Wireless Channel Modeling and Performance Analysis Based on Markov Chain

Xiaoyang Liu1,2, Chao Liu1, Wanping Liu1,Xiaoping Zeng2

1.School of Computer Science and Engineering,Chongqing University of Technology,Chongqing,400054,China
E-mail: lxy3103@163.com

2.Postdoctoral Research Station of Information and Communication Engineering,Chongqing University,Chongqing,400030,China

E-mail: zxp@cqu.edu.cn

Abstract: High altitude platform station (HAPS) is a new means of wireless communication,which operate in stratosphere
whose altitude is about 20km.The wirless communication network of HAPS are researched Markov chain model is proposed in
the HAPS wireless channel model.The performance of the wireless communication channel and channel model are analyzed.The
simulation results shows that the performance of coded HAPS wireless channel is better than the uncoded channel.The signal
level is different when the radio spacing distance is different.
Key Words: Wireless Communication,Markov Chain,Channel Model,High Altitude Platform Station

1. INTRODUCTION The uplink capacity of an integrated high altitude platform

HAPS (High Altitude Platform Station) is an airship equipping station (HAPS)-terrestrial code division multiple access
radio transponders which stays in the stratosphere (the altitude (CDMA) system in which sharing band overlay configuration
of about 20km) whose weather conditions is comparatively is researched in the references[18-20].To increase system
stable for a long period of time.HAPS is a seamlessly capacity, an enhancement is investigated by assuming that
connected information acquisition and distribution network directional antenna is used for high mobility users to access to
formed by interconnected the near space vehicles, such as the HAPS.This will lead to a reduction of not only the
airship and unmanned aircraft.Present research is mainly focus interference from HAPS to terrestrial, but also the interference
on the near space vehicle development and design at home and from terrestrial to HAPS as the uplink power to HAPS can
abroad,in order to offer the right bearing to near space network accordingly be increased.
platform.The study of HAPS wireless communication network A traffic model and analysis with soft and softer handover
efficient network and transmission is relatively lagging.It for use in HAPS wireless communication networks are studied
mainly concentrated in the study of the multi-beam antenna in References[21-23].Prioritised and non-prioritised call traffic
design and cover scheme,and the capacity research of a single handling schemes are considered in References[24-28].In the
platform for the communication system,and so on[1-10]. prioritized scheme, the queuing of handoff attempts is allowed
The transmission rate,delivery reliability, and network for channel assignment in each spotbeam of HAPS.In the non-
lifetime are three fundamental but conflicting design prioritised scheme,no distinction between call attempt and
objectives in HAPS networks.The references[11-17] propose a handoff attempt.An analytical model of the mobility
cross-layer analytical model for the study of network coding management task is derived from the cell dimension that is
(NC)-based Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) medium access formed by the antenna beams of the HAPS and user’s location.
control (MAC) protocols in correlated slow-faded (shadowed) Simulations are provided to examine the QoS performance of
environments, where two end nodes are assisted by a cluster of the system.
relays to exchange data packets. The rest of this paper is organized as follows.In Section
2,the HAPS wireless communication system model is set up.In
The paper were supported by Chongqing Postdoctoral Researchers Research Section 3,the channel mathematical model is built up for the
Project Special Funded(Xm2015029),Scientific and Technological Research HAPS communication systems. .In Section 4,Markov Chain
Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(Grant
No.KJ1500926,KJ1600923,KJ1500904,KJ1500920),Chongqing Social
Model is set up in the HAPS wireless communication
Sciences Planning Doctoral Project (2015BS059),Chongqing Science and systems.In Section 5,simulation analytical results are
Technology Committee Fund of Foundation and Cutting-edge Research presented.Finally,conclusions are drawn in Section 6.
Plan(cstc2014jcyjA40007),Natural Science Foundation of China (61571069,6
1501065,61502064,61503052,91438104,11547148).Young Fund Project of 2.HAPS COMMUNICATION NETWORK
Humanities and Social Sciences Research of Ministry of Education of China
(Grant No.16YJC860010, 15YJC790061,16JDSZ2019). The HAPS wireless communication network is drawn in
Figure 1. HAPS network includes a set of forward can perform

978-1-5090-4657-7/17/$31.00 2017
c IEEE 2256
routing, and traffic management HAPS communication node. 3.CHANNEL MODELING
It can be implemented with a laser or microwave The model of channel tap delay in HAPS wireless
communication between them.It is a challenging problem communication network can be expressed as:
about the link between HAPS[29-30].
N
h(t ,τ ) = c0 ⋅ δ (t − t0 ) + ¦ cn (t )δ (t − τ n ) (1)
n =1
space-based network
Where, c0 is the part of LOS(Line of Sight), cn (t ) shows the
HAPS HAPS
HAPS
HAPS
variable coefficient,which follow the Gaussian distribution. τ n
HAPS is the delay time of n tap.
HAPS HAPS HAPS network
HAPS
The envelope of the signal is plural,which can be shown in:
S (t )e jθ ( t ) = u (t )e jα ( t ) + v (t )e j β ( t )
HAPS
HAPS HAPS

(2)
ground-based network In the above formula, u (t ) is a random variables which obey
Rayleigh distribution. α (t ) obey (0, 2π ) Uniform distribution.
Fig 1. HAPS wireless communication network
v (t ) and β (t ) are the deterministic signals.
The geometric relationships of a communications system of The PDF(Probability Density Function) of S (t ) be expressed
HAPS is shown in Figure 2. as[33-36]:
s2 + v2
s (− ) sv
HAPS f ( s) = e 2σ 2
I0 ( )
σ 2
σ2 (3)
In the above formula, s > 0 , I0 is the Besell function. The
d
h root mean square can be calculated by using this formula:
E[ s 2 ] = v 2 + 2σ 2 (4)
User ε v
Where, is the signal envelope which can receive the direct
r
signal. 2σ 2 is the average power of the HAPS space path.The
Fig 2. The geometric relationships of a communications system properties of the Rice distribution is related to the k factor.
v2
Within the scope of the near-earth space using stable k=
communications platform as a microwave relay station.With 2σ 2 (5)
the ground control equipment,entrance equipment and a k is the average power.Besell function can be approximated
variety of wireless communication system in the composition by:
of the user.High altitude platform can comprehensive network
ex
and satellite ground, also can separate and ground network,as I0 ( x) = ,x →∞
can be seen in Figure 3.The communication platform to keep 2π x (6)
in sync with the earth's rotation,can reside the air for a long
time. High altitude platform communication of good waves Then, f ( s ) can be expressed as:
transmission characteristics[31-36].Through the platform to (−
( s − v )2
s )
realize the ground between the user, platform or platform and f (s) = e 2σ 2

satellite communication between the connection. With flexible 2π x (7)

layout,wide application, the advantages of low cost,safe and
reliable. 4. MARKOV CHAIN MODEL

Scatterers
•
If the random process is discrete Markov chain, the variable is
•
•
• r
a collection of finite state. Si denotes the channel condition on
•
• HAPS

• •
the n discontinuous points. The first-order Markov chain is
• • • composed of a series of discrete state random process. For a
n moment state, its probability only depends on the state of
L
the n-1 moment state.It can be expressed as:
P( X n = j / ( X 1 = i1 ,..., X n −1 = in −1 ) = P( X n = j / ( X n −1 = in −1 ) (8)
U1 U2
θ
Where, i1 < i2 < in −1 < j , X n denotes n moments of random
Δl
variable X which value is j ,belong to the state E j

Fig 3. The scatterers of HAPS

The probability of moving from the state A to another state

2017 29th Chinese Control And Decision Conference (CCDC) 2257

 B is independent of time n .If after m steps to state B,which shown in Figure 5.The performance of HAPS channel will be
can be shown as: better by using channel code than uncoded channel.
Pi ,mj = P ( X n + m = j / X n = in −1 ) (9) 10
0

-5
10

Markov chain can be represented by the state probability ʌ 10

-10

vector and state transform matrix P .

-15
10

Bit Error Rate

ʌ =(π A , π B , π C ) (10) 10
-20

-25
10
¦ ʌ =1
i
i (11)
-30
10

ʌe = I (12) -35
Channel transform model
Bad channel
10
In the above formula, I is a unit matrix. e is on behalf of Good channel
-40

a unit column vector. P consist element Pij .For a three 10

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Eb/No(dB)
state Markov chain, P can be expressed as: Fig 5. Two-state HAPS channel model system performance

§ PAA PAB
PAC · The three-state HAPS channel model system performance is
¨ ¸ shown in Figure 6. The performance of HAPS A state channel
P = ¨ PBA
PBB PBC ¸ (13)
¨P is better than B channel. Similarly, The performance of HAPS
PCB PCC ¸¹
© CA B state channel is better than C channel.
The above formula can be represented by using graphical 0
10
method. A state
PAB -1 B state
10
C state
PAA
-2
PBA 10
A B PBB

Bit Error Rate

-3
PAC PCB 10

-4
PCA 10
C PBC
-5
10
PCC
-6
10
Fig 4. Three state Markov chain
-7
10
In the HAPS wireless communication system.We suppose 0 1 2 3 4 5
E b/No(dB)
6 7 8 9

that there are three kinds of states in the HAPS system.

Fig 6. There-state HAPS channel model system performance
Figure 4 shows the three-state Markov chain.
§ A state: The light look The PDF(Probability Density Function) under different v is
¨
¨ B state: Slight shade (14) shown in Figure 7.
¨ C state: All keep out
© 0.3
v=1
v=2
The time of a symbol time staying in a channel condition can 0.25
v=3

be expressed as: 0.2

T = 2 ln(1 − pij ) pij l −1

(15) 0.15
PDF

In the above formula, l is the duration when the HAPS 0.1

communication link is in good condition. l can be expressed

0.05

0
as:
lg(κ )
-0.05
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
l = 1+ 2 s

lg( pij ) (16) Fig 7. PDF of different v

Where, κ is a random number.After this period of time, the As can be seen from Figure 7.With the increase of v , the
communication link will be turned to the bad condition.
Rice factor k also increases.Different k values represent
5.SIMULATION ANALYSIS different LOS(line-of-sight) transmission conditions.There is
always a direct path between users and HAPS.
The two-state HAPS channel model system performance is

2258 2017 29th Chinese Control And Decision Conference (CCDC)

 The distance is set up with 15km.Relative received signal communication network
level under different spacing λ is shown in Figure 8. system which will be measured with an extensive
-15
system of sensors, in order to optimize it further.

-20
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2260 2017 29th Chinese Control And Decision Conference (CCDC)