC 2018—International Existing Building Code
Strength of Hardened Concrete
ASTM C1152/C1152M-04(2012)—Standard Test Method International Concrete Repair Institute
for Acid-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete ICRI 210.3R-13—Guide for Using In-Situ Tensile Pull-
ASTM C1202-18—Standard Test Method for Electrical Off Tests to Evaluate Bond of Concrete Surface Materials
Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion ICRI 210.4-09—Guide for Nondestructive Evaluation
Penetration Methods for Condition Assessment, Repair, and Perfor-
ASTM C1218/C1218M-17—Standard Test Method for mance Monitoring of Concrete Structures
Water-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete
ASTM C1556-11(2016)—Standard Test Method for Post-Tensioning Institute
Determining the Apparent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient of PTI DC80.3/ICRI 320.6-12—Guide for Evaluation and
Cementitious Mixtures by Bulk Diffusion Repair of Unbonded Post-Tensioned Concrete Structures
ASTM D4263-83(2018)—Standard Test Method for Indi-
cating Moisture in Concrete by the Plastic Sheet Method Strategic Highway Research Program
ASTM D4580/D4580M-12(2018)—Standard Practice SHRP C-315:1991—Handbook for the Identification of
for Measuring Delaminations in Concrete Bridge Decks by Alkali-Silica Reactivity in Highway Structures
Sounding SHRP S-324:1993—Condition Evaluation of Concrete

University of Toronto User.

ASTM D4748-10(2015)—Standard Test Method for Bridges Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion. Volume 2:
Determining the Thickness of Bound Pavement Layers Method for Measuring the Corrosion Rate of Reinforcing
Using Short-Pulse Radar Steel
ASTM D6432-11—Guide for Using the Surface Ground SHRP S-327:1992—Condition Evaluation of Concrete
Penetrating Radar Method for Subsurface Investigation Bridges Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion. Volume 5:
ASTM D6938-17—Standard Test Methods for In-Place Methods for Evaluating Effectiveness of Penetrating Sealers
Density and Water Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by SHRP S-328:1992—Condition Evaluation of Concrete
Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth) Bridges Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion. Volume 6:
ASTM D7091-13—Standard Practice for Nondestructive Method for Field Determination of Total Chloride Content
Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coat- SHRP S-329:2002—Condition Evaluation of Concrete
ings Applied to Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic Noncon- Bridges Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion. Volume 7:
ductive Coatings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals Method for Field Measurement of Concrete Permeability
ASTM E8/E8M-16—Standard Test Methods for Tension SHRP S-330:1992—Condition Evaluation of Concrete
Testing of Metallic Materials Bridges Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion. Volume 8:
ASTM E122-17—Standard Practice for Calculating Procedure Manual
Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the
Average for Characteristic of a Lot or Process Authored documents
ASTM E376-17—Standard Practice for Measuring Carino, N., and Malhotra, V., 2004, Handbook on Nonde-
Coating Thickness by Magnetic-Field or Eddy-Current structive Testing of Concrete, second edition, Auerbach
(Electromagnetic) Testing Methods Publishing, 392 pp.

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20 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)

Gaudette, P., and Slaton, D., 2007, “Preservation of Evaluation of Existing Structures,” Concrete International,
Historic Concrete,” Preservation Brief 15, Heritage Preser- V. 33, No. 11, Nov., pp. 43-48.
vation Services, National Park Service, U.S. Department of Slaton, D., 2005, “The Preparation and Use of Historic
the Interior, Washington, DC, 16 pp. Structure Reports,” Preservation Brief 43, Heritage Preser-
Gupta, P., 2003, “Field Evaluation of the Prestressing vation Services, National Park Service, U.S. Department of
Force in Unbonded Tendons,” PTI Journal, V. 1, No. 2, the Interior, Washington, DC, 16 pp.
Aug., pp. 9-14. Stowe, R. L., and Thornton, H. T., 1984, “Engineering
Hookham, C., 1994, “Damage Tolerance Analysis in Condition Survey of Concrete in Service,” Technical Report
Structural Rehabilitation,” Proceedings, ASCE Structures REMR-CS-1, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways
Congress, Reston, VA. Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
Mather, K., 1985, “Preservation Technology: Evaluating The Concrete Society, 1989, “Analysis of Hardened
Concrete in Structures,” Concrete International, V. 7, No. Concrete,” Technical Report No. 32, Surrey, UK.
10, Oct., pp. 33-41. The Concrete Society, 1992, “Nonstructural Cracks in
Mathey, R. G., and Clifton, J. R., 1988, “Review of Nonde- Concrete,” Technical Report No. 22, Surrey, UK.
structive Evaluation Methods Applicable to Construction The Concrete Society, 2001, “Diagnosis of Deterioration of
Materials and Structures,” NBS Technical Note 1247, U.S. Concrete Structures,” Technical Report No. 54, Surrey, UK.
Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. Thornton Jr., H. T., and Alexander, A. M., 1987, “Develop-
NRMCA, 1999, “In-Place Concrete Strength Evaluation— ment of Nondestructive Testing Systems for In Situ Evalua-
A Recommended Practice,” Committee on Research Engi- tion of Concrete Structures,” Technical Report REMR-CS-
neering and Standards, Publication No. 133-99, National 10, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment
Ready Mixed Concrete Association, Silver Spring, MD. Station, Vicksburg, MS.
Sezen, H.; Hookham, C.; Elwood, K.; Bartlett, F.; and
Moore, M., 2011, “Core Testing Requirements for Seismic

University of Toronto User.

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As ACI begins its second century of advancing concrete knowledge, its original chartered purpose
remains “to provide a comradeship in finding the best ways to do concrete work of all kinds and in
spreading knowledge.” In keeping with this purpose, ACI supports the following activities:

· Technical committees that produce consensus reports, guides, specifications, and codes.

· Spring and fall conventions to facilitate the work of its committees.

· Educational seminars that disseminate reliable information on concrete.

· Certification programs for personnel employed within the concrete industry.

· Student programs such as scholarships, internships, and competitions.

· Sponsoring and co-sponsoring international conferences and symposia.

· Formal coordination with several international concrete related societies.

· Periodicals: the ACI Structural Journal, Materials Journal, and Concrete International.

Benefits of membership include a subscription to Concrete International and to an ACI Journal. ACI
members receive discounts of up to 40% on all ACI products and services, including documents, seminars
and convention registration fees.

As a member of ACI, you join thousands of practitioners and professionals worldwide who share
a commitment to maintain the highest industry standards for concrete technology, construction,
and practices. In addition, ACI chapters provide opportunities for interaction of professionals and
practitioners at a local level to discuss and share concrete knowledge and fellowship.

University of Toronto User.

American Concrete Institute
38800 Country Club Drive
Farmington Hills, MI 48331
Phone: +1.248.848.3700
Fax: +1.248.848.3701
www.concrete.org
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No further reproduction or distribution is permitted.
38800 Country Club Drive
Farmington Hills, MI 48331 USA
+1.248.848.3700
www.concrete.org

The American Concrete Institute (ACI) is a leading authority and resource

worldwide for the development and distribution of consensus-based
standards and technical resources, educational programs, and certifications
for individuals and organizations involved in concrete design, construction,
and materials, who share a commitment to pursuing the best use of concrete.

Individuals interested in the activities of ACI are encouraged to explore the

ACI website for membership opportunities, committee activities, and a wide
variety of concrete resources. As a volunteer member-driven organization,
ACI invites partnerships and welcomes all concrete professionals who wish to
be part of a respected, connected, social group that provides an opportunity
for professional growth, networking and enjoyment.

University of Toronto User.

9 781641 950589