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FE Review Dynamics

This document provides a review of key concepts in dynamics for the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam. It begins with preliminaries on units, notation, vectors, and coordinate systems. It then classifies dynamics problems into kinematics, describing motion without forces, and kinetics, including forces using Newton's laws. Key topics covered include particle and rigid body kinematics and kinetics, linear and angular momentum, impulse, work, energy, and sample problems applying these concepts. Concepts are presented through definitions, equations, and examples to prepare readers for dynamics questions on the FE exam.

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Adriano Guedes
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
263 views18 pages

FE Review Dynamics

This document provides a review of key concepts in dynamics for the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam. It begins with preliminaries on units, notation, vectors, and coordinate systems. It then classifies dynamics problems into kinematics, describing motion without forces, and kinetics, including forces using Newton's laws. Key topics covered include particle and rigid body kinematics and kinetics, linear and angular momentum, impulse, work, energy, and sample problems applying these concepts. Concepts are presented through definitions, equations, and examples to prepare readers for dynamics questions on the FE exam.

Uploaded by

Adriano Guedes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FE 

Exam:  Dynamics review

D. A. Lyn
School of Civil Engineering
21 Feb. 2012
Preliminaries
• Units (relevant quantities: g, displacement, velocity, 
acceleration, energy, momentum, etc.)
• Notation (dot, vector)
• Vectors (components and directions/signs,  graphical 
addition and subtraction, dot and cross products, 
vector polygons)
• Coordinate systems (Cartesian and curvilinear, fixed 
and moving or relative, unit vectors)
• Statics (free body diagram)
Classification of dynamics and problems
• Kinematics: description of motion without reference to 
forces
– Particle (no rotation about itself, size unimportant)  and rigid‐
body
– Coordinate systems (Cartesian, curvilinear, rotation)
– Constraints on motion 
• Kinetics: inclusion of forces (mass, or momentum or energy)
– Types of forces: conservative (gravitational, spring, elastic 
collisions) and non‐conservative (friction, inelastic collisions)
– Newton’s 2nd law: linear and angular momentum
• Use of free body diagram to deal with external forces
– Particles and rigid body (system of particles)
– Impulse (time involved) and momentum
• still working with vectors
– Work (distances involved) and energy (velocities involved)
• working with scalars (usually easier)
Particle kinematics
• General relations between displacement (r), 
velocity (u), and acceleration (a)
dr du
u(t )   r , a( t )  =u  
r r  ( x, y, z ), u  ( x , y , z ), a  ( 
x, 
y, 
z)
dt dt
• Given a formula for (or graph of) r as function 
of t, take derivatives to find u and a
– Given a formula for u or a as function of t,
integrate to find r or u
Special case: constant (in magnitude and direction)
acceleration, a  a 0
1 
 u(t )  u(t  0)  a 0 t , r (t )  r (t  0)  u(t  0)t  a 0  t 2 
2 
Sample problems
• The position of a particle moving horizontally is described by             
s ( t )  2 t 2  8 t  3, with s in m and t in s.  At t = 2 s, what is its 
acceleration?
Soln:  Take derivatives of s with respect to t, and evaluate at t=2s    
u(t )  s(t )  4t  8, a(t )   s (t )  4
(                                                          ) so a(t=2s) = 4 m/s 2.

• Projectile problem:  A projectile is launched with an initial speed 
of v0=100 ft/s at =30° to the horizontal, what is the horizontal 
distance, L, covered by the projectile when it lands again?
y
Soln: constant acceleration (only gravitational x
acceleration involved) problem, so apply
v
formulae in two directions 0

Given : a x  0, a y   g , v0 x  100cos30, v0 y  100sin 30 L

xend  x0  v0 x tend  a x  tend


2
/ 2 wish to find L=xend-x0, for yend-y0=0, so we solve

yend  y0  v0 y tend  a y  tend / 2


2
L=v0xt end and 0=v0ytend-g(tend2/2) for tend and L;

tend=3.1 s and L=269.2 ft


Kinetics of a particle
• Linear momentum, L=mu (mass, m, i.e., measure of inertia)
• Newton’s 2nd law:  F  ma  L 
• Forces determined from free body diagram (as in statics)
– Types of forces: gravitational, frictional, spring, external
• Angular momentum (about a point O) , H 0  r  mu
• Newton’s 2nd law:   M 0  H  0
t2

• Impulse (used in impact and collision problems), Imp12   F dt
t 2
t
– momentum conservation: L2  L1  Imp12   F dt 1

t 1
– mini-problem: A golf ball of mass 50-g is hit with a club. If the initial
velocity of the ball is 20 m/s, what is the impulse imparted to the ball? If
the contact duration was 0.05 s, what was the average force on the ball?
L1  0  L2  Imp12  mv2  (0.05 kg)(20 m/s) = 1 Ns
t
0
F dt  Favg t  Imp12  1 Ns  Favg  1 Ns / 0.05 s  20 N
Problem:  kinetics of a particle (truck)
• A truck of weight W = 4000 lbf moves down a =10° u0
incline at an initial speed of u0 = 20 ft/s.  A constant  
braking force of Fbrk=1200 lbf is experienced by the 
truck from a time, t = 0.  What is the distance  s ma s
Fbrk
covered by the truck before it stops from the time  Wsin W
that the braking force is applied?
Notes: forces involved – kinetics problem, rectilinear (straight‐line) motion: determine net 
force on truck in direction of motion, apply Newton’s 2nd law to evaluate distance covered
From free body diagram, sum of forces in direction of motion, 

• kinetics problem:
 F 
 Fbrk  W sin   Fnet  mas , W  mg  as    brk  sin   g  4.1 ft/s 2
 W 
• kinematics problem:
u(t  tend )  u(t  0)  as tend  tend  u0 / as  4.9 s
s(t  tend )  s(t  0)  u0 tend  as (tend
2
/ 2)  u02 / 2as  48.8 ft
Curvilinear coordinates and motion
• Plane motion (motion on a surface, i.e., in only two dimensions)
– Tangential (t) and normal (n) coordinates y e e
e n r particle
a(t )   v /   e n  ve t
y1 e path
v(t )  ve t , 2 t

ρ is the radius of curvature of particle  r particle
path at the particle position at time t

– Radial (r) and transverse () or polar coordinates x1 x

v(t )  re r  re , a(t )  ( r  r 2 )e r  ( r  2r )e


– Special case: pure circular motion at an angular frequency, 
t
   , r  0, e t  e , v  r  r , e r  e n

v =
r
2
v
r  0, r 2  r 2  , v  r  r  r
 r
r 
2
.
a r=r r
( is the angular acceleration) =r
a 
Particle kinetics problem
• Find the tension, T, in the string and the angular 
acceleration, ,  if at the position shown the   0
sphere of mass, m=10 kg, has a tangential velo‐ R
city of v0=4 m/s.  R = 0.6 m, and 0=30. m
• Choose a radial‐transverse coordinate system,  v0
perform free body analysis to determine sum of  T
forces, and set equal to ma. 
r
W
 v02 
r  dir'n: -T  W cos 0  mar   mv / R  T  m  g cos 0    352 N
2
0
 R
  dir'n:  W sin  0  ma  mR      W sin  0 / mR  8.2/s 2
Energy and work
• Work of a force,F, resulting in a change in position from state 1 to 
2
state 2: U 12   F  dr
1
– Constant force in rectilinear motion, Fxx2-x1)
– Gravitational force, -Wy2-y1), y>0 upwards
– Spring force, -k(x22-x12)/2, (x2<x1, returning to undeformed state)
• Kinetic energy,  T  mv / 2
2

• Relation between work and kinetic energy: U 12  T2  T1
• for conservative forces (such as gravitational and spring forces, but 
not frictional forces), a potential energy function, V, can be defined 
such that  U 12  V1  V2
– Gravitational force: V = Wy, spring force, V=kx2/2
• For conservative forces, an equation for conservation of energy can 
V1  V2  T2  T1
be expressed as                                 or  T1  V1  T2  V2
A problem solved using energy principles
• A 2‐kg block (A) rests on a frictionless plane  v
inclined at an angle =30°.  It is attached by an  A s A
2
2 kA kg
inextensible cable to a 3‐kg block (B) and to a  g y A
B s =y
fixed support.  Assume pulleys are frictionless  3 kg =30 B
3 kg
B
=30
B

and weightless.  If initially both blocks are  State 1 State 2


stationary, how far will the 2‐kg block travel before its speed is 4 m/s?
• Motion constraints:  sB=sA/2 (and yA=-2yBsin), and vB=vA/2
• Frictionless system  conservative gravitational forces only, only distances 
and  speeds explicitly involved apply energy equation
Initially, T1  0; at end, T2   mv 2 / 2    mv 2 / 2    mA v A2 / 2  1   mB / mA  vB / v A  
2
A B  
V1  V2  T2  T1  T2  WA y A  WB yB 1  WA y A  WB yB 2  WA y A  WB y B  U 12

 mA v A2   mB  vB    WB y B 
2
 WB 1 
  1  v    W  y A 1    W y A 1  
 WA 2sin  
A A
 2   m A  A    WA  y A 

v A2  mB  vB 2 
 y A   1    2.24 m  0 (Block A rises)
2 g 1  WB / 2WA sin    mA  v A  
 s  y A / sin   2y A  4.48 m
Rigid body (plane) dynamics
• rigid body: distance between any two arbitrary points 
remain same
• types of motion
– pure translation (can be treated as a particle)
– pure rotation about a fixed axis
 convenient to characterize in terms of angular frequency, , and 
angular acceleration, 
– general plane motion (combined translation and rotation 
about a fixed axis)
• rotation is distinguishing feature of rigid‐body 
dynamics
– moment equation: product of mass moment of inertia and 
angular acceleration analogous to ma
• effective forces and moments and mass centers in 
force and moment equations
Rigid body (plane) kinematics II
• general plane motion of 
a rigid body is sum of a 
translation of a point and 
rotation about that point.
• choose point A to write equation for the motion of point B
• direction of vB/A, (aB/A)t, and 
(aB/A)n crucial to solution
v B = v A  v B/ A  v A  
  rB
k /A • directions of unknown  and 
( v B / A )t may be assumed
( a B / A )n • velocity problem: knowing vA and 
   direction of vB and geometry, find 
a B = a A  a B/ A  aA  
 k
 r
B/ A  2
rB / A magnitude of vB and .
( a B / A )t
• acceleration problem:  knowing aA
and direction of aB and geometry, 
find magnitude of aB and 
Problem: Kinematics of rigid body example
• The end A of rod AB of length L = 0.6 m moves at  y
velocity VA = 2 m/s and acceleration, aA = 0.2 m/s2,  VB?
x B aB ?
both to the left, at the instant shown, when  = 

L
60°.  What is the velocity, VB ,and acceleration, aB ,  VA,, aA 
of end B at the same instant? A
r r
B/A

Pure kinematics problem: assuming clockwise  B/A

V 

L
a 


rotation about A 

L
B B

L
2

v B  v A   k  rB / A  VB  VA   L
VA aA

VB   L cos , VA   L sin     VA / ( L sin  )  3.85/s, VB  1.16 m/s 


a B  a A   k  rB / A   2rB / A  aB  a A   L  2 L
2
2
aA aA  VA 
aBx  0   a A   L sin    L cos   
2
    cos
L sin  cos L sin   L sin  
VA2
 aBy  aB   L cos   L sin   a A 
2
1  cos   11.7 m/s2
L sin 
Kinetics of a system of particles (or rigid body)
• For a system of particles (or a rigid body), analysis is performed in 
terms of the mass center, G, located at radial vector, rG, and total 
mass m
mrG   mi ri or mrG   r dm

• Equations of motions:  F  maG =L  and  M G  H G


where  aG is the acceleration of the mass center, and HG is the 
angular momentum about the mass center
− For a system with no external forces or moment acting, then linear 
momentum, L, and angular momentum, H, is conserved, i.e., remains 
constant
− May be more convenient to deal with effective forces and effective 
moments
HG  I G ω H G  IGω   IGα
• For a system of particles (or a rigid body),                   and                           
I   ri mi or I   r 2 dm
where the mass moment of inertia I is defined by                        
2

(Standard formulae for I = mk2, where k is the radius of gyration, for 


standard bodies are listed in tables; be careful about which axis I is 
defined, whether centroidal axis or not, remember parallel axis 
theorem)   
Problem: two‐particle system
y rB-rA vj
• A particle A of mass m and and a particle B, of  G
mass 2m are connected by rigid massless rod of  m 2m
length R.  If mass B is suddenly given a vertical  rA A B
rB
velocity v perpendicular to the connecting rod, 
determine the location of the mass center, the  x
velocity of the mass center, the angular  (2v/3)j
momentum, and the angular velocity  of the  
m 2m
system soon after the motion begins. A G B
2
 mA  mB  rG  mArA  mBrB  3mrG  m rA  2rB   rG  rA  rB  rA 
3
2 2
LG   mA  mB  uG  mAu A  mB u B  3muG  m  u A  2u B   uG  u B  vj
3 3
2  1  2
H G  rA/G  mAu A   rB /G  mB uB    m   R  0k   2m   R  vk  mvRk
3  3  3
  2 2 1  
2

H G  I G ω  I G ω   m r  m r   k   m  R   2m  R    k  mR 2 k
2 2 2
A A/ G B B /G
  3   3   3
2 2 v
 mv0 Rk  mR 2 k    0
3 3 R
Problem: rigid‐body kinetics
mpulley=60-kg
• What is the angular acceleration, , of the 
60‐kg (cylindrical) pulley of radius R = 0.2 m  R
O
and the tension in the cable if a 30‐kg block is 
attached to the end of the cable?
m=30-kg
• Analysis of block
− Kinematic constraint (ablock=R) R 

F y  ma y  T  W  ma y  m(  R ) y T T
 T  m  g  R  ay=R

• Analysis of pulley W=mg


+ M 0  I 0 where I 0  mpulley R 2 / 2  TR   mpulley R 2 / 2 

mg 2T 1
Solve for T and  : T   147 N,    24.5 2
1  2m / mpulley  mpulley R s

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