RISE TO POWER

NASSER 1918-1970 CASTRO 1926-2016 MAO 1893-1976 HITLER 1989 - 1945

Problems: Problem: May 1919: Shandong Weimar Republic was

1. Corruption/Weakness of 1. regime was province was given to failing - left vs. right
ruling Elite corrupt under Japan → paved way for
2. British presence Batista CCP Peace Treaty of Versaille
3. Elite undermining liberal 2. Cuba was mainly 1918/19 was too tough on
government. US supported 1924: United Front = GR:
GMD (nationalists - → reparation and
Free Officers: group of Egptian Castro was seen as Chiang Kaishek) + CCP sanctions
nationalist officers in the armed nationalist and then later (Communists Mao) → → demilitarized zone
forces of Egypt and Sudan that on communist through fights with warlords = → humiliating - Hitler used
instigated the Egyptian USSR influence. UF victory. nationalism.
Revolution of 1952. → People were open for → led to great depression
→ Clandestine movement socialist ideas and Mao during the war: and economic crash in
justice. → communist activity Germany
Support of army → Neghib (spreading ideology)
→ 1954 Nasser put Neghib Moncada Program → became popular Failed Coup d’état in 1923
under house arrest. (p.25) 1955: document used in among peasants.
his defense speech Great depression 1929 →
Broad ideological base → against the assaults on White Terror 1927: economic crisis
Nasserism the Moncada barracks. GMD turned on the CCP
→ Castro spread his → Mao fled to Jiangxi The Weimar Republic and
Coup d’état was not violent since vision to the working region democracy became
people of Egypt welcomed class → 1935 escape to unpopular. Helped Hitler
change. Yanan. to legally pass the
Exile in Mexico led to Enabling Act 1933: (⅔
Army got accepted since it Granma Expedition: Yanan 1935-45: Mao majority)
included all social classes and → Sierra Maestra began to impose his → NSDAP 44% + DNVP
represented the society properly. Campaign 1956-59: own authority on CCP: 8% + Zentrum 14% = 66%
rebels hiding in the land redistribution, - KPD - 12%
Nasser gained popular support mountains of Sierra against corruption, → Nazis were part of a
and kept/consolidated his power Maestra. Castro part of it literacy, rent controls. coalition government,
through the Suez Canal. - opposition against parties formed
Batista where he won Japanese invasion → government together.
support from peasants. 2nd United Front → Hitler became
→ Operation Verano (1931-1945) Reichskanzler
1958: counter attack to → 37: full scale
SMC; unsuccessful Japanese invasion no united front (left) vs.
→ M-26-7 movement: → 41: GMD turned on Hitler.
underground movement CCP: made Kaishek
in urban areas. Led by lose vital support. Dolchstosslegende
Fidel Castro that → GMD forces were (“Stab-in-the-back”): a
overthrew the regime of pushed southward theory that believed that
Batista. → CCP was more active the German Army did not
in the north regions. lose WWI on the
Peasant support: → Chinese civil war battlefield but was instead
→ poor Eastern after Japanese defeat betrayed by the civilians
provinces 45-49. e.g. land on the home front,
→ Castro disowned big redistribution. especially Jews.
landowners, treated → CCP victorious due
prisoners good and to the support of the Burning of Reichstag
 helped the peasants peasants. Since GMD 1933: Hiter and Nazi Party
→ included deserters was too corrupt and used the fire as a pretext
→ promised land reforms dictatorial. + to claim that communists
conscription ruined were plotting against the
Victor = takeover of peasants. German governments,
Havana on 2. Jan 1959. which made the fire
pivotal in the
establishement of Nazi
Germany.

CONSOLIDATION OF POWER

NASSER 1918-1970 CASTRO 1926-2016 MAO 1893-1976 HITLER 1989 - 1945

Influence in education: Influence in education: Influence in education: Influence in education:

compulsory schooling of all main priority, free state-controlled schools youth organizations
children, male and female → education and literacy (reeducation) and (Hitlerjugend) and
free education campaign. household registration state-controlled schools
system. (reeducation)
Propaganda: Censorship of Propaganda: Censorship
press (TV, radio, newspaper and of press (TV, radio, Propaganda: Censorship Propaganda: censorship
religion) newspaper, religion)
Agrarian reforms: Social reforms: cult of
Agrarian reforms: redistributed Agrarian reforms: land redistribution of land personality, single party
land was confiscated from the state.
peasants and spread to Social reforms: Cultural → Lebensraum policy:
Social reforms: abolished peasants. revolution, cult of Hitlers desire to expand
monarchy and reorganized personality, the country. → German
parties law Social reforms: single-party-state. settled in the East with
abolishment of Aryan superiority
National Charter 1962 (new monarchy, reorganization Dealing with opposition:
constitution): authoritarian of parties law. Paramilitary Dealing with opposition:
state/single-party-state. Arabl Organizations: Red paramilitary organizations
socialist Union as a new party, Banned political parties Guards → Fear + (SS officers) → Fear +
measures to limit the growth of and created violence, intimidation, violence, intimidation →
bureaucracy. one-single-party-state. → mass killings through SS,
Nationalization → 100 flowers concentration. labor
State-owned economy → campaign: CPC camps and army.
banning of parties and Dealing with opposition: encouraged citizens to → Mass killing
nationalization silencing. (Execution. express openly their
arrests, only one party opinions of the Economy and wealth as
Dealing with opposition: allowed etc.) communist regime. means to get popular
silencing. (execution, arrests, support and to raise living
only one party allowed etc.) Role of Soviet Union → Economy and wealth as standards.
Cuban Missile Crisis, means to get popular
Role of Soviet Union → Suez quarantine and Us trade support and to raise Eliminating Röhm + SA
Crisis and US trade embargo. embargo. living standards. 1934
 POLICIES

NASSER 1918-1970 CASTRO 1926-2016 MAO 1893-1976 HITLER 1989 - 1945

Economic policies: Economic policies: Economic policies: Economic policies:

→ Nationalization: socialism for → Economic reliance → was not successful in → was not successful in
economics e.g. nationalization of shifted from the US to industrial planning industrial planning
Suez Canal USSR → Five Years plan: → New plan and Four
→ Agrarian reform: addressing → Cuba followed Soviet series of social and Year plan: provide for
imbalance e.g. redistribution of economic policy economic development the rearmament of
land, reduced rents, taxes → Rectification initiatives - aimed to Germany and prepare
lowered etc. Campaign 1986: made support his regime the country for
→ Industrialization: Cuba have a more → invested mainly in self-sufficiency in four
Modernization e.g. built new centralized government industry years. + rebuilding of the
factories, nationalized industry, → Land reforms: Land nation’s military defense.
Aswan High Dam project was confiscated from the Religious policies:
→ Finance: money from Soviet wealthy and spread to → suppressed Religious policies:
bloc and money from western peasants. → claimed that religion → Protestant church =
countries for industrial should be replaced by Nazi church
development Religious policies: loyalty to the leader and → established patriotic
loosened restriction on party - Mao = god churches - aimed to
religious policies: religion, described Cuba support the regime and
denying religious authorities to as “secular”. (Unrelated Social policies: leader
censor films and tv programs or neutral in regards to → Food supply → saw churches as a
religion) shortages and great source that challenged
Social policies: famine his rules.
→ Opposition: e.g. Muslim Social policies:
fundamentalists were arresred → health care: made free Foreign policy: domestic Social policies:
→ status of women: e.g. → made discrimination - administrative → food supply shortages
compulsory schooling of boys based on gender and decisions that are
and girls, family planning race illegal but stayed directly related to all Foreign policies:
services to limit children homophobic issued and activity within → restoration of the
→ Education: made free → banned political a nation’s borders. military sovereignty
→ Health care: made free parties and did not hold → recovery of the
elections. Rheinland and
→ no travel between connection to Austria.
Cuba and the US