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Indirect Method: Armstrong

The document describes Armstrong's indirect frequency modulation (FM) method. It involves: 1. Generating a narrowband FM (NBFM) signal with a carrier frequency that is multiplied using frequency doublers to achieve the desired output carrier frequency. 2. Shifting the entire frequency spectrum using a frequency converter to avoid an excessively high carrier frequency after multiplication. 3. Further multiplication is done to achieve the required carrier frequency, keeping the modulation index unchanged through the process.

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1K views9 pages

Indirect Method: Armstrong

The document describes Armstrong's indirect frequency modulation (FM) method. It involves: 1. Generating a narrowband FM (NBFM) signal with a carrier frequency that is multiplied using frequency doublers to achieve the desired output carrier frequency. 2. Shifting the entire frequency spectrum using a frequency converter to avoid an excessively high carrier frequency after multiplication. 3. Further multiplication is done to achieve the required carrier frequency, keeping the modulation index unchanged through the process.

Uploaded by

Afzal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Indirect Method: Armstrong

• A simplified diagram of a commercial FM transmitter using


Armstrong’s method is shown as follows

• The final output is required to have a carrier frequency of


and
308201- Communication Systems 42
Indirect Method: Armstrong
• We first generate a NBFM signal with carrier frequency
generated by a crystal oscillator.
• To maintain , the deviation is chosen to be .
• The baseband spectrum ranges from 50Hz to 15KHz. So with ,
for the worst possible case i.e., when
• To achieve , we need multiplication of .
– This can be achieved by two multiplier stages of 64 and 48.
– This will give us multiplication factor 3072 and
– Note that 64 multiplier can be obtained with 6 doublers in cascade
and 48 multiplier can be obtained by 4 doublers and a tripler in
cascade.
• Multiplication of with will get . Too high!
– How to get ?
– The problem is solved using frequency translation.
308201- Communication Systems 43
Indirect Method: Armstrong

• After first multiplication by 64 result in the carrier frequency


and the carrier deviation

• We now use frequency converter (mixer) with carrier frequency


to shift the entire spectrum.
– The new carrier frequency will be
– The frequency converter has not effect on so
• Further multiplication by 48, yields
–
–
• The scheme has the advantage of frequency stability but suffers
from inherent noise cause by excessive multiplications and
distortion at lower modulating frequencies, where is not small
enough.
308201- Communication Systems 44
Example

• Design an Armstrong indirect FM modulator to generate an


FM signal with carrier frequency and
.
– A NBFM generator of and is available.
– Only frequency doublers can be used as multipliers.
– A LO with adjustable frequency between is available
for mixing.

308201- Communication Systems 45


Example

• Total Multiplication required

• Since, we can only use frequency doublers we have three


conditions

• It is clear that
and
308201- Communication Systems 46
Example

• As we know that available local oscillator support variable


frequency i.e.,

• To find , we need to test the following possibilities


and
• If

No integer value of will lead to a realizable


• If

• If

If , then . Which is well within the range.


308201- Communication Systems 47
Example

• For ,

• The final design will be

308201- Communication Systems 48


Distortion in Armstrong
indirect FM generator
• Two kinds of distortions arise in this scheme
– Amplitude distortion
– Frequency distortion
• The NBFM wave is given by

where

and

• Amplitude distortion occurs because is not constant.


– Solution?
– Bandpass limiter!
308201- Communication Systems 49
Distortion in Armstrong
indirect FM generator
• Ideally, should be but in this case the phase
.
• The instantaneous frequency is now

Maclaurin series expansion

• Ideally, should be . The remaining terms are the


distortion.
308201- Communication Systems 50

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