1 Friday, May 27, 2016

1. Definition Of Learning Difficulties.

2. Types Of Learning Disabilities.
3. The Relationship Between Academic Learning Disabilities &
Non-academic(developmental).
4. The Difference Between Learning Disabilities, Slow Learning
And Under-achievement.
5. How To Recognize Learning Disabilities(Criteria).
6. Language learning disabilities.
7. Causing Factors For Language Learning Disabilities.
8. Some Remedial Methods For Language Learning Disabilities.
9. The Treatment Of Academic Reading Disabilities.
10. Remedial Teaching Strategies.
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1-Definition:-

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 Federal Definition of
Specific Learning Disabilities

 “Specific learning disability” means a disorder in

one or more of the basic psychological processes
involved in understanding or in using language,
spoken or written, which disorder may manifest
itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think,
speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical
calculations

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  In Federal law, under the Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act (IDEA), the term is “specific learning
disability,” one of 13 categories of disability under that
law.

 “Learning Disabilities” is an “umbrella” term describing a

number of other, more specific learning disabilities, such
as dyslexia and dysgraphia.

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 2- Classification and types of
learning disabilities

2)Developmental or non- 1)Academic learning

academic learning disabilities disabilities

 Dyscalculia
Primary secondary
 Dysgraphia
A-Thinking  Dyslexia
a) Attention
B-Oral  Language Processing
language  Disorder
b) Perception

C-Solving  Dyspraxia
c) Memory problems
 Executive Functioning

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 3- The relationship between
developmental learning difficulties and
academic learning difficulties:-

 A major role/ Prominent role.

 Cause and effect.
 High correlation (90 %).

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4- The Difference Between Learning Disabilities, Slow learning
and Under-achievement:-

IQ
Their Develop Academic Education cause

ia
criter
behavior mental
Problems level

Normal Limited learn necessary Needs special Average or A small cerebral

Learning Disability Slow learning

Hyperactive academic skills, education above damage in a
Aggressive but at rate and services Like particular part in
Indolence depth below the sources From 90 to the brain.
Dispersion average same room and above (Genetic)
age peers. individual
Continually teaching
Repeats exams in
the weakness
subject

Adaptive failure in Wide clear reduction in Inside normal Less than An injury or
one or more of all subjects . classrooms with average, But damage in more
daily life skills like: Don’t continue to some doesn’t reach than a part in the
dealing with university modifications in mental brain that Causes
individuals or daily Continually the curriculum to retardation weakness in some
life situations Repeats exams suit his abilities of the Genetic
more than once in From 70 to 84 mental abilities.
most subjects

suffers from No clear reduction in Inside normal Average or Neglection that

Achievement
Under
Permanent all subjects classrooms ,but above results from
depression and especially the his case should environmental
frustration from ones that need be studied by From 90 to and family
the repeated The presence of the social above problems .
failure 14 mind worker, needs Not genetic or
experiences. Continually some lessons. mental
Repeats exams in retardation
most subjects.
5- Criteria for recognizing learning
disabilities:-

A. Spacing.
B. Elimination (Exclusion).
C. Special Education.
D. Problems associated with maturity.
E. Organic Signs.

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 6- language learning difficulties:-

A- Reading disability (dyslexia):

*definition:

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

defines reading disability or dyslexia as follows: "Dyslexia is
a brain-based type of learning disability that specifically
impairs a person's ability to read. These individuals
typically read at levels significantly lower than expected
despite having normal intelligence. Although the disorder
varies from person to person,

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 *causes:

 Social causes: Low social level

 Psychological causes: fear
 Mental causes: low ability to perceive and imagine.
 Physical causes: auditory and visual weakness
o Other causes.

B- writing disability.

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 There are 28 reading difficulties:
Pronunciation
(13)
recognition
1- word by word reading
2-Wrong pronunciation of phrases
3-wrong pronunciation
4-Omissions
Weakness in
5-Repition
structural
6-Inversions
 or Reversal analysis
7-not knowing vowel sounds
8-not knowing consonant sounds
9-Substitution
10- Insertions
11-Basic sight words
12-Guessing
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13-Moving the lips while reading

 Skills of using
Difficulties dictionaries
Understanding regarding speed and searching
of reading for
1-Inability to information
understand text 1-Low rate of speed
gestures 1-Low skills of
2-Speed at the expense of using a
2-Inability to make
accuracy dictionary.
contractions
3-Skimming
3-Weakness in
understanding 2-Inability to
 Inability to 4-Inability to co-ordinate determine the
4-Inability to between speed and the right source of
remember difficulty of the material information
5-Weakness in the
sequence of events
6-Weakness in
remembering written

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7- Causing factors of language learning
disabilities:

1) Organic causes.
2) Environmental causes.
3) Educational causes.
4) Inner psychological reasons.
5) Functional reasons.

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8- Some methods of the treatment of
learning disabilities:

1) Dialogue.
2) Doing some experiments
3) Using scientific discoveries
4) The use of models and maquettes
5) Using pictures
6) Using mazes
7) Using stories
8) Treatment based on the use of realism
9) Search / teach tutoring approach

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9- Treatment of academic reading
difficulties:

I. Functional treatment.
II. General remedial programs:
Treatment methods:

1-Using sounds.
2-Using prefixes and suffixes.
3-Verbalizing-visualizing.

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10- Remedial Teaching Strategies:
a. Individual teaching.
b. Direct teaching.
c. The multiplicity of the senses strategy.
d. Fernald method.
e. Orton- Gill Ingham.
f. Auditory verbal therapy.
g. Writing for reading.
h. Trial and error learning.
i. Skills training model.
j. Skills training model.

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 Individual Teaching

 It means that a teacher teaches one student at one time

or the teacher skill to take into account individual
differences among learners.
 It doesn’t mean that the learner has to work alone.
 Its purpose is to get closer to the students as possible.
 Schools can achieve this strategy by:
Using computers or peers or small groups teaching or
Independent study…..etc.

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 Directed Teaching/ Mastery
Learning:
 It focuses on achieving the learning outcomes by
concentrating on direct skills which is related to the
outcomes.
 For example: Multiplication table.
 Steps: 1-accurately determine the outcomes.
2-directly measure the students performance.
3-Analysing and arranging the elements.
4-Give enough time.
5-Giving feedback.
6- directing the students to practice till perfection
7- showing students performance data in suitable
charts and diagrams.

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 Writing for reading Strategy

 Modern program.
 Through personal experience.
 Children find it easy to read a word which they gathered
its letters.
 For example: A picture of a train.
 Steps of writing for reading strategy(steps-ten units-
Three words).

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