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Dioxide and Water Using Energy From Sunlight: ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-21 Notes CH: 1 Photosynthesis Grade: 8 Subject: Biology

This document provides notes on photosynthesis for an 8th grade biology class. It defines photosynthesis as the process by which plants produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water using energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts in plant cells using chlorophyll and releases oxygen. The rate of photosynthesis is affected by several factors including light intensity, carbon dioxide levels, temperature, and water availability. It also discusses the roles of minerals like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that plants require.

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anish kanthethi
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323 views7 pages

Dioxide and Water Using Energy From Sunlight: ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-21 Notes CH: 1 Photosynthesis Grade: 8 Subject: Biology

This document provides notes on photosynthesis for an 8th grade biology class. It defines photosynthesis as the process by which plants produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water using energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts in plant cells using chlorophyll and releases oxygen. The rate of photosynthesis is affected by several factors including light intensity, carbon dioxide levels, temperature, and water availability. It also discusses the roles of minerals like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that plants require.

Uploaded by

anish kanthethi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-21

NOTES

CH: 1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS

GRADE: 8 SUBJECT: BIOLOGY

Photosynthesis:
 Photosynthesis is the process by which plants manufacture
carbohydrate(glucose) from raw materials such as carbon
dioxide and water using energy from sunlight

The word equation for photosynthesis:


Carbon dioxide + water  glucose +oxygen

 Photosynthesis is carried out by producers (plants).


 The process plants use to make their own food.
 Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction.
 All plant cells do not carry out photosynthesis. Only certain plant
cells (e.g. palisade cells which contain plastid – chloroplast in it)
 Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts(a tiny cell organelle
only present in plant cells but not in animal cells)
 Why plants need chloroplasts?
The chloroplast which contains green colour pigment molecule
called chlorophyll - which absorb light (energy) for photosynthesis to
make food (glucose- sugar) and to make oxygen
• The chlorophyll molecule then releases the energy.
• The released energy makes carbon dioxide combine with water,
with the help of enzymes inside the chloroplast.
 Photosynthesis process uses energy from sunlight.
 Leaves are green as they reflect the green light from sunlight (visible
spectrum). So green light is not absorbed. Other colours like red and
blue are absorbed.
 Plants take in carbon dioxide from the air to make glucose.
 Carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis. When we add more
carbon dioxide gas into the greenhouses - more photosynthesis
therefore more food is made. Plants grow bigger, increased crop
yield, faster growth.

 Plants also take in substances like oxygen through the roots which
they can use for respiration
 Photosynthesis is not same as respiration.

 Variegated leaves - Some areas of the leaves are green and some
are white.
This plant with variegated leaves does not grow as fast as another
plant with only green leaves because these leaves (white parts)
contain fewer chloroplasts (contain less or no chlorophyll).white
parts do not photosynthesise

 Nitrogen is needed for plants growth and to make proteins and to


make enzymes. Plants absorb nitrogen in the form of nitrate ions
through the roots. Without nitrogen the plant become small / has
very little growth(stunted growth) and leaves turns yellow
 Phosphorous is needed for root growth, energy storage, energy use.
Without phosphorus the plant become small or weak
 Potassium for development of flowers and fruits. Without
potassium the leaves become yellow and grow abnormally
 Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
Without magnesium the plant cannot make chlorophyll and the
leaves turn yellow.

Factor that affects the rate of photosynthesis:


 Light intensity
 Amount of carbon dioxide
 Temperature
 Amount of water
 colour of light
 pH
 Amount of chlorophyll
 Minerals

Xylem - the tissue which carries water and minerals through the stem.

The structure of xylem tissue enables it to transport water by the


following ways:

• Mature xylem consists of elongated dead cells,


• No end walls – arranged end to end to form continuous long tubes
(Hollow tube)
• contain no cytoplasm, no contents
• are impermeable to water
• have tough, thick, rigid, strong walls containing a woody material
called lignin
• waterproof walls
Phloem:
• Phloem consists of living cells arranged end to end.
• Unlike xylem, phloem vessels contain cytoplasm, and this goes
through holes from one cell to the next.
• Phloem transports sucrose and amino acids up and down the plant.
This is called translocation.

Xylem and phloem tissues are found in groups called vascular bundles

Tissue What is moved Process


Xylem Water and minerals Transpiration stream
Phloem Sucrose and amino acids Translocation

• Transpiration is the evaporation of water at the surfaces of the


spongy mesophyll cells in leaves, followed by loss of water vapour
through the stomata.

Testing a leaf for starch:


1. Leaf is boiled in water for about 2 minutes.
Purpose: to break down cell walls and to stop the action of
enzymes within the leaf (stops chemical reactions). Also allows
easier penetration by ethanol

2. Leaf is warmed in ethanol until leaf is colourless.


Purpose: to extract the chlorophyll - to remove green colour.
(Chlorophyll dissolves in ethanol but not in water)

3. Leaf is dipped into warm water (briefly).


Purpose: to soften the now brittle leaf, and allow penetration by
iodine solution
4. Leaf is placed on white tile and iodine solution added.
After a few minutes, the parts of the leaf that contain starch turn
blue-black.
Purpose: iodine shows the presence (blue-black) of starch.
Colours are shown against the white tile.

Minerals
Plant and minerals
• Plant need a number of minerals
• The plant uses minerals to make food molecules such as amino
acids, proteins and nucleic acids out of the carbohydrates made
by photosynthesis
• Plants absorb minerals from the soil in the form of ions
• The minerals present in soil depend on the type of rock beneath
the soil and on the decomposition of animal and plant remains
lying on the soil
• Minerals are taken out of soil by plants, and are also washed out
by rain
• Mineral deficiency is the situation where a plant cannot get
enough of a particular mineral from the soil for healthy growth.
Macro minerals – consumed larger quantities
• Examples – N, P, K , Ca, S, Mg, C, O, H
• Plants consume these elements as ions
Micro minerals – Cu, Mo, Fe, B, Cl, Mn, Zn
• These minerals dissolve in the water in the soil and are taken into
the plant by the roots
Nitrogen:
• Nitrogen is absorbed from the soil as nitrate ions (No3-) or
ammonium ions (NH4+)
• Because nitrogen is required for so many food molecules,
especially proteins (including enzymes)
• Constituent of amino acids
• It is also a essential constituent of chlorophyll
• Nitrogen deficiency results in stunted growth, slow growth, weak
growth and chlorosis
Phosphorus:
• Present mainly as structural component of nucleic acids as well as
constituent of fatty phospholipids for membrane development
and function
• Phosphorus is needed to make DNA and cell membranes
• Potassium phosphate
• Development of roots
Potassium:
• potassium helps in fruit coloration, shape and increase in brix
• Hence quality fruits are produced in potassium rich soil
• It regulates the opening and closing of stomata by a potassium
ion pump
• It regulates water loss from the leaves and increase drought
tolerance
• Potassium deficiency may cause necrosis or interveinal chlorosis ,
brown spotting, wilting, higher chances of damage from frost and
heat
Magnesium:
• Magnesium is absorbed from the soil as magnesium ions (Mg2+)
• Needed for making chlorophyll
• Effects of deficiency – causes chlorosis (leaves turns yellow,
usually from the bottom of the plant first

Factors limiting photosynthesis:


There are several ways of measuring the rate of photosynthesis in the
lab. These include:
• the rate of oxygen production (number of bubbles or volume of
oxygen gas given off in a set time)
• the rate of carbon dioxide uptake
• the rate of glucose production
There are several limiting factors which can affect(reduce) the rate of
photosynthesis:
• Temperature
• light intensity
• carbon dioxide concentration

Variables:
• independent variable - distance from the light source/light
intensity
• dependent variable - the number of bubbles produced per minute
• control variables - concentration of sodium hydrogen carbonate
solution, temperature, using the same piece of pondweed each
time

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