Scribd
Upload
109 views7 pages

EE301 Lesson 13 Intro To AC and Sinusoids

This document introduces key concepts for analyzing alternating current (AC) and sinusoidal waveforms, including: - AC sources have a sinusoidal waveform where voltage polarity and current direction change each cycle, unlike direct current (DC). - Sinusoidal waveforms can be defined by equations involving amplitude, angular position, frequency, period, and phase shift. - Important sinusoidal waveform characteristics are defined, such as amplitude, peak-to-peak value, frequency, period, phase, and effective (root mean square/RMS) values. - Examples are provided for determining values from sinusoidal equations and graphs.

Uploaded by

Satish Kulkarni
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
109 views7 pages

EE301 Lesson 13 Intro To AC and Sinusoids

This document introduces key concepts for analyzing alternating current (AC) and sinusoidal waveforms, including: - AC sources have a sinusoidal waveform where voltage polarity and current direction change each cycle, unlike direct current (DC). - Sinusoidal waveforms can be defined by equations involving amplitude, angular position, frequency, period, and phase shift. - Important sinusoidal waveform characteristics are defined, such as amplitude, peak-to-peak value, frequency, period, phase, and effective (root mean square/RMS) values. - Examples are provided for determining values from sinusoidal equations and graphs.

Uploaded by

Satish Kulkarni
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

EE301 – INTRO TO AC AND SINUSOIDS

Learning Objectives
a. Compare AC and DC voltage and current sources as defined by voltage polarity, current direction and
magnitude over time
b. Define the basic sinusoidal wave equations and waveforms, and determine amplitude, peak to peak
values, phase, period, frequency, and angular velocity
c. Determine the instantaneous value of a sinusoidal waveform
d. Graph sinusoidal wave equations as a function of time and angular velocity using degrees and radians
e. Define effective / root mean squared values
f. Define phase shift and determine phase differences between same frequency waveforms
Alternating Current (AC) With the exception of short-term capacitor and inductor transients, all
voltages and currents we have seen up to this point have been “DC”—i.e., fixed in magnitude. Now we
shift our focus to “AC” voltage and current sources. AC sources (usually represented by lowercase e(t)
or i(t)) have a sinusoidal waveform. For an AC voltage, for example, the voltage polarity changes every
cycle.

On the other hand, for an AC current, the current changes direction each cycle with the source voltage.

Voltage and Current Conventions When e has a positive value, its actual polarity is the same as the
reference polarity. When i has a positive value, its actual direction is the same as the reference arrow.

1 9/14/2016
EE301 – INTRO TO AC AND SINUSOIDS

Sinusoids Since our ac waveforms (voltages and currents) are sinusoidal, we need to have a ready
familiarity with the equation for a sinusoid.
The horizontal scale, referred to as the “time scale” can represent degrees or time.

Period and Frequency The period (T) is the time taken to complete one full cycle. The frequency (f) is
the number of cycles per second. The unit of frequency is hertz (Hz). 1 Hz = 1 cycle per second. The
period and the frequency are related by the formula:
1
f  (Hz)
T

Amplitude and Peak-to-Peak Value The amplitude (denoted Em or E pk )


of a sine wave is the distance from its average value to its peak.

Peak-to-peak voltage (denoted E p  p ) is the difference between the minimum


and maximum peak.

The Basic Sine Wave Equation


The equation for a sinusoidal source is given
e  Em sin( ) V
where Em is peak coil voltage and  is the angular position.

The instantaneous value of the waveform can be determined by solving


the equation for a specific value of 

e(37)  10sin(37) V = 6.01 V

2 9/14/2016
EE301 – INTRO TO AC AND SINUSOIDS

Radians We usually the angular position as a function of time. For starters, we


measure angular velocity (denoted ) in radians per second where the
conversion for radians to degrees is:
2 radians = 360º
The angular position is then expressed in terms of angular velocity and time
as:
 =  t (radians)
and thus we can rewrite the equation for a sinusoidal source as
e (t) = Em sin  t (V)
Relationship between , T and f The formulas that relate angular velocity ( in radians per second),
the period (T in seconds) and the frequency (f in Hz) are
 = 2 f (rad/s)
2
  2 f  (rad/s)
T
Thus, we can represent a sinusoidal waveform (such as a voltage) as a function of time in terms of angular
velocity ()
e (t) = Em sin  t (V)
or in terms of the frequency (f)
e (t) = Em sin 2 f t (V)
or in terms of period (T)
t
e(t )  Em sin 2
(V)
T
The instantaneous value is the value of the voltage at a particular
instant in time.

Phase Shifts Often e does not pass through zero at t = 0 sec, and we account for this by a phase shift
() . If e is shifted left (Leading), then

e = Em sin ( t + )

If e is shifted right (Lagging), then

e = Em sin ( t - )

The angle by which the wave LEADS or LAGS the zero point can be calculated based upon the Δt
 t   10  s 
    360    360  36
T   100  s 

3 9/14/2016
EE301 – INTRO TO AC AND SINUSOIDS

1 Example: For the waveform shown


determine
(a) the peak voltage
(b) the peak-to-peak voltage
(c) the period
(d) the frequency

Solution:

2 Example: Determine the frequency of the


waveform shown:

Solution:

3 Example. Suppose we have a sine wave with a frequency of 60 Hz. What angle (in degrees) does this
sine wave pass through during a time span of 10 msec?

Solution:

4 Example: For the sinusoidal current shown:


(a) Determine the waveform’s period
(b) Determine the frequency
(c) Determine the value of Im
(d) Determine the value of IPP

Solution:

4 9/14/2016
EE301 – INTRO TO AC AND SINUSOIDS

5 Example: A sine wave has a value of 50V at =150˚. 

What is the value of Em?


Solution:

6 Example: A sine wave has a frequency of 100 Hz and an instantaneous


value of 100 V at 1.25 msec. What is the voltage at 2.5 msec?
Solution:

7 Example: Determine the equation for the waveform shown, expressing


the phase angle in degrees.

Solution:

Phase Difference We are often interested in the phase difference between two sinusoids.

5 9/14/2016
EE301 – INTRO TO AC AND SINUSOIDS

8 Example: What is the phase relationship between the voltage and current waveforms if:

i  t   15sin t  60 


v  t   10sin t  20 

Solution:

9 Example: Write the equation for the voltage shown below:


Solution:

10 Example: Determine the phase angle between the voltage and the current shown below:

Solution:

6 9/14/2016
EE301 – INTRO TO AC AND SINUSOIDS

Effective (RMS) Values Effective values tell us about a waveform’s ability to do work. An
effective value is an equivalent dc value. It tells you how many volts or amps of dc that a time-varying
waveform is equal to in terms of its ability to produce average power.

Vm
Vrms   0.707Vm
2
I
I rms  m  0.707 I m
2

Converting from effective value back to peak values we use:

I m  2 I eff  1.414 I rms


Vm  2Veff  1.414Vrms

RMS stands for root mean square as this describes the operation we perform to find the effective value.
The terms RMS and effective are synonymous.

11 Example: The 120 V dc source shown below delivers 3.6 W to the load. Determine the peak values of
the sinusoidal voltage and current ( Em and I m ) such that the ac source delivers the same power to the
load.

Solution:

7 9/14/2016

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy