Reg.

No:
Date: ___________

GRT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TIRUTTANI-631

209

MODEL EXAMINATION- I ODD SEMESTER 2016 SET-A

Third Year / Fifth semester
Mechanical Engineering
ME6505- DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY (Regulation 2013)
Time: 3 hours Answer ALL Question Maximum Marks: 100
PART A - (10x 2 = 20 Marks)
1. Define D’ Alembert’s principle.
It states that when a body is said to be in dynamic equilibrium, the vector sum of all external
forces and inertia forces acting upon a system of rigid bodies is zero. The vector sum of all
external moments and inertia torques acting upon a system of rigid bodies is also separately zero.
2. Explain the term maximum fluctuation of energy in flywheels.
The difference between the maximum and minimum energies is known as maximum
fluctuation of energy.
3. What is meant by turning moment diagram?
Turning moment diagram is the graphical representation of the turning moment or
torque or crank effort for various positions of the crank.
4. Why rotating masses are to be dynamically balanced?
If the rotating masses are not dynamically balanced, the unbalanced dynamic forces
will cause worse effects such as wear and tear on bearings and excessive vibrations on
machines. It is very common in cam shafts, steam turbine rotors, engine crank shafts
and centrifugal pumps, etc.
5. State the conditions for complete balance of several masses revolving in different
planes of a shaft?
 The resultant centrifugal force must be zero, and
 The resultant couple must be zero.
6. List the effects of partial balancing of locomotives.
 Variation in tractive force along the line of stroke.
 Swaying couple, and
 Hammer blow (i.e., variation of pressure on the rails perpendicular to the line of stroke).
7. What is meant by free vibrations and forced vibrations?
 Free vibrations: when no external force acts on the body, after giving it an initial
displacement, then the body is said to be in free vibration.
 Forced vibration: When the body vibrates under the influence of external force,
then the body is said to be in forced vibrations.
8. What is meant by degrees of freedom in a vibration system?
The number of independent coordinates required to completely define the motion of a
vibrating system is known as degree of freedom of the system.
9. What are the causes and effects of vibration?
The causes of vibration are unbalanced forces, elastic nature of the system, self-
excitations, winds and earthquakes. The existence of vibrating elements in any
mechanical system produces unwanted noise, high stresses, poor reliability and
premature failure of one or more of the parts.
10.What is meant by critical damping?
 The system is said to be critically damped when damping factor is equal to 1, if the
system is critically damped, the mass moves back quickly to its equilibrium position
within no time.
PART B - (5x 16 = 80 Marks)
11. (a) A horizontal steam engine running at 120 rpm has a bore of 250 mm and a stroke
of 400 mm. The connecting rod is 0.6 m and mass of the reciprocating parts is 60 kg.
When the crank has turned through an angle of 45 o from IDC, the steam pressure on
the cover side of the piston is 550 kN/m 2while that on the crank side is 70 kN/m 2,
considering the diameter of the piston rod is 50 mm, determine: (i) turning moment on
the crankshaft, thrust on the bearing, and (iii) acceleration of the flywheel, if the power
of the engine is 20 kW, mass of the flywheel 60kg and radius of gyration 0.6 m. (16)
2 πN
Solution: given N=120rpm, ω= =12.57 rad / s , d=0.25m, Ls =0.4 m⇒ r=0.2 m ,
60
l N N
l=0.6 m, n= =3 , θ=45 ° , P1=550 × 103 2 , P 2=70 ×103 2 , d p =0.05 m, m r=60 kg
r m m
−1 sin θ
P=20 kW , M =60 kg , k =0.6 m.φ=sin ( ) n
=13.63 °, I =M k 2=21.6 kg m2
2 2
πd 2 π dp 2
A1= =0.04911 m , A 2= =0.00196 m
4 4
F p=P1 A 1−P2 (A 1− A ¿ ¿2)=23.71 kN ¿
cos 2 θ
(
F I =mr r ω 2 cos θ+
n ) =1340.72 N ∨1.341kN
sin(θ+ φ)
F=F p−F I =22.369 kN , F t=F . =19.653 kN
cosφ
T =F t∗r=3.931 kNm
P
T r= =1.591kNm
ω
∆ T =T −T r =2.34 ×103 Nm ,
∆T
α= =108.315rad/s
I
(or)
(b) A single cylinder vertical engine has a bore of 300 mm and a stroke of 400 mm. the
connecting rod is 1 m long and the mass of reciprocating parts is 140 kg. On the
expansion stroke, with the crank at 30o from top dead centre, the gas pressure is
0.7MPa. if the engine runs at 250 rpm, determine (i) net force acting on the piston (ii)
resultant load on the gudgeon pin, (iii) thrust on the cylinder walls, and (iv) the speed
above which, other things remaining the same, the gudgeon pin load would be
reversed in direction (16)
2 πN
Solution: given N=250rpm, ω= =26.19 rad / s , d=0.3m, Ls =0.4 m⇒ r=0.2 m ,
60
l
l=1 m ,n= =5 ,θ=30 ° , P1=0.7 ×106 N /m 2 , d p=0.3 m, m r=140 kg
r
sin θ
φ=sin−1 ( ) n
=5.74 ° ,

π d2 2
A1= =0.07069 m , F p=P1 A1=49.5 kN
4
cos 2 θ
(
F I =mr r ω 2 cos θ+
n ) =18553.15 N ∨18.553 kN
sin(θ+ φ)
F=F p−F I +mr . g=32.32 kN , F t=F . =18.974 kN
cosφ
T =F t∗r=3.795 kNm
 F n=F . tan φ=1.889 kN
F p−F I ' +mr . g=0

12.(a) The turning moment curve for an engine is represented by the equation
T =20000+9500 sin 2 θ−5700 cos 2 θ in Nm, where θ is the angle turned by the
crank from the inner dead centre. If the resisting torque is constant find (i) power developed,
(ii) moment of inertia of the flywheel, (iii) angular acceleration of the flywheel at 45 o of
crank rotation from IDC, if the speed of the engine is 180rpm and total fluctuation of
speed is 1%. (16)

Torque T in Nm
Turning
35000
Moment Diagram
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Crank angle θ
2 πN
Given: T= (20000+9500sin2θ-5700cos2θ) N-m, N=180rpm, ω= =18.86 rad / s, or 0.4m.
60
θ2 π
1 1
Mean torque T mean= ∫ T . dθ ⟹ ∫ ( 20000+9500 sin 2 θ−5700 cos 2 θ ) dθ
πθ π 0 1

1
T mean= ( 2000θ−9500 cos 2 θ−5700sin 2 θ )0π=20000 Nm
π
Power P=T mean . ω=20000 ×18.86=377.2 kW
θ2

Fluctuation of energy ∆ E=∫ ( T −T mean ) dθ

θ1
T −T mean=0 ⟹ 9500 sin 2θ−5700 cos 2θ=0 ⟹ tan 2 θ=1.67
2 θ=30.96 o∨210.96 o , θ=15.48o∨105.48o
o
105.48
∆ E= ∫ ( 9500 sin 2θ−5700 cos 2 θ ) dθ=11078.8 Nm
o
15.48
∆E 11078.8
Moment of inertia of flywheel I = 2
= 2
=3114.65 kg m 2
C s ω 0.01 ×18.86
T at 45 −T mean=9500 sin 90 −5700 cos 90 o=9500 Nm
o
o

The angular acceleration of flywheel when the crank has rotated through an angle of 45° from the
IDC
T o

w.k.t Torque T at 60 =I α at 45 ⟹ α at 45 = at 45 =3.05 rad /s2

o o o
I
(Or)
(b) A punching press is driven by a constant torque electric motor. The press is provided
with a flywheel that rotates at maximum speed of 225 rpm. The radius of gyration of
the flywheel is 0.5 m. The press punches 720 holes per hour; each punching operation
takes 2 seconds and requires 15 kNm of energy. Find the power of the motor and the
minimum mass of the flywheel if speed of the same is not to fall below 200 rpm. (16)

Given: N1 = 225 rpm, k = 0.5 m, Hole punched = 720 per hr., E1 = 15 kNm= 15000 Nm,
N +N2 2 πN
N2 = 200 rpm. N= 1 =¿212.5rpm, ω= =22.25 rad / s
2 60
 W.k.t., the total energy required per second = Energy required / hole × No. of holes / s
720
¿ 15000 × =3000 Nm /s
3600
Power of the motor = 3000 W = 3 kW.
Energy supplied by the motor in 2 seconds, E2=3000× 2=6000 Nm
Maximum fluctuation of energy, ΔE=E 1−E2=15000−6000=9000 Nm
2 ( N 1−N 2 ) 50
Coefficient of speed C s= = =0.118
( N 1 + N 2 ) 425
Maximum fluctuation of energy ∆ E=mk 2 ω 2 C s
∆E 9000
mass of flywheel m= 2 2 = 2 =616.25 kg
k ω C s 0.5 ×22.252 ×0.118
13.(a) A shaft carries four masses A , B, C, and D, 200 kg, 300 kg, 400 kg and 200 kg
respectively and revolving at radii 80 mm, 70 mm, 60 mm and 80 mm in planes
measured from A at 300 mm, 400 mm and 700 mm. The angles measured counter
clockwise are A to B 45o, B to C 70o, C to D 120o. The distance between the planes A
and X is 100 mm, between X and Y is 400 mm and between Y and D is 200 mm. If the
balancing masses revolve at a radius of 100 mm. find their magnitude and angular
positions. (16)
Given:

Mass Radius Angular position Centrifugal force Distance of masses Couple

Planes m r θ Fc=Mr from Ref. plane (l) C=mrl
kg m degrees kgm in m Kgm2
A 200 0.08 0 16 -0.1 -1.6
X mx 0.1 θx 0.1mx 0 0
B 300 0.07 45 21 0.2 4.2
C 400 0.06 115 24 0.3 7.2
Y my 0.1 θy 0.1my 0.4 0.04my
D 200 0.08 235 16 0.6 9.6

0.1m 0.4m 0.2m

C
B A X B C Y D
115o
235o
45o
A
D

0.3m
0.4m
0.7m

condition for complete balancing , Σ Fcosθ=0 ; , Σ Fsineθ=0 ; ΣCcosθ=0 ; , ΣCsinθ=0

ΣCcosθ ⇒−1.6 cos 0° + 4.2 cos 45 ° +7.2cos 115°+ 0.04 m y cos θ y +9.6 cos 235 °=0
0.04 m y cos θ y =7.179……………………………………eq.1
ΣCsinθ ⇒−1.6 sin 0° + 4.2sin 45 °+7.2 sin 115 ° +0.04 m y sin θ y +9.6 sin 235 °=0
0.04 my sin θ y =−1.631 …………………………………..eq.2
Solve eq.1 and eq.2 we get
θ y =347.2°∧m y =184.04 kg
Σ Fcosθ ⇒ 16 cos 0 °+ 0.1m x cos θ x +21 cos 45 ° +24 cos 115 ° +18.4 cos 347.2°+16 cos 235 °=0
0.1 m x cos θ x =−29.472……………………………………eq.3
ΣCsinθ ⇒ 16 sin 0 °+ 0.1m x sin θ x + 21sin 45 ° +24 sin115 ° +18.4 sin347.2+16 sin 235 °=0
 0.1 m x sinθ x =−19.418 …………………………………..eq.4
Solve eq.3 and eq.4 we get
θ x =213.38 °∧m y =352.94 kg
(or)

(b) The cranks of a two cylinder uncoupled inside cylinder locomotive are at right angles
and are 300 mm long. The distance between centre lines of cylinder is 650 mm. the
wheel central lines are 1.6 m apart. The reciprocating mass per cylinder is 300 kg. The
driving wheel diameter is 1.8 m. if the hammer blow is not to exceed 45kN at 100
kmph. Determine (i) fraction of the reciprocating masses to be balanced, (ii) the
variation in tractive effort, and (iii) the maximum swaying couple. (16)

v
Given : a = 0.65 m; r = 0.3 m; mr = 300 kg; rA = rD = 0.9 m; v=100kmph . ω= =30.84 rad/s
rA
L=1.6m
Mass ¿ be balanced per cylinder m B=m C =c m r =( c × 300 )=300 c kg

Angular Distance from ref.

Mass Radius Centrifugal Couple
Plane position plane
m r force Fc=m.r C=m.r.l
s θ l
kg m kgm kgm2
degrees m
A mA 0.9 θA 0.9 mA 0 0
B 300c 0.3 0 90c 0.475 42.75c
C 300c 0.3 90 90c 1.125 101.25c
D mD 0.9 θd 0.9mD 1.6 1.44 mD
condition for complete balancing , Σ Fcosθ=0 ; , Σ Fsineθ=0 ; Σ Ccosθ=0 ; , ΣCsinθ=0
ΣCcosθ ⇒ 42.75 c cos 0 °+101.25 ccos 90 °+ 1.44 mD cos θ d=0
1.44 m D cos θd =−42.75 c ……………………………………eq.1
ΣCsinθ ⇒ 42.75 c sin 0 °+101.25 csin 90 ° +1.44 m D sin θ d=0
1.44 m D sinθ d=−101.25 c…………………………………..eq.2
Solve eq.1 and eq.2 we get
θd =247.11 °∧mD=76.325 kg
Σ Fcosθ ⇒ 90 c cos 0°+90 c cos 90 ° −38.475 c +0.9 m A cos θa =0
0.9 m A cos θa =−63.281 c .……………………………………eq.3
ΣCsinθ ⇒ 90 c sin 0° + 90 csin90 °−91.125 c +0.9 m A sin θa=0
0.9 m A sin θa=−26.717 c …………………………………..eq.4
Solve eq.3 and eq.4 we get
θ x =202.89 °∧mD =76.325 kg
Hammer blow HB=± m b r ω 2=± 45000
c .76.325
mb=52.57 kg, m b= ×300 c ⇒c=0.689∨68.9 %
300 c

14.(a) The cranks of a two cylinder, uncoupled inside cylinder locomotive are at right angles
and are 325mm long. The cylinders are 675 mm apart. The rotating mass per
cylinders are 200 kg at crank pin and the mass of the reciprocating parts per cylinder
is 240 kg. The wheel centre lines are 1.5 m apart. The whole of the rotating and two
thirds of the reciprocating masses to be balanced and the balance masses are to be
placed in the planes of the rotation of the driving wheels at a radius of 800 mm. find (i)
the magnitude and direction of the balancing masses, (ii) the magnitude of hammer
 blow, (iii) variation in tractive force and (iv) maximum swaying couple at a crank speed
of 240 rpm. (16)

Given : a = 0.675 m; r = 0.325 m; m = 200 kg; mr = 240 kg; c = 2/3; rA = rD = 0.8 m; l=1.6m

2 πN
N = 300 rpm. or ω= =25.143 rad / s ,
60
Mass to be balanced per cylinder m B =m+ c mr =360 kg

Mass Radiu Angular Centrifugal Distance from ref. plane Couple

Plane sr
m kg position θ force Fc=m.r lm C=m.r.l
s m degrees kgm kgm2
A mA 0.8 θA 0.8 mA 0 0
B 360 0.325 0 117 0.4625 54.11
C 360 0.325 90 117 1.1375 133.09
D mD 0.8 θd 0.8 mD 1.6 1.08 mD
condition for complete balancing , Σ Fcosθ=0 ; , Σ Fsineθ=0 ; ΣCcosθ=0 ; , ΣCsinθ=0
ΣCcosθ ⇒ 54.11 cos 0 °+133.09 cos 90° +1.6 m D cos θd =0
1.08 m D cos θ d=−54.11……………………………………eq.1
ΣCsinθ ⇒ 54.11sin 0 °+ 133.08sin 90 °+1.6 mD sin θ d=0
1.08 mD sin θd =−133.08 …………………………………..eq.2
Solve eq.1 and eq.2 we get
θd =247.875 °∧m D=112.24 kg
Σ Fcosθ ⇒ 117 cos 0 ° +117 cos 90° −¿ 33.818+0.8 m A cos θa =0 ¿
0.8 m A cos θ a=−83.182 .……………………………………eq.3
ΣCsinθ ⇒ 117 sin 0 ° +117 sin 90 °−83.18+ 0.9 mA sin θ a=0
0.8 m A sin θa=−33.82…………….………………………..eq.4
Solve eq.3 and eq.4 we get
θ x =202.13 °∧m D =112.24 kg

Balancing mass for reciprocating masses

c .m
m br = × m A ⇒49.884 kg
mB
The fluctuation in rail pressure under one wheel or Hammer blow = ±𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑟𝑏𝜔2
=± 22699.47𝑁
Maximum variation of tractive effort = ±√2(1 − 𝑐)𝑚𝑟𝑟𝜔 = ±23244.625N
2

(1−c )m r r ω2 a
Maximum swaying couple ¿ ± =7845.06 Nm
2
(or )
(b) The cranks and connecting rods of four cylinder in-line engine running at 1800 rpm
are 60 mm and 240 mm each respectively and the cylinders are spaced 150 mm apart.
If the cylinders are numbered 1 to 4 in sequence from one end, the cranks appear at
intervals of 90o in an end view in the order of 1-4-2-3. The reciprocating mass
corresponding to each cylinder is 1.5 kg. Determine the unbalanced primary and
secondary forces, if any, and unbalanced primary and secondary couples with
reference to central plane of the engine. (16)
l
Given: m=1.5 kg, r=0.06 m, l=0.24 m, n= =4 ,
r

4 2
1 3 4

2 1

3
0.15 m 0.15 m 0.15m

Distance of Primary
Mass Radius Angular position Primary force Couple
Planes r masses from Ref.
m kg θ degrees Fc=Mr kgm C=mrl
m plane (l) in m Kgm 2
1 1.5 0.06 0 0.09 -0.225 0.02025
2 1.5 0.06 180 0.09 -0.075 0.02025
3 1.5 0.06 270 0.09 0.075 0.02025
4 1.5 0.06 90 0.09 0.225 0.02025

condition for complete primary force∧couple balancing , Σ Fcosθ=0 ; , Σ Fsineθ=0 ; Σ Ccosθ=0 ; , ΣCsinθ

ΣCcosθ ⇒ 0.02025cos 0 °+ 0.02025 cos 90 °+ 0.02025 cos 180° + 0.02025cos 270° =0……eq.1
ΣCsinθ ⇒ 0.02025 sin 0 °+ 0.02025sin 90° +0.02025 sin 180 °+ 0.02025 sin 270° =0……eq.2
From, eq.1 and eq.2 primary couple is balanced
Σ Fcosθ ⇒ 0.09cos 0 °+ 0.09cos 90 °+ 0.09 cos 180° +0.09 cos 270° ¿ 0……eq.3
Σ Fsinθ ⇒ 0.09 sin 0 °+ 0.09sin 90° +0.09 sin 180 °+ 0.09 sin 270° ¿ 0……eq.4
From, eq.3 and eq.4 primary force is balanced.

Secondary force and couple

Primary force Primary

Radius Distance of Couple
Mass r Angular position Mr
Planes Fc= kg masses from Ref. mrl
m kg n 2θ degrees n C=
plane (l) in m n
m m Kgm 2
1 1.5 0.015 0 0.0225 -0.225 -0.00506
2 1.5 0.015 0 0.0225 -0.075 -0.00168
3 1.5 0.015 180 0.0225 0.075 0.00168
4 1.5 0.015 180 0.0225 0.225 0.00506
condition for complete secondary force∧couple balancing , Σ Fcos 2 θ=0; , Σ Fsin 2θ=0 ; Σ Ccos 2 θ=0 ; , Σ

ΣCcosθ ⇒−0.00506 cos 0° −0.00168 cos 0 ° +0.00168 cos 180 °+ 0.00506 cos 180 °=−0.0135……eq.1
ΣCsinθ ⇒−0.00506 sin 0° −0.00168 sin 0 °+ 0.00168sin 180 ° +0.00506 sin 270 °=0……eq.2
From, eq.1 and eq.2 resultant secondary couple is 0.0135 ×ω 2=480.05 Nm
Σ Fcos 2 θ=0……eq.3
Σ Fsin 2θ=0……eq.4
 From, eq.3 and eq.4 secondary force is balanced.
15.(a)i) Derive an expression for the natural frequency of the free longitudinal vibration by
(i) Equilibrium method, (ii) Energy method. (10)
An expression for the natural frequency of the free longitudinal vibration by
(i) Equilibrium method:
Consider a constraint (i.e. spring) of negligible mass in an unstrained position,
as shown in Fig.

Restoring force =W − k (δ + x) =W − k.δ − k.x = k.δ− k.δ− k. x = −k.x

d2 x
Accelerating force = Mass × Acceleration=m×
dt 2
d2 x
Accelerating force= Restoring force⇒ m + k . x=0
dt 2
d2 x 2
We know that the fundamental equation of simple harmonic motion is 2
+ ωn . x=0
dt
k 1 k

(ii)
From above eq. We get ω n=

(ii) Energy method:

√ m
or f n=
2π √ m

In the free vibrations, no energy is transferred to the system or from the system.
Therefore the summation of kinetic energy and potential energy must be a
constant quantity which is same at all the times. In other words,
2
d 1
( K . E+ P . E )=0 ; K . E= 1 × m× dx ; P . E= × k × x2
( )
dt 2 dt 2
d 1 dx 2 1 d2 x
(
dt 2
× m× ( )
dt 2 )
+ × k × x 2 =0 ⇒m 2 ++k . x=0
dt
d2 x 2
We know that the fundamental equation of simple harmonic motion is 2
+ ωn . x=0
dt
k 1 k
From above eq. We get ω n=
√ m
or f n=
2π
ii) Describe the types of vibrations with simple sketch.
√ m
(6)

(or)
(b) A machine weighs 18 kg and is supported on springs and dashpots. The total stiffness
of the springs is 12 N/mm and damping is 0.2 N/mm/s, the system is initially at rest
and a velocity of 120 mm/s is imparted to the mass. Determine (i) the displacement
and velocity of mass as a function of time, (ii) the displacement and velocity of mass
after 0.4 s. (16)
Given: m=18 kg , k=12 ×103 N /m, c=200 Ns /mat t=0s ẋ 0=.12 m/s , x 0=0 m
Critical damping coefficientc c =2 √ k . m=929.52 Ns /m,
k 1 k
Natural frequency ω n=

c
√ m
=25.82 rad /s or f n=
2π √ m
=4.11 Hz ,

Damping factorζ = =0.215 ; damped frequencyω d=ωn √ 1−ζ 2=25.22rad / s

cc
Equation of motion of free under damped vibrating body is
d2 x dx d2 x dx 2
m 2
+c +k . x=0∨ 2
+2 ζ ωn +ω n x=0 ………………………..eq.1
dt dt dt dt
−ω t
solution for above equation is x =X e . sin ( ωn t+ ϕ )………………………..eq.2
d

dx
ẋ= = X e−ω t [−ω d .sin ( ωn t+ϕ ) +ω n . co s ( ω n t +ϕ ) ] ………………………..eq.3
d

dt
0.12 m
substitute t=0 ; x=0 ; ẋ= ∈eq . 2∧3 we get sin ϕ=0 ; ϕ=0 ; X=0.00465 m
s
The displacement and velocity of mass as a function of time are
dx
=0.00465 e−25.22t [25.82 . cos 25.82 t−25.22. sin 25.82t ]
x=0.00465 e−25.22 t .sin 25.82 t ; ẋ=
dt
The displacement and velocity of mass at a time t=0.4s are x=0.1 m; ẋ=−0.487 m/s .