Bipolar Junction Transistor

Answer all questions

(1) Consider the BJT circuit in Figure 1. Assume that the following values remain constant
during the operating conditions, = 120 and VBE = 0.65V,
(a) Calculate:

i. Base, collector and emitter currents

I B=(V ¿ ¿ BB−V BE )/ RB ¿
¿ ( 5 V −0.65 V ) /15 KΩ
¿ 0.29 mA
I C =BDC ( I B )
¿ 120 X 0.29 mA
¿ 34.8 mA
I E =0.29+34.8
¿ 35.09mA

ii. VCE and VCB

V CE =V CC −I C RC
34.8 mA
¿ 15 V −( )(200Ω)
1000
¿ 8.04 V
V CB =V CE −V BE
¿ 8.04 V −0.65 V
¿ 7.39 V

iii. DC alpha,
IC
α DC =
IE
¿ 34.8/35.09
¿ 0.99

(b) Determine whether the transistor is operating under cut-off, linear or saturation condition
if base current is increased to 0.75 mA. Assume VCE(sat) = 0.3V.

1
 The transistor is not in cut-off condition because I B=0.75 mA , which is more than
zero.
I C =β CD I B =120 x 0.75 mA=90 mA

V CC −V CE(sat) 15−0.3
I C(sat) = = =73.5 mA
Rc 200
This shows that with the given β DC the base current is capable to produce an I C
greater than I C(sat) . Therefore, the transistor is saturated and I C will remain
73.5mA.

(c) If a 2N3904 transistor is used and the circuit is operating at the temperature of 40 .
Referring to the data sheet in Appendix 1 and the circuit operating with the base current
and VCE(sat) as in part (b),
i. Determine the power rating of the transistor at the given operating temperature.
Referring to data sheet in appendix 1
P D max ⁡ ° C =P d max ⁡ ° C − ( 45−25 )( 5 )
40 25

¿ 625−100=525 mW

ii. Determine the maximum value to which VCC can be adjusted without exceeding a
rating. Which rating would be exceeded first?

From b, Ib =0.75mA, Ic=90mA

From data sheet, Vce(rating)=40v
90
V CC (max) =V CE(rating)+ I c Rc =40+ ( 1000 x 200) =58V

P D=V CE (rating ) x I c =40 x 90=3600 mW

IC is ideally constant for a constant I B, i.e it will stay at 73.5mA which is << compare to
IC(rating) at 200mA. Base on PD calculation the power rating will be exceeded first before
the VCE rating. Therefore, VCC(max) so that no rating values are exceeded is,
P D max⁡ 525 mA
V CE(max)= 45
= =7 V
Ic 75 mA
V CC =V CE(max )+ I C R C =7+75 mA x 200=22 V

2
Figure 1 Figure 2

3
(2) Consider the transistor in Figure 1, for .
(a) Sketch an ideal family collector curves for the circuit for IB = 5 μA, 10 μA and 15 μA.
Given VCE(sat.) = 0.2 and VCE(breakdown) = 45V.

I B (ΩA ) I C =β DC I B (mA )
5 0.5
10 1
15 1.5

(b) Determine whether the transistor is saturated.

1)Find Ic(sat)
V CC −V CE(sat) 15−0.2
I C(sat) = = =59 mA
RC 0.2
2)find Ib
V BB−V BE 5−0.7
I B= = =0.29 mA
RB 15

3) Find Ic
I C =β DC I B=100 X 0.29=29 mA

4)compare
I C(sat) > I C
:.The transistor is not saturated

4
(3) Consider the common-emitter BJT amplifier in Figure 2. Assume that the following
values remain constant during the operating conditions, = 100, = 120 and VBE =
0.7V,
(a) Draw the dc and ac equivalent circuit for the BJT amplifier circuit.

(b) Calculate the following dc values for the amplifier, VB, VE, IE, IC and VC
R2 6.8
V B= ( V = ) (
R1 + R2 CC 22+6.8 )
12 V =2.83 V

V E=V B−V BE=2.83 V −0.7V =2.13 V

V E 2.13 V −3
I E= = =3.8 X 10 A=3.8 mA
R E 560Ω

I E =I C ( 1+1
β ) DC

:. I C =I E /(1+1/ β DC )=3.8/(1+1/100)=3.76 mA
V C =V CC−I C R C =12−( 3.8 )( 1 )=8.2 V
(c) Calculate the following ac values for the amplifier, Rin(base), Rin(tot) and Av
25 mA 25
r'e= = =6.58Ω
IE 3.8

R¿ (base)= βac ( r ' e + R E ) =120 ( 6.58 Ω+560 Ω )=67989.6 Ω=67.99 kΩ

R¿ (tot )=R ¿ (base )||R 1|| R 2=67.99 kΩ||22 kΩ||6.8 kΩ

67.99 x 22 16.62 x 6.8
=16.62 =4.83 kΩ
67.99+22 16.62+6.8
RC 1k
AV = '
= =1.76
r e + RE 6.58+560

(d) If a bypass capacitor is connected across RE and a load resistor of 10 kΩ is connected to

the output terminal via a coupling capacitor, calculate the new Rin(base), Rin(tot) and Av.

5
 R¿ (base)= βac ( r ' e ) =120 ( 6.58 )=789.6 Ω

R¿ (tot )=R ¿ (base )||R 1|| R 2=0.789||22||6.8

0.789 x 22 0.76 x 6.8
=0.76 =0.68 kΩ
0.789+22 0.76+6.8
RC 1k
AV = '
= =0.15
r e
6.58

(e)

Figure 3. Figure 4

(4) Consider the circuit in Figure 4, determine:

(a) Whether the circuit has a stiff voltage divider or not.

A voltage divider in which the base current is small compared to the current in R2
(resistor in other path to ground) is said to be a stiff voltage divider because the voltage
is relatively independent of different transistors and temperature effects.

Stiff: R¿ (base) ≥10 R2

R2
V B= ( V
R1 + R2 CC )
6.8
V B= ( 22+6.8 )(12)
=2.83V
Not Stiff: R¿ (base ) <10 R2

6
 R2∨¿ R¿ ( base )
V B=
( )V
R1 + R2 ∨¿ R ¿ (base ) CC

6.8∨¿−2.83
V B= ( 22+6.8∨¿−2.8 ) 12
¿ 9.41V

(b) Base voltage, VB

R2 6.8
V B= ( R1 + R2 ) (
V CC =
22+6.8 )
(12V )=2.83 V

(c) The Q-values.

V B =2.83V
R B=R1∨¿ R 2
22 X 6.8
¿ 22∨¿ 6.8= =5.194 KΩ
22+6.8
V B−V BE 2.83−0.7
I EQ =
( RB
β+1
+RE
=
)(
5.194
100
+0.56
=3.48 mA
)
V CEQ =V CC −I EQ ( RC + R E )=12−3.48 (1+ 0.56 )
¿ 6.5712 V
Q− point=(V ¿ ¿ CEQ , I EQ )¿
¿ ¿)

(d) Currents I1, I2, and IB .

V B =2.83 V
R B=5.194 KΩ

V B −V BE 2.83−0.7
IE=
( )(
RE+
RB
β DC
=
0.56+
5.194
100
=3.48 ma
)
IE 3.48
I B= ( )
β DC
=
100
=0.03 mA

7
 V B 2.83
( )
I 1=
R1
=
22
=0.13mA

V B 3.48
( )
I 2=
R2
=
6.8
=0.42mA

8
(5) Consider the Common-Emitter amplifier circuit in Figure 5.
(a) Determine the following dc values, VB, VE, IE, IC, VC and VCB.

R2 12
V B= ( R1 + R2 ) (
V CC =
47 +12 )
15 V =3.05V

V E=V B−V BE=3.05 V −0.7 V =2.35 V

V E 2.35 V
I E= = =2.35 mA
R E 1 kΩ
I C =I E /(1+1/ β DC )=2.35/(1+1/90)=2.32mA
V C =V CC−I C R C =15− ( 2.32 )( 10 )=−8.2V
V CB =V C −V BE=−8.2V −0.7 V =−8.9V

(b) Determine the following ac values, Rin(base), Av, Ai and Ap.

25
r'e= =10.64 Ω
2.35
R¿ (base)= βac ( r ' e + R E ) =80 ( 10.64+1 ) =93.12
RC 3 kΩ
AV = '
= =2.97
r e
0.01+1
Ai= β ac=¿ 80
A p =A v A i=2.97 x 80=237.6
(c) Assume that the amplifier is driven by a voltage source 10μV rms, 500Ω. Determine the
overall voltage gain by taking into consideration the attenuation in the base circuit, and
find the total output voltage (ac and dc).

9
 Figure 5

rc
¿ find : A c =
( '
R e+ R E )
3 X 10
r C =R C||RL =3||10= =2.31
3+10
V B−V BE
¿∗I B=
( ) R
RE+ B
β DC

R2 12
V B= ( R1 + R2
V CC =) (
47 +12
15 V =3.05V )
47 X 12
R B=R1||R2=47||12= =9.6 kΩ
47+12

V B −V BE 3.05−0.7
I B= ( RB
=
9.6) =0.244 mA

I C =β DC ( I B ) =90 ( 0.244 ) =21.96 mA

I E =I B + I C =0.244+ 21.96=22.204 mA
25 25
r'e= = =1.13 Ω
I E 22.204

rc 2.31
:. A c =
( '
R + RE
e
=
1.13+1 )(
=1.08 V )
10
11
Appendix 1

12