Scribd
Upload
286 views11 pages

ch-9-ppt Sampling Consideration

This document discusses key concepts in sampling, including population, element, sampling frame, sample, sampling unit, and census. It covers the advantages of sampling over a complete census. There is a discussion of sampling error versus non-sampling error. The document outlines probability and non-probability sampling designs such as simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, and convenience sampling. Methods for determining sample size are presented, including using confidence intervals and formulas for estimating population means and proportions.

Uploaded by

Balagovind S
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
286 views11 pages

ch-9-ppt Sampling Consideration

This document discusses key concepts in sampling, including population, element, sampling frame, sample, sampling unit, and census. It covers the advantages of sampling over a complete census. There is a discussion of sampling error versus non-sampling error. The document outlines probability and non-probability sampling designs such as simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, and convenience sampling. Methods for determining sample size are presented, including using confidence intervals and formulas for estimating population means and proportions.

Uploaded by

Balagovind S
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

DR NEENA

CHAPTER-9
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS
SONDHI

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND


SLIDE 9-1

Sampling Concepts
DR NEENA

 Population: Population refers to any group of people or objects that form


the subject of study in a particular survey and are similar in one or more
ways.
 Element: An element comprises a single member of the population.
 Sampling frame: Sampling frame comprises all the elements of a
population with proper identification that is available to us for selection at
any stage of sampling.
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

 Sample: It is a subset of the population. It comprises only some elements


of the population.
 Sampling unit: A sampling unit is a single member of the sample.
 Sampling: It is a process of selecting an adequate number of elements
from the population so that the study of the sample will not only help in
understanding the characteristics of the population but will also enable us
SONDHI

to generalize the results.


 Census (or complete enumeration): An examination of each and every
element of the population is called census or complete enumeration.

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND


SLIDE 9-2
Advantages of Sample over
Census
DR NEENA

 Sample saves time and cost.

 A decision-maker may not have too much of time to


wait till all the information is available.
 There are situations where a sample is the only option.
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

 The study of a sample instead of complete


enumeration may, at times, produce more reliable
results.
SONDHI

A census is appropriate when the population size is


small.

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND


SLIDE 9-3

Sampling vs Non-Sampling Error


DR NEENA

 Sampling error: This error arises when a sample is not


representative of the population.
 Non-sampling error: This error arises not because a sample is
not a representative of the population but because of other
reasons. Some of these reasons are listed below:
 Plain lying by the respondent.
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

 The error can arise while transferring the data from the questionnaire to the
spreadsheet on the computer.
 There can be errors at the time of coding, tabulation and computation.

 Population of the study is not properly defined


SONDHI

 Respondent may refuse to be part of the study.

 There may be a sampling frame error.

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND


SLIDE 9-4

Sampling Design
DR NEENA

Probability Sampling Design - Probability sampling designs


are used in conclusive research. In a probability sampling
design, each and every element of the population has a
known chance of being selected in the sample.

Types of Probability Sampling Design


DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

Simple random sampling with replacement

Simple random sampling without replacement

Systematic sampling
SONDHI

Stratified random sampling

Cluster sampling

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND


SLIDE 9-5

Sampling Design
DR NEENA

Non-probability Sampling Designs - In case of


non-probability sampling design, the elements of the
population do not have any known chance of being
selected in the sample.
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

Types of Non-Probability Sampling Design


Convenience sampling
Judgemental sampling
SONDHI

Snowball sampling
Quota sampling

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND


SLIDE 9-6

Determination of Sample Size


DR NEENA

The size of the population does not influence the size of the
sample

Methods of determining the sample size in practice:


Researchers may arbitrary decide the size of sample without
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

giving any explicit consideration to the accuracy of the sample


results or the cost of sampling.
The total budget for the field survey in a project proposal is
allocated.
SONDHI

Researchers may decide on the sample size based on what


was done by the other researchers in similar studies.

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND


SLIDE 9-7

Determination of Sample Size


DR NEENA

Confidence interval approach for determining the size of the


sample

The following points are taken into account for determining the
sample size in this approach.
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

The variability of the population: Higher the variability as


measured by the population standard deviation, larger will be the
size of the sample.
The confidence attached to the estimate: Higher the confidence
the researcher wants for the estimate, larger will be sample size.
SONDHI

The allowable error or margin of error: Greater the precision the


research seeks, larger would be the size of the sample.

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND


SLIDE 9-8

Determination of Sample Size


DR NEENA

Sample size for estimating population mean -


The formula for determining sample size is given as:
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

Where

n = Sample size
σ = Population standard deviation
SONDHI

e = Margin of error
Z = The value for the given confidence interval

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND


SLIDE 9-9

Determination of Sample Size


DR NEENA

Sample size for estimating population proportion –


1. When population proportion p is known
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

2. When population proportion p is not known


SONDHI

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND


DR NEENA

END OF CHAPTER
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA
SONDHI

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy