Cambridge International A Level Chemistry Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Answers to EOCQs
Chapter 19 b
Na+(g) + e– + Cl(g)
–364 kJ mol–1
1 a A is 2K(g) + 12  O2(g)[1] +494 kJ mol –1
Na(g) + Cl(g) Na+(g) + Cl–(g)
B is 2K+(g) + 12  O2(g) + 2e–[1]
C is 2K+(g) + O(g) + 2e–[1] +121 kJ mol –1
Na(g) + 12 Cl2(g)
D is 2K+(g) + O–(g) + e–[1] –771 kJ mol–1 (answer)

E is 2K+(g) + O2–(g)[1] +109 kJ mol –1

Na(s) + 12 Cl2(g)
b ΔHʅ1att = ΔHʅf – {2ΔHʅat[K] + 2ΔHʅi1[K]
–411 kJ mol –1
+  ΔHʅat [ 12  O2(g)] + ΔHʅea1[O] + ΔHʅea2[O]} NaCl(s)
[1]
 [4]
ΔHʅ1att = (–361) – {2 × (+89) + 2 × (+418) + (+249)
[deduct 1 mark per error]
 + (–141) + (+798)}
ΔHʅ1att = (–361) – (+1920) = –2281 kJ mol–1[1] c A sodium ion has a lower charge density /
larger ionic radius than a lithium ion; [1]
c Lattice energy of sodium oxide greater / more
lattice energy is more exothermic the smaller
exothermic;[1]
the ion / larger the charge density. [1]
sodium ion smaller / greater charge density
[accept reverse arguments]
than potassium ion; [1]
Total = 11
oxide ion smaller / greater charge density
than sulfide ion; [1] 3 a Mg
2+
(g) + 2I–(g)
∆Hhyd
lattice energy more exothermic the smaller
the ion / higher charge density on the ions.[1] ∆Hlatt Mg2+(aq) + 2I–(aq)
[allow reverse arguments]
d Requires input of energy to bring two ∆Hsol
negative charges together / needs energy to MgI2(s)
overcome repulsion between the electron symbols correct [1 mark for each box
and the O– ion. [1] correct];[3]
Total = 12 arrows in the correct direction; [1]
correct ΔHʅ symbols by correct arrows [1]
2 a i Energy needed to remove one electron [1]
b i Enthalpy change when one mole of
from each atom in a mole of gaseous
gaseous ions [1]
atoms[1]
completely dissolve in a very large amount
to form one mole of gaseous ions. [1]
of water. [1]
ii Energy needed / enthalpy change to form 2+ –
ii ΔHʅsol = ΔHʅhyd [Mg ] + 2 × ΔHʅhyd [I ] – ΔHʅlatt  [2]
one mole [1]
of gaseous atoms from the element in its ΔHʅsol = (–1920) + 2 × (–314) – (–2327)
standard state. [1] ΔHʅsol = –221 kJ mol–1[1]
c dipoles on water molecules; [1]
correct orientation of water molecules [1]
d greater charge density on magnesium; [1]
greater attraction [1]
between ion and dipoles on water [1]
Total = 15

Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry © Cambridge University Press 2014

 Cambridge International A Level Chemistry Answers to end-of-chapter questions

4 a i Energy change when one mole of an ionic iii

Barium ion has larger radius than
compound[1] magnesium ion; [1]
forms from its constituent gaseous ions.[1] barium ion polarises (large) carbonate ion
ii Energy needed to form one mole [1] less well than magnesium ion; [1]
of gaseous 2+ ions [1] the smaller the polarisation, the greater
from gaseous 1+ ions. [1] the thermal stability. [1]
b Mg2+
(g) + 2Br(g) + 2e– [allow reverse argument for magnesium]
Total = 11
2∆Hat Mg2+(g) + Br2(l)+ 2e–
2∆Hea1 6 a i Enthalpy change when one mole of solute
2+ –
Mg (g) + 2Br (g) [1]
dissolves completely in water. [1]
∆Hi2
ii Enthalpy change when one mole of
aqueous ions [1]
Mg+(g) + Br2(l) + e–
is formed from one mole of gaseous ions.
[1]
∆Hlatt b i NaCl(s) + aq → NaCl(aq)
∆Hi1
allow: NaCl(s) + aq → Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
Mg(g) + Br2(l)
left-hand side of equation correct [1]
∆Hat Mg(s) + Br2(l)
right-hand side of equation correct [1]
– –
∆H f ii Cl (g) + aq → Cl (aq)
MgBr2(s) left-hand side of equation correct [1]
 [4] right-hand side of equation correct [1]
[deduct 1 mark per error] c A is lattice energy / lattice enthalpy [1]
c ΔHʅ1att = ΔHʅf – {ΔHʅat[Mg] + ΔHʅi1[Mg] B is enthalpy change of hydration / ΔHʅhyd[1]
+  ΔHʅi2[Mg] + 2ΔHʅat[ 12  Br2(g)] + 2ΔHʅea1[Br]} C is enthalpy change of solution / ΔHʅsol[1]
[1] d δ–
H δ+
δ+ H O δ+ H O
ΔHʅ1att = (–524) – {(+150) + (+736) + (+1450) δ– H δ+
H δ+ SO42– H Mg2+ δ–O
 + 2 × (+112) + 2 × (–325)} δ+ δ–
δ+ H O
ΔHʅ1att = (–524) – (+1910) = –2434 kJ mol–1[1] O H δ+
δ– H
Total = 11 H δ+
δ+

5 a i NaCl will have the higher lattice energy; correct dipole on water molecules; [1]
it has smaller ions / greater charge density; correct orientation of water molecules
[1] around SO42– ions; [1]
the smaller the ion the higher the lattice correct orientation of water molecules
energy.[1] around Mg2+ ions [1]
ii SrS will have the higher lattice energy; e Any five of the following, for 1 mark each;
it has ions with 2+ and 2– charge; [1] ■■ the lattice energy and enthalpy change of

the greater the charge on the ion the hydration of magnesium sulfate are more
higher the lattice energy. [1] exothermic than those of calcium sulfate;
b i deformation of shape / electron cloud [1] ■■ the difference in enthalpy changes is

of an anion by a cation. [1] more marked for the enthalpy change of

ii Magnesium ion has greater charge than hydration than for lattice energy;
sodium ion; [1] ■■ it is the enthalpy change of hydration of

magnesium is smaller ion than sodium ion. the cation that plays the greatest part in
[1] determining the value of ΔHʅsol;

Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry © Cambridge University Press 2014

Cambridge International A Level Chemistry Answers to end-of-chapter questions

■■ Mg2+ has a smaller radius than Ca2+;

■■ so the enthalpy change of hydration is more
exothermic for magnesium (than calcium);
■■ the enthalpy change of solution is less
endothermic for magnesium sulfate (than
for calcium sulfate);
■■ magnesium sulfate is more soluble
because value of ΔHʅsol is less endothermic
(than for calcium sulfate).  [5]
[allow reverse arguments]
Total = 19

Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry © Cambridge University Press 2014