FE Review Dynamics
FE Review Dynamics
Exam: Dynamics review
D. A. Lyn
School of Civil Engineering
21 Feb. 2012
Preliminaries
• Units (relevant quantities: g, displacement, velocity,
acceleration, energy, momentum, etc.)
• Notation (dot, vector)
• Vectors (components and directions/signs, graphical
addition and subtraction, dot and cross products,
vector polygons)
• Coordinate systems (Cartesian and curvilinear, fixed
and moving or relative, unit vectors)
• Statics (free body diagram)
Classification of dynamics and problems
• Kinematics: description of motion without reference to
forces
– Particle (no rotation about itself, size unimportant) and rigid‐
body
– Coordinate systems (Cartesian, curvilinear, rotation)
– Constraints on motion
• Kinetics: inclusion of forces (mass, or momentum or energy)
– Types of forces: conservative (gravitational, spring, elastic
collisions) and non‐conservative (friction, inelastic collisions)
– Newton’s 2nd law: linear and angular momentum
• Use of free body diagram to deal with external forces
– Particles and rigid body (system of particles)
– Impulse (time involved) and momentum
• still working with vectors
– Work (distances involved) and energy (velocities involved)
• working with scalars (usually easier)
Particle kinematics
• General relations between displacement (r),
velocity (u), and acceleration (a)
dr du
u(t ) r , a( t ) =u
r r ( x, y, z ), u ( x , y , z ), a (
x,
y,
z)
dt dt
• Given a formula for (or graph of) r as function
of t, take derivatives to find u and a
– Given a formula for u or a as function of t,
integrate to find r or u
Special case: constant (in magnitude and direction)
acceleration, a a 0
1
u(t ) u(t 0) a 0 t , r (t ) r (t 0) u(t 0)t a 0 t 2
2
Sample problems
• The position of a particle moving horizontally is described by
s ( t ) 2 t 2 8 t 3, with s in m and t in s. At t = 2 s, what is its
acceleration?
Soln: Take derivatives of s with respect to t, and evaluate at t=2s
u(t ) s(t ) 4t 8, a(t ) s (t ) 4
( ) so a(t=2s) = 4 m/s 2.
• Projectile problem: A projectile is launched with an initial speed
of v0=100 ft/s at =30° to the horizontal, what is the horizontal
distance, L, covered by the projectile when it lands again?
y
Soln: constant acceleration (only gravitational x
acceleration involved) problem, so apply
v
formulae in two directions 0
Given : a x 0, a y g , v0 x 100cos30, v0 y 100sin 30 L
• Impulse (used in impact and collision problems), Imp12 F dt
t 2
t
– momentum conservation: L2 L1 Imp12 F dt 1
t 1
– mini-problem: A golf ball of mass 50-g is hit with a club. If the initial
velocity of the ball is 20 m/s, what is the impulse imparted to the ball? If
the contact duration was 0.05 s, what was the average force on the ball?
L1 0 L2 Imp12 mv2 (0.05 kg)(20 m/s) = 1 Ns
t
0
F dt Favg t Imp12 1 Ns Favg 1 Ns / 0.05 s 20 N
Problem: kinetics of a particle (truck)
• A truck of weight W = 4000 lbf moves down a =10° u0
incline at an initial speed of u0 = 20 ft/s. A constant
braking force of Fbrk=1200 lbf is experienced by the
truck from a time, t = 0. What is the distance s ma s
Fbrk
covered by the truck before it stops from the time Wsin W
that the braking force is applied?
Notes: forces involved – kinetics problem, rectilinear (straight‐line) motion: determine net
force on truck in direction of motion, apply Newton’s 2nd law to evaluate distance covered
From free body diagram, sum of forces in direction of motion,
• kinetics problem:
F
Fbrk W sin Fnet mas , W mg as brk sin g 4.1 ft/s 2
W
• kinematics problem:
u(t tend ) u(t 0) as tend tend u0 / as 4.9 s
s(t tend ) s(t 0) u0 tend as (tend
2
/ 2) u02 / 2as 48.8 ft
Curvilinear coordinates and motion
• Plane motion (motion on a surface, i.e., in only two dimensions)
– Tangential (t) and normal (n) coordinates y e e
e n r particle
a(t ) v / e n ve t
y1 e path
v(t ) ve t , 2 t
ρ is the radius of curvature of particle r particle
path at the particle position at time t
– Radial (r) and transverse () or polar coordinates x1 x
v =
r
2
v
r 0, r 2 r 2 , v r r r
r
r
2
.
a r=r r
( is the angular acceleration) =r
a
Particle kinetics problem
• Find the tension, T, in the string and the angular
acceleration, , if at the position shown the 0
sphere of mass, m=10 kg, has a tangential velo‐ R
city of v0=4 m/s. R = 0.6 m, and 0=30. m
• Choose a radial‐transverse coordinate system, v0
perform free body analysis to determine sum of T
forces, and set equal to ma.
r
W
v02
r dir'n: -T W cos 0 mar mv / R T m g cos 0 352 N
2
0
R
dir'n: W sin 0 ma mR W sin 0 / mR 8.2/s 2
Energy and work
• Work of a force,F, resulting in a change in position from state 1 to
2
state 2: U 12 F dr
1
– Constant force in rectilinear motion, Fxx2-x1)
– Gravitational force, -Wy2-y1), y>0 upwards
– Spring force, -k(x22-x12)/2, (x2<x1, returning to undeformed state)
• Kinetic energy, T mv / 2
2
• Relation between work and kinetic energy: U 12 T2 T1
• for conservative forces (such as gravitational and spring forces, but
not frictional forces), a potential energy function, V, can be defined
such that U 12 V1 V2
– Gravitational force: V = Wy, spring force, V=kx2/2
• For conservative forces, an equation for conservation of energy can
V1 V2 T2 T1
be expressed as or T1 V1 T2 V2
A problem solved using energy principles
• A 2‐kg block (A) rests on a frictionless plane v
inclined at an angle =30°. It is attached by an A s A
2
2 kA kg
inextensible cable to a 3‐kg block (B) and to a g y A
B s =y
fixed support. Assume pulleys are frictionless 3 kg =30 B
3 kg
B
=30
B
mA v A2 mB vB WB y B
2
WB 1
1 v W y A 1 W y A 1
WA 2sin
A A
2 m A A WA y A
v A2 mB vB 2
y A 1 2.24 m 0 (Block A rises)
2 g 1 WB / 2WA sin mA v A
s y A / sin 2y A 4.48 m
Rigid body (plane) dynamics
• rigid body: distance between any two arbitrary points
remain same
• types of motion
– pure translation (can be treated as a particle)
– pure rotation about a fixed axis
convenient to characterize in terms of angular frequency, , and
angular acceleration,
– general plane motion (combined translation and rotation
about a fixed axis)
• rotation is distinguishing feature of rigid‐body
dynamics
– moment equation: product of mass moment of inertia and
angular acceleration analogous to ma
• effective forces and moments and mass centers in
force and moment equations
Rigid body (plane) kinematics II
• general plane motion of
a rigid body is sum of a
translation of a point and
rotation about that point.
• choose point A to write equation for the motion of point B
• direction of vB/A, (aB/A)t, and
(aB/A)n crucial to solution
v B = v A v B/ A v A
rB
k /A • directions of unknown and
( v B / A )t may be assumed
( a B / A )n • velocity problem: knowing vA and
direction of vB and geometry, find
a B = a A a B/ A aA
k
r
B/ A 2
rB / A magnitude of vB and .
( a B / A )t
• acceleration problem: knowing aA
and direction of aB and geometry,
find magnitude of aB and
Problem: Kinematics of rigid body example
• The end A of rod AB of length L = 0.6 m moves at y
velocity VA = 2 m/s and acceleration, aA = 0.2 m/s2, VB?
x B aB ?
both to the left, at the instant shown, when =
L
60°. What is the velocity, VB ,and acceleration, aB , VA,, aA
of end B at the same instant? A
r r
B/A
V
L
a
rotation about A
L
B B
L
2
v B v A k rB / A VB VA L
VA aA
H G I G ω I G ω m r m r k m R 2m R k mR 2 k
2 2 2
A A/ G B B /G
3 3 3
2 2 v
mv0 Rk mR 2 k 0
3 3 R
Problem: rigid‐body kinetics
mpulley=60-kg
• What is the angular acceleration, , of the
60‐kg (cylindrical) pulley of radius R = 0.2 m R
O
and the tension in the cable if a 30‐kg block is
attached to the end of the cable?
m=30-kg
• Analysis of block
− Kinematic constraint (ablock=R) R
F y ma y T W ma y m( R ) y T T
T m g R ay=R
mg 2T 1
Solve for T and : T 147 N, 24.5 2
1 2m / mpulley mpulley R s