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Week 2 Questions
Friday, January 22, 2021 4:05 PM

Adele Cousland
Chapter One Questions
1. Per the example used during class of a university database, the entities are students, faculty,
courses, offerings, and enrolments. While the relationships are course offerings, student
enrolment in those offerings, and faculty supervisee relationships.
3. For a university database, the student user group is able to use the registration form, and
transcript request form. The staff user group can use the form for assignment. The faculty user
group can use a workload report.
5. Inter-related property means that data is able to be stored as separate units and connected to
provide a finished or whole picture.
7. A DBMS is a database management system, which is a collection of software that allows the
creation, use, and maintenance of databases. While they originally only provided efficient storage
and retrieval of data, they have evolved to provided many more features making them more
complex.
9. A procedural language involves coding complex procedures, while a nonprocedural language
allows users with limited computing abilities to submit queries. As nonprocedural languages
specify the parts of database to retrieve, not the detail of how retrieval occurs. Therefore, looping
statements (for, while, and, etc. ) belong in a procedural language but not a nonprocedural
language.
11. The connection is that nonprocedural access is used in application development to indicate data
requirements. Non-procedural access makes form and report creation possible without a lot of
coding. This is done by the user when they indicate data requirements using SQL or a graphical
tool.
13. A procedural language interface allows for the full capabilities of a computer programming
language. This can be combined with a non-procedural language like SQL, along with a
programming language such as Visual Basic to allow a DBMS to have the full capabilities of a
programming language.
15. A DBMS supports transaction processing by ensuring that transactions are free of interference
from other users, parts of transaction are not lost due to failure, and that transactions do not
make the database inconsistent.
17. Enterprise DBMS support the databases that are critical to the functioning of an organization. They
also usually run on powerful servers and end up being costly.
19. An embedded DBMS is a category of database software. They reside in a larger system, either a
device or application such as a digital assistant or smart card. They provide limited transaction
processing features but have low memory, processing, and storage requirements.
21. Prominent features of second gen DBMS are networks and hierarchies of related records and
standard program interfaces.
23. Fourth generation DBMS support multi-media data, active databases, data warehouses, and allow
distributed processing.
25. Mappings in the three schema architecture describe how a schema at a higher level is derived
from a schema at a lower level. The DBMS is responsible for using mappings, not the user.
27. Processing capabilities are divided to improve performance and availability of data. As distributed
processing allows geographically dispersed computers to cooperate when providing data access.
Therefore, work can be balanced between a server and client to efficiently process data access
requests.
29. By distributing parts of a database among different network sites, it can allow for increased
performance, as available through a parallel database.
31. A functional user may participate by designing and using databases, while an analyst is responsible
for collecting requirements, designing applications, and implementing information system. Both
however utilize the external level.
33. The advantages of using an open source DBMS is that they have open standards allowing greater
compatibility and save the company cost and license fees, along with various other advantages.
35. Relationship between cloud based database architecture and other processing architectures for
database computing is that they share the same general structure. The main difference is that the
cloud portion allows for there to be broad network access to the processing architecture that can
be obtained by the user on-demand. This can make the overall process smoother and more widely
available.

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Chapter Two Questions
2. A system that is not an information system could be one that works without information, such as a
system that works primarily in binary without any other context to the more nonprocedural
information.
4. For an information system that processes student loans the types of data that would be held would
be loan applications, payments, status changes, statements, cash disbursements, and delinquency
notices.
6. It is thought of as a reference framework as it is an abstract framework that consists of interlinked
and clearly defined sequential process that aims to create clear industry communication.
8. Instead of using the waterfall methodology, which at times can cause the operational system to be
produced late, rush to begin implementation, and has requirements that are difficult to capture there
are the alternatives of spiral approaches and rapid application development.
10. A data model is an abstract model that organizes elements of data and standardizes how they relate
to one another and to the properties of real-world entities, for example E.R.D. A process model are
processes of the same nature that are classified together into a model, for example a transition diagram.
An environment interaction model is one that takes into account the environment of processes of the
same nature and classifies those together, for example UML.
12. A database engineer is like a politician in establishing a common vocabulary as they must choose
their words and term meanings carefully. As without careful selection, the end user may get confused in
the actuality of the terms. The most important thing is keeping things readable.
14. Database engineers should factor in what types of data they want to limit, and what type of data can
go into a type, allowing them to pick the correct constraints from the beginning.
16. Data quality problems can lead to difficult customer communication and inventory shortages, this
can be due to a lack of completeness, ambiguity, and incorrectness, to name a few.
18. Efficient implementation is important and supersedes other goals as it creates optimization through
performance and is subject to constraints of data quality, meaning, and resource usage. Without finding
a solution for efficient implementation, there becomes problems with performance outputs.
20. The inputs and outputs of the logical database design phase acts in a manner where the output of
the logical database acts as an input to the physical database design. The outputs are entities,
relationships, attributes, and identifiers. While the inputs are the concepts behind these.
22. The inputs for the physical database design are entities, relationships, attributes, and identifiers; the
outputs are tables, columns, indexes, integrity constraints (primary key, foreign key, unique, and not
null), and views.
24. The conceptual model has the information content of the database held within it while the logical
database refines this content to be more greatly used.
26. Soft skills are design skills that are qualitative, have a degree of subjectivity, and are people oriented.
Like soliciting and documenting requirements.
28. Hard skills are design skills that are quantitative, objective, and are intensive data analysis. For
example, coding precise SQL statements.
30. Hard skills require more a substantiative scientific background.
32. CASE tools are useful in the database development process as they provide modelling,
documentation, analysis, prototyping and code generation.
34. It can provide front-end emphasize for data modeling and logical analysis.
36. It can provide back-end emphasize for code generation and physical design.
38. Yes, as all of the phases go together. If this process is split up, it could become a much less efficient
process.

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