Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions

Chapter 5 Prerequisite Skills

Chapter 5 Prerequisite Skills Question 1 Page 250

a) 0.5878 b) 0.9659

c) –5.6713 d) –0.4142

Chapter 5 Prerequisite Skills Question 2 Page 250

a) 5.9108 b) 32.4765

c) 0.3773 d) –1.4479

Chapter 5 Prerequisite Skills Question 3 Page 250

5! " !% ! 3
a) sin = sin $ ! + ' b) cos =
4 # 4& 6 2
!
= ( sin
4
1
=(
2

3! "! !% 5! " 3! 2! %
c) tan = tan $ + ' d) sin = sin $ +
4 # 2 4& 6 # 6 6 '&
! "! !%
= ( cot = sin $ + '
4 # 2 3&
= (1 !
= cos
3
1
=
2

5! # 6! ! & 4! " !%
e) cos = cos % " f) tan = tan $ ! + '
3 $ 3 3 (' 3 # 3&
# !& !
= cos % 2! " ( = tan
$ 3' 3
! = 3
= cos
3
1
=
2

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 474

Chapter 5 Prerequisite Skills Question 4 Page 250

5! # !& 7! " !%
a) csc = csc % 2! " ( b) sec = sec $ ! + '
3 $ 3' 6 # 6&
! !
= " csc = ( sec
3 6
2 2
=" =(
3 3

7! # !&
c) cot = cot % 2! " ( d) sec 2! = sec 0
4 $ 4' =1
!
= " cot
4
= "1

3! ! !
e) cot = cot f) csc = 2
2 2 4
=0

Chapter 5 Prerequisite Skills Question 5 Page 250

y = sin x

Chapter 5 Prerequisite Skills Question 6 Page 250

y = cos x

Chapter 5 Prerequisite Skills Question 7 Page 250

The graphs of the sine and cosine functions are periodic because they repeat a pattern of y-values
at regular intervals of their domain.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 475

Chapter 5 Prerequisite Skills Question 8 Page 250

360°
a) Since the equation is in the form: f (x) = a sin "# k(x ! d) $% ! c , a is the amplitude, is the
k
period, d is the phase shift, and c is the vertical translation.

Amplitude is 3; period is 180°; phase shift of 30° right; vertical translation of 1 unit down.

b) Since the graph has amplitude of 3 and is shifted down 1 unit,

Maximum: 3 – 1 = 2; minimum: –3 – 1 = –4

c) 0 = 3sin "# 2(x ! 30°) $% ! 1

1 = 3sin "# 2(x ! 30°) $%
1
= sin "# 2(x ! 30°) $%
3
1
sin !1 = 2x ! 60°
3
19.47° =& 2x ! 60°
79.47° =& 2x
x =& 39.7°

The first three x-intercepts are 39.7°, 110.3°, and 219.7°.

d) y = 3sin "# 2(0 ! 30°) $% ! 1

y = 3sin(!60°) ! 1
y =& !3.6

The y-intercept is approximately –3.6.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 476

Chapter 5 Prerequisite Skills Question 9 Page 250

a) Amplitude is 2; period is 360°; phase shift of 90° left; vertical translation of 1 unit up.

b) Maximum 2 + 1 = 3, Minimum –2 + 1 = –1

c) 0 = 2cos(x + 90°) + 1
!1 = 2cos(x + 90°)
1
! = cos(x + 90°)
2
" 1 %
cos !1 $ ! ' = x + 90°
# 2&
120° ! 90° = x
x = 30°
180° ! x = 150°
360° + x = 390°

The first three x-intercepts are 30°, 150°, and 390°.

d) y = 2cos(0 + 90°) + 1
y = 2(0) + 1
y =1

The y-intercept is 1.

Chapter 5 Prerequisite Skills Question 10 Page 250

a) x = 31.3°

b) x = 141.3°

c) x = 74.3°

d) x = 27.9°

Chapter 5 Prerequisite Skills Question 11 Page 250

a) x = 0.2

b) x = 2.3

c) x = 0.9

d) x = 0.2

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 477

Chapter 5 Prerequisite Skills Question 12 Page 251

a) x2 + x ! 2 = 0
(x + 2)(x ! 1) = 0

The equations of the vertical asymptotes are x = –2 and x = 1.

b) y = 0

c)

Chapter 5 Prerequisite Skills Question 13 Page 251

a) The instantaneous rate of change at x = 2 is 3. The function is linear so the rate of change is
the slope of the line.

b) The instantaneous rate of change is the same as the average rate of change.

Chapter 5 Prerequisite Skills Question 14 Page 251

60
a) 6 ! = 14.4
25
Justine rode at a rate of 14.4 km/h.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 478

Chapter 5 Prerequisite Skills Question 15 Page 251

a) h(0.1) = 20(0.1) ! 5(0.1)2 h(0.5) = 20(0.5) ! 5(0.5)2

= 2 ! 0.05 = 10 ! 1.25
= 1.95 = 8.75
8.75 ! 1.95
Average rate of change =
0.5 ! 0.1
6.8
=
0.4
= 17

The average rate of change from 0.1 s to 0.5 s is 17 m/s.

b) h(0.499) = 20(0.499) ! 5(0.499)2 h(0.4999) = 20(0.4999) ! 5(0.4999)2

=& 9.98 ! 1.245 005 =& 9.998 ! 1.249 500 05
=& 8.734 995 =& !8.748 499 95

8.75 ! 8.734 995

Average rate of change =
0.5 ! 0.499
0.015 005
=
0.001
=& 15.005
8.75 ! 8.748 499 95
Average rate of change =
0.5 ! 0.4999
0.001500 05
=
0.0001
=& 15.0005

The instantaneous rate of change of height at 0.5 s is approximately 15 m/s.

c) The speed at 0.5 s is represented by the instantaneous rate of change.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 479

Chapter 5 Section 1 Graphs of Sine, Cosine, and Tangent
Functions

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 1 Page 258

3" "
a) The maximum value is y = 4 + 1 = 5; the values of x where it occurs are x = ! and .
2 2
# 3" & " ! %
Maxima: % ! , 5( , $ , 5'
$ 2 ' #2 &
" 3"
The minimum value is 4 + (–1) = 3; the values of x where it occurs are x = ! and .
2 2
# " & " 3! %
Minima: % ! , 3( , $ ,3
$ 2 ' # 2 '&

b) The maximum value is y = –5 + 1 or –4.

The values of x where it occurs are x = –2π, 0, and 2π.
Maxima: (–2π, –4), (0, –4), (2π, –4)

The minimum value is y = –5 + (–1) or –6.

The values of x where it occurs are x = –π and π.
Minima: (–π, –6), (π, –6)

c) The maximum value is y = 1 – 2 or –1.

3" "
The values of x where it occurs are x = ! and .
2 2
# 3" & "! %
Maxima: % ! , – 1( , $ , – 1'
$ 2 ' #2 &

The minimum value is y = –1 – 2 or –3.

" 3"
The values of x where it occurs is x = ! and .
2 2
" ! % # 3! &
Minima: $ – , – 3' , % ,"3(
# 2 & $ 2 '

d) The maximum value is y = 1 + 1 or 2.

The values of x where it occurs are x = –2π, 0, and 2π.
Maxima: (–2π, 2), (0, 2), (2π, 2)

The minimum value is y = –1 + 1 or 0.

The values of x where it occurs are x = –π and π.
Minima: (–π, 0), (π, 0)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 480

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 2 Page 258

a) b)

c) d)

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 3 Page 258

a) y = 3sin x

b) y = 5cos x

c) y = !4sin x

d) y = !2cos x

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 4 Page 258

a) b)

c) d)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 481

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 5 Page 258

" !%
a) y = sin $ x + '
# 3&

# 5" &
b) y = cos % x ! (
$ 6'

" 3! %
c) y = sin $ x + '
# 4&

# 4" &
d) y = cos % x !
$ 3 ('

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 6 Page 258

a) b)

c) d)

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 7 Page 258

2!
a) k = =4
!
2
So, y = sin 4x .

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 482

 2! 4
b) k = =
3! 3
2
4
So, y = cos x .
3

2! 1
c) k = =
6! 3
1
So, y = sin x
3

2!
d) k = =2
!
So, y = cos 2x

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 8 Page 258

a) b)

c) d)

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 9 Page 258

2!
a) k = =2
!
So, y = 3sin 2x

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 483

b)

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 10 Page 258

7 ! (!3)
a) a = =5
2
The amplitude is 5.

b) 7 – 5 = 2
The vertical translation is up 2 units.

c)

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 11 Page 258

! # !& !
a) Period = " " =
3 %$ 6 (' 2

!
b) Since one cycle of y = sin x begins at x = 0, this function has a phase shift of to the left.
6

2!
c) k = =4
!
2
( " !%+
So, y = sin * 4 $ x + ' -
) # 6&,

d)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 484

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 12 Page 258

1
a) The period of the A-note is .
440

2!
k=
b) 1
440
= 880!

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 13 Page 258

a) The amplitude of the model is 120.

1
b) The period of the model is .
60

2!
c) k = = 120!
1
60

y = 120sin(120! x)

d)

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 14 Page 259

a) The function is odd. The graph of y = sin(!x) is equivalent to the graph of y = ! sin x .
Proof
L.S. = sin(!x) R.S. = –sin x
= sin(0 ! x)
= sin 0cos x ! sin x cos 0
= 0 ! sin x
= ! sin x

L.S. = R.S.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 485

b) The function is even. The graph of y = cos(!x) is equivalent to the graph of y = cos x .
Proof:
L.S. = cos(!x) R.S. = cos x
= cos(0 ! x)
= cos 0cos x + sin 0sin x
= cos x

L.S. = R.S.

c) The function is odd. The graph of y = tan(!x) is equivalent to the graph of y = ! tan x .
Proof:
L.S. = tan(!x) R.S. = –tan x
= tan(0 ! x)
tan 0 ! tan x
=
1+ tan 0 tan x
0 ! tan x
=
1+ 0
= ! tan x

L.S. = R.S.

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 15 Page 259

Answers may vary. Sample answer:

Where y = cos x and y = sin x intersect, y = tan x equals 1.

Where y = cos x equals zero, y = tan x is undefined.
Where y = sin x equals zero, y = tan x equals 0.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 486

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 16 Page 259

a)-f)
xA = 1

f( x) = A! ( x)
x s in

A
-1 0 -5 5 10

-2

-4

g) For positive xA, the amplitude gets larger as xA gets larger.

For negative xA, the amplitude gets larger as xA gets larger, but sin x is reflected in the x-axis.

h) The amplitude range changes if you use a circle other than a unit circle.
xA = 1

f( x) = x
A!
s in
( x)
xB = 2 4

g (x) = x
B!
s in
(x)

A
-1 0 -5 B 5 10

-2

-4

i)
xA = 1

f( x) = x
A!
s in
( x)
q (x) = s in
( x)+ x
A
4

A
-1 0 -5 5 10

-2

-4

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 487

j)
xA = 1

f( x) A! ( )
= x s in x + y
A
4

yA = 1

A
-1 0 -5 C 5 10

-2

-4

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 17 Page 259

4 !1
a) a =
2
3
=
2

3
The amplitude of the function is .
2

3
b) c = 4 !
2
5
=
2

5
The vertical translation of the function is units up.
2

c) The desired period is 60 s, since it take 60 s to complete one revolution.

2!
d) k =
60
!
=
30

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 488

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 18 Page 259

60
a) period = = 3 s/cycle
20
2!
k=
3
1.2
a=
2
= 0.6

" 2! %
d = 0.6sin $ t
# 3 '&
b)

60
c) period = = 2 s/cycle
30
2!
k= =!
2
The amplitude remains the same.

The waves will be closer together. The equation becomes d = 0.6sin(! t) .

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 19 Page 260

The solutions for Achievement Check can be found in the Teacher’s Resource.

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 20 Page 260

a) Answers may vary. For example, I predict that there will be no values of the function below
the x-axis.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 489

b)

c) The relation is a function since it satisfies the vertical line test.

d) The relation is even; it is symmetrical about the y–axis.

Prove that sin(!x) = sin x .
L.S. = sin(!x) R.S. = sin x
= sin(0 ! x)
= sin 0cos x ! sin x cos 0
= ! sin x
= sin x

Since L.S. = R.S., y = sin x is an even function.

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 21 Page 261

a) b)

c) d)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 490

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 22 Page 260

x
a) The graph of y = will intersect the graph of y = sin x 3 times: at the origin and 1 point either
7
side of the origin.

b)

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 23 Page 260

" 3% (
a) sin !1 $ '=
# 2 & 3

" 3% (
b) cos !1 $ '=
# 2 & 6

"
c) tan !1 (1) =
4

" 1 % 3(
d) cos !1 $ ! '=
# 2& 4

Chapter 5 Section 1 Question 24 Page 260

a) i) x 2 + y 2 = r 2
r2 = 4
r=2

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 491

 ii) x = r cos !
y = r sin !

3x + 4 y = 5
3r cos ! + 4r sin ! = 5
r(3cos ! + 4sin ! ) = 5
5
r=
3cos ! + 4sin !

iii) x 2 + y 2 ! 4 y = x 2 + y 2

r 2 ! 4r sin " = r 2 (x 2 + y 2 = r 2 , y = r sin " )

r 2 = r + 4r sin "
r 2 = r(1+ 4sin " )
r = 1+ 4sin "

b) i) x 2 + y 2 = 36 (r 2 = x 2 + y 2 )

ii) x = r cos !
x
cos ! =
r
r = 3cos !
" x%
r = 3$ '
# r&
2
r = 3x
x + y 2 = 3x
2
(r 2 = x 2 + y 2 )

iii) y = r sin ! x = r cos !

y
= sin ! x = r cos !
r

r = 2sin ! + 2cos !
" y% " x%
r = 2$ ' + 2$ '
#r& # r&
2 y + 2x
r=
r
r 2 = 2 y + 2x (r 2 = x 2 + y 2 )
x 2 + y 2 = 2x + 2 y

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 492

Chapter 5 Section 2 Graphs of Reciprocal Trigonometric
Functions

Chapter 5 Section 2 Question 1 Page 267

The values of x such that csc x = 5 are x =& 0.20 and x =& 2.94 .

Chapter 5 Section 2 Question 2 Page 267

The values of x such that sec x = 2 are x =& 1.05 and x =& 5.24 .

Chapter 5 Section 2 Question 3 Page 267

The values of x such that cot x = !4 are x =& 2.90 and x =& 6.04 .

Chapter 5 Section 2 Question 4 Page 267

a) Answers may vary. For example, the cosecant function is the reciprocal of the sine function
and sin !1 is the opposite operation of sine.
1
b) csc =& 1.5393
2
" 1 % (
sin !1 $ = or about 0.7854
# 2 '& 4

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 493

Chapter 5 Section 2 Question 5 Page 267

a) Answers may vary. For example, the secant function is the reciprocal of the cosine function
and cos !1 is the opposite operation of cosine.

3
b) sec =& 1.5425
2
" 3% (
cos !1 $ ' = or about 0.5236
# 2 & 6

Chapter 5 Section 2 Question 6 Page 267

a) Answers may vary. For example, the cotangent function is the reciprocal of the tangent
function and tan !1 is the opposite operation of tangent.

b) cot 1 =& 0.6421

"
tan !1 (1) = or about 0.7854
4

Chapter 5 Section 2 Question 7 Page 267

" !% # 3" &

a) sec x = csc $ x + ' or sec x = csc % x ! (
# 2& $ 2'

b) Answers may vary. Yes, the phase shift can be increased or decreased by one period, 2! .

Chapter 5 Section 2 Question 8 Page 267

a)

b) The values of x where csc x = sin !1 x are x =& !0.9440 and x =& 0.9440 .

c) csc(0.9440) = 1.235 and csc(!0.9440) = 1.235

sin !1 (0.9440) = 1.235 sin !1 (!0.9440) = 1.235

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 494

Chapter 5 Section 2 Question 9 Page 268

d
a) sec x =
w
d = wsec x

b) The minimum value of x is 0.

2w
tan x =
w
=2

tan !1 (2) =& 1.1071

The maximum value of x is approximately 1.1071.

The range is approximately 0 ! x ! 1.1071 .

c) The minimum distance is w/

d 2 = w2 + (2w)2
d 2 = 5w2
d = 5w
The maximum distance in terms of w is 5w .

Assuming the lifeguard swims a portion of the distance, then w ! d ! 5w .

d) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

e) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

The total distance will be shorter.
It is dangerous to run on the deck; it would be easy to fall and get hurt and thus take longer to
get to the troubled swimmer.
The lifeguard can swim faster, than she can run.

Chapter 5 Section 2 Question 10 Page 268

d
a) cot x =
2
d = 2cot x

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 495

 !
b) d = 2cot
3
=& 1.15

The awning must project approximately 1.15 m from the wall.

c)

d) As x approaches 0, d approaches infinity. This means that the angle of elevation on the
summer solstice approaches the horizon and so the length of the awning approaches infinity.
!
As x approaches , d approaches 0. This means that the angle of elevation on the summer
2
solstice approaches an overhead location and the length of the awning approaches 0.

Chapter 5 Section 2 Question 11 Page 268

rg
a) cot x =
v2
3.5(9.8)
cot x =
(5.4)2
cot x =& 1.1763
1
=& 1.1763
tan x
1
tan x =&
1.1763
tan x =& 0.8501
x =& tan !1 (0.8501)
x =& 0.70

b) No, the angle does not double.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 496

c) No, the angle is not halved.
rg rg
Proof: cot x = 2 Proof: cot x =
v v2
(3.5 ! 2)(9.8) 3.5(9.8)
cot x = cot x =
5.42 (5.4 ! 2)2
cot x =& 2.3525 cot x =& 0.2941
1 1
=& 2.3525 =& 0.2941
tan x tan x
1 1
tan x =& tan x =&
2.3525 0.2941
tan x =& 0.4251 tan x =& 3.4006
x =& tan "1 (0.4251) x =& tan "1 (3.4006)
x =& 0.40 x =& 1.28

Chapter 5 Section 2 Question 12 Page 268

a)

So, by looking at the graphs, csc 2 x ! cot 2 x .

Answers may vary. For example, csc 2 x ! 1 = cot 2 x .

b) L.S. = csc 2 x ! 1 R.S. = cot 2 x

1 sin 2 x 1
= 2 ! 2 =
sin x sin x tan 2 x
1! sin 2 x cos 2 x
= =
sin 2 x sin 2 x
cos 2 x
= (Pythagorean identity)
sin 2 x

Since L.S. = R.S., csc 2 x ! 1 = cot 2 x is an identity.

Chapter 5 Section 2 Question 13 Page 269

d
a) sec x =
500
d = 500sec x

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 497

 5!
b) d = 500sec
12
" 3! 2! %
d = 500sec $ +
# 12 12 '&
"! !%
d = 500sec $ + '
# 4 6&
500
d=
" ! !% " ! !%
$# cos 4 cos 6 '& ( $# sin 4 sin 6 '&
500
d=
" 1 % " 3% " 1 % " 1%
$# '$ ' ($ '$ '
2 & # 2 & # 2 & # 2&
500
d=
3 (1
2 2
1000 2
d=
3 (1

c)

Chapter 5 Section 2 Question 14 Page 269

Solutions for the Achievement Check questions are shown in the Teacher’s Resource.

Chapter 5 Section 2 Question 15 Page 269

a)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 498

b) i) For each x value, the y value will be multiplied by 3.

ii) The period is π.

iii) The graph is shifted up 1.

iv) The graph has a phase shift of 3 to the right.

Chapter 5 Section 2 Question 16 Page 269

a) y = tan x

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 499

b) i) For each x value, the y value is multiplied by 2.

ii) The period is π.

iii) The graph is shifted up 3 units.

iv) The graph has a phase shift of 1 unit left.

Chapter 5 Section 2 Question 17 Page 269

a) Proof:
L.S. = sin !1 (sin 0.5) R.S. = 0.5
=& sin !1 (0.4794)
= 0.5

L.S. = R.S.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 500

 $ # #'
b) No, the equation is only true for x ! & " , ) .
% 2 2(

Chapter 5 Section 2 Question 18 Page 269

Using the Pythagorean theorem, the measure of the unknown side is 3 units.
a 2 = 25 ! 16
a= 9
a=3

5
3
x
4
3
sin(x) =
5

Chapter 5 Section 2 Question 19 Page 269

a)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 501

 θ r = 2 cos θ (r, θ )

0 2 (2, 0)

! ! !$
3 #" 3, 6 &%
6
! ! !$
2 #" 2, 4 &%
4
! ! !$
1 #" 1, 3 &%
3
! ! !$
0 #" 0, 2 &%
2
2!
–1
3
3! ! 3! $
– 2 #" – 2, 4 &%
4
5! ! 5! $
– 3 #" – 3, 6 &%
6

π –2 (–2, π)

b) i) ii)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 502

iii)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 503

Chapter 5 Section 3 Sinusodial Functions of the Form
f (x) = a sin[k(x ! d)] + c and
f (x) = a cos[k(x ! d)] + c

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 1 Page 275

2! 2! 3!
a) Amplitude = 5; Period: b) Amplitude = 3; Period: =
3 4 2
3

2! 1 2!
c) Amplitude = 3; period: =2 d) Amplitude = ; period: = 8!
! 2 1
4

2! 2!
e) Amplitude = 1.5; period: = 10 f) Amplitude: = 0.75; period: = 2.5
0.2! 0.8!

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 2 Page 275

a) From the graph it is a sine function.

!
The amplitude is 3 and the period is .
2
2!
k=
!
2
=4

Equation: y = 3sin 4x

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 504

b) From the graph it is a cosine function.
1
The amplitude is and the period is 1.
2
2!
k=
1
= 2!

1
Equation: y = cos 2! x
2

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 3 Page 276

a) The amplitude is 4.
2!
b) The period is .
3
!
c) The phase shift is rad to the left.
3
d) The vertical translation is 2 units down.

e)

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 4 Page 276

a) The amplitude is 3.
2!
b) The period is =2.
!
c) The phase shift is 2 rad to the left.

d) The vertical translation is 1 unit down.

e)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 505

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 5 Page 276

" !% !
a) y = 3sin $ x + ' ( 1 : amplitude is 3; period is 2π; phase shift is rad left; vertical translation
# 4& 4
is 1 unit down.

)1 # 5" & , 2! 5!
b) y = !2sin + % x ! ( . + 4 : amplitude is 2; period: = 4π; phase shift is rad to the
*2 $ 6 '- 1 6
2
right; vertical translation of 4 units up.

2!
( )
c) y = 2sin "# 2! x + 3 $% & 2 : amplitude is 2; period:
2!
= 1; phase shift is 3 rad left; vertical
translation of 2 units down.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 506

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 6 Page 276

# "& !
a) y = 3cos % x ! ( + 6 : amplitude is 3; period: 2π; phase shift is rad to the right; vertical
$ 4' 4
translation of 6 units up.

)1 # 4" & , 2! 4!
b) y = !5cos + % x + ( . ! 5 : amplitude is 5; period: = 8π; phase shift rad to the left,
*4 $ 3 '- 1 3
4
vertical translation 5 units down.

2!
( )
c) y = 7 cos #$3! x " 2 %& + 7 : amplitude is 7; period:
3!
2
= ; phase shift 2 rad to the right;
3
vertical translation 7 units up.

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 7 Page 276

a) The amplitude, period and vertical translation will be the same. The phase shift will be
different. Since the maximum value of the cosine function normally occurs at the beginning
(end) of the period. There is no phase shift.
Equation: h = 3cos(0.4! t) + 4.5

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 507

b)

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 8 Page 276

a) The amplitude is 3, the period is 4, the phase shift is 1 right, and the vertical translation is up
1 unit.

#! &
( )
b) Equation: y = 3sin % x " 1 ( + 1
$2 '

c)

d) Yes, the graphs match.

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 9 Page 276

a) The amplitude is 2, the period is 12, the phase shift is 4 right, the vertical translation is up
1 unit.

#! &
(
b) Equation: y = 2cos % x " 4 )( + 1
$6 '

c)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 508

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 10 Page 277

!
a) The amplitude is 3, the period is π, the phase shift is to the right, and the vertical translation
4
is 1 unit down.
2!
k= =2
!
) # "&,
Equation: y = 3sin + 2 % x ! ( . ! 1
* $ 4'-

Check:

b) The amplitude is 2, the period is 6, the phase shift is 2 to the left, and the vertical translation is
2 units up.
2! !
k= =
6 3
"! %
Equation: y = 2sin $ (x + 2) ' + 2
#3 &

Check:

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 11 Page 277

4! !
a) The amplitude is 4, the period is , the phase shift is to the left, and the vertical
3 3
translation is up 1 unit.

2! 3
k= =
4! 2
3
(3" !%+
Equation: y = 4cos * $ x + ' - + 1
)2 # 3&,

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 509

Check:

5
b) The amplitude is , the period is 8, the phase shift is 2 to the right, and the vertical
2
3
translation is units down.
2

2! !
k= =
8 4

5 #! & 3
Equation: y = cos % (x " 2) ( "
2 $4 ' 2

Check:

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 12 Page 277

7 +1 ! 3!
a) Amplitude: = 4 ; period = ; phase shift is rad to the left; vertical translation is 3
2 2 4
units up (7 – 4 = 3).

2!
k= =4
!
2

( " 3! % +
Equation: y = 4sin * 4 $ x + ' - + 3
) # 4 &,

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 510

b)

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 13 Page 277

1+ 5
a) The amplitude: = 3 , period is 3, phase shift is 2 rad to the right, vertical translation is
2
2 units down (3 – 1).

2!
k=
3

# 2! &
Equation: y = 3cos % (
x"2 )( " 2
$ 3 '

b)

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 14 Page 277

Answers may vary. Sample answer:

a) period is π

2!
k=
!
=2

( " !%+
y = 1.5sin * 2 $ x + ' - + 1.5
) # 4&,

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 511

b)

c) Yes, there are other sine functions have match the given properties. For example,
# 7" &
y = 1.5sin % 2(x ! ) ( + 1.5
$ 4 '

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 15 Page 277

a) The number of points of intersection is 2, one at the beginning of the period and one other
point.

b)

# 4! 1 &
The points of intersection are (0, 1), and % ," ( .
$ 3 2'

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 16 Page 277

Answers may vary.

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 17 Page 278

Answers may vary.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 512

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 18 Page 278

Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

a) Suppose the rotation starts at (4, 0) and goes counter clockwise.
2!
amplitude is 4, the period is = ! ; x = 4cos πt
2

b) y = 4cos ! t y = 4sin πt

c)

d) L.S. = (4sin ! t)2 + (4cos ! t)2 R.S. = 16

= 16sin 2 ! t + 16cos 2 ! t
= 16(sin 2 ! t + cos 2 ! t)
= 16 (Pythagorean identity)

Since L.S. = R.S., x 2 + y 2 = 16 is true for all values of t.

e) The relation in part d) is always true since it is an identity.

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 19 Page 278

1.5
a) amplitude =
2
3
=
4
period: 6
2!
k: =
6
!
=
3

Since the buoy is on its way down instead of up, it is reflected in the x-axis.

3 "
Equation: v = ! sin t
4 3

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 513

b)

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 20 Page 278

60 1 2!
a) Amplitude = 25; period: = ; k: = 70! ; vertical translation: 75 – 25 = 50 units up
2100 35 1
35
Equation: h = 25sin(70! t) + 50

b)

c) If the engine speed increases to 2400 rpm, only the period changes.
60 1
period: =
2400 40
2!
k: = 80!
1
40

Equation: h = 25sin(80! t) + 50

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 21 Page 278

The solutions for Achievement Check can be found in the Teacher’s Resource.

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 22 Page 279

y = a csc "# k(x ! d) $% + c

a: multiply the y-value by a
2!
k: changes the period to
k
d: phase shifts work the same as for sinusoidal function
c: vertical translations work the same as for sinusoidal functions

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 514

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 23 Page 279

a) The phase shift required is 2.5 to the right.

!
Graph h = 10sin t + 12 and h = 7 to find at which t value, the height is 7 m.
15

When t = –2.5 s , the height is 7 m, so shift the graph 2.5 units to the right.

#! &
h = 10sin % (t " 2.5) ( + 12
$ 15 '

b) Another method to determine the phase shift is to solve for d when h = 7 and t = 0.
#! &
h = 10sin % (t " d) ( + 12
$ 15 '
#! &
7 = 10sin % (0 " d) ( + 12
$ 15 '
#! &
"5 = 10sin % ("d) (
$ 15 '
1 #! &
" = sin % ("d) (
2 $ 15 '
!
"0.5236 = ("d)
15
"2.5 = "d
2.5 = d

Therefore, the phase shift is 2.5 to the right.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 515

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 24 Page 279

a)

b) y = 5sin(x + 1)
y = 5 !"sin x cos1+ sin1cos x #$
y = 5cos1sin x + 5sin1cos x

Since y = a sin x + bcos x,

a sin x = 5cos1sin x bcos x = 5sin1cos x
a = 5cos1 b = 5sin1
a =& 2.7 b =& 4.2

c) a =& 2.7, b =& 4.2

d)

e)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 516

Chapter 5 Section 3 Question 25 Page 279

r = 2sin ! :

" "
a) ! step = ! step =
10 100

Smaller increments of θstep make the graph smoother and more circular.

b) i)

Ymax = 8

ii)

Ymax = 1

iii)

Ymax = 2

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 517

 iv)

Ymax = 4

v)

Ymax = 2

vi)

Ymax = 6

Chapter 5 Extension

The solutions for the Extension can be found in the Teacher’s Resource.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 518

Chapter 5 Section 4 Solve Trigonometric Equations

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 1 Page 287

1
a) sin x = b) cos x = !0.75
4 !1
1 cos (!0.75) = x
sin !1 =x x =& 2.42
4
x =& 0.25 or
or x =& 2" ! 2.42
x =& " ! 0.25 x =& 3.86
x =& 2.89 x =& 2.42 or x =& 3.86
x =& 0.25 or x =& 2.89

c) tan x = 5 d) sec x = 4
tan !1 5 = x 1
=4
x =& 1.37 cos x
or 1
cos x =
x =& " + 1.37 4
x =& 4.51 " 1 %
cos !1 $ ' = x
x =& 1.37 or x =& 4.51 # 4&
x =& 1.32
or
x =& 2( ! 1.32
x =& 4.97
x =& 1.32 or x =& 4.97

e) 3cot x = !2 f) 2csc x = !5
1 2 1 5
=! =!
tan x 3 sin x 2
3 2
tan x = ! sin x = !
2 5
!1 " 3% !1 " 2 %
tan $ ! ' = x sin $ ! ' = x
# 2& # 5&
x =& 5.30 x =& !0.41 ( x =& 5.87
or or
x =& 5.30 ! ( x =& ) + 0.41
x =& 2.16 x =& 3.55
x =& 2.16 or x =& 5.30 x =& 3.55 or x =& 5.87

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 519

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 2 Page 287

a) x =& 0.25 or x =& 2.89

b) x =& 2.42 or x =& 3.86

c) x =& 1.37 or x =& 4.51

d) x =& 1.32 or x =& 4.97

e) x =& 2.16 or x =& 5.30

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 520

f) x =& 3.55 or x =& 5.87

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 3 Page 287

3 1
a) sin x = ! b) cos x =
2 2

4! 5! ! 5!
x= or x = x= or x =
3 3 3 3

c) tan x = 1 d) cot x = !1
1
= !1
tan x
tan x = !1

! 5! 3! 7!
x= or x = x= or x =
4 4 4 4

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 521

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 4 Page 287

3
a) sin x + =0
2

b) cos x ! 0.5 = 0

c) tan x ! 1 = 0

d) cot x + 1 = 0

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 522

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 5 Page 287

4
a) sin 2 x = 0.64 b) cos 2 x =
9
sin x = ± 0.64
4
sin x = ±0.8 cos x = ±
9
2
Case 1: cos x = ±
sin x = 0.8 3
x =& 0.93 or x =& 2.21
Case 1:
2
Case 2: cos x =
sin x = !0.8 3
x =& 0.84 or x =& 5.44
x =& 5.36 or x =& 4.07
Case 2:
2
cos x = !
3
x =& 2.30 or x =& 3.98

c) tan 2 x = 1.44 d) sec 2 x = 2.5

tan x = ± 1.44 1
= 2.5
tan x = ±1.2 cos 2 x
4
cos 2 x =
Case 1: 10
tan x = 1.2 2
cos x = ±
x =& 0.88 or x =& 4.02 10

Case 2: Case 1:
tan x = !1.2 2
x =& 5.41 or x =& 2.27 cosx =
10
x =& 0.89 or x =& 5.40

Case 2:
2
cosx = !
10
x =& 2.26 or x =& 4.03

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 523

e) cot 2 x = 1.21
1
= 1.21
tan 2 x
1
tan 2 x =
1.21
1
tan x = ±
1.1
10
tan x = ±
11

Case 1:
10
tan x =
11
x =& 0.74 or x =& 3.88

Case 2:
10
tan x = !
11
x =& 5.55 or x =& 2.40

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 6 Page 287

a)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 524

b)

c)

d)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 525

e)

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 7 Page 287

1 3
a) sin 2 x = b) cos 2 x =
4 4
1 3
sin x = ± cos x = ±
2 2

Case 1: Case 1:
1 3
sinx = cos x =
2 2
! 5! ! 11!
x = or x = x= or x =
6 6 6 6
Case 2: Case 2:
1
sin x = " 3
2 cos x = "
11! 7! 2
x= or x = 5! 7!
6 6 x= or x =
6 6

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 526

c) tan 2 x = 3 d) 3csc 2 x = 4
tan x = ± 3 1 4
2
=
sin x 3
Case 1: 3
sin 2 x =
tanx = 3 4
! 4! 3
x = or x = sin x = ±
3 3 2

Case 2: Case 1:
tanx = " 3 3
sinx =
5! 2! 2
x= or x = ! 2!
3 3 x= or x =
3 3

Case 2:
3
sin x = "
2
4! 5!
x= or x =
3 3

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 8 Page 288

a)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 527

b)

c)

d)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 528

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 9 Page 288

sin 2 x ! 2sin x ! 3 = 0
(sin x ! 3)(sin x + 1) = 0

sin x = 3 or sin x = !1

Case 1: Case 2:
sin x = 3 sin x = !1
3"
x=
2

Since the maximum value possible for sin x is 1, there are no solutions.
3!
The only solution on the given domain is x = .
2

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 10 Page 288

csc 2 x ! csc x ! 2 = 0
(csc x ! 2)(csc x + 1) = 0

csc x = 2 or cscx = !1

Case 1: Case 2:
csc x = 2 csc x = !1
1
=2 sin x = !1
sin x
1 3"
sin x = x=
2 2
" 5"
x = or x =
6 6

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 11 Page 288

2sec 2 x + sec x ! 1 = 0
(2sec x ! 1)(sec x + 1) = 0

2sec x = 1 or sec x = !1

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 529

Case 1: Case 2:
2sec x = 1 sec x = !1
1
sec x = cos x = !1
2
1 1
= x="
cos x 2
cos x = 2

Since the maximum value for cos x is 1, there are no solutions.

The solution is x = π.

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 12 Page 288

tan 2 x + tan x ! 6 = 0
(tan x + 3)(tan x ! 2) = 0

tan x = !3 or tan x = 2

Case 1: Case 2:
tan x = !3 tan x = 2
x =& 1.89 or x =& 5.03 x =& 1.11 or x =& 4.25

The solution is x =& 1.11 or x =& 1.89 or x =& 4.25 or x =& 5.03.

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 13 Page 288

a) sin 2x = 0.8
2x = sin !1 (0.8)
2x =& 0.93
x =& 0.46
or
"
x =& ! 0.46
2
x =& 1.11

The solution is x =& 0.46 or x =& 1.11.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 530

b) 5sin 2x = 3
3
sin 2x =
5
" 3%
2x = sin !1 $ '
# 5&
2x =& 0.64
x =& 0.32
or
(
x =& ! 0.32
2
x =& 1.25

The solution is x =& 0.32 or x =& 1.25.

c) !4sin 2x = !3
3
sin 2x =
4
" 3%
2x = sin !1 $ '
# 4&
2x =& 0.85
x =& 0.42
or
(
x =& ! 0.42
2
x =& 1.15

The solution is x =& 0.42 or x =& 1.15.

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 14 Page 288

2 tan 2 x + 1 = 0
2 tan 2 x = !1
1
tan 2 x = !
2
1
tan x = !
2

There is no solution since there are no real roots.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 531

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 15 Page 288

3sin 2x ! 1 = 0
3sin 2x = 1
1
sin 2x =
3
" 1%
2x = sin !1 $ '
# 3&
2x =& 0.34
( 3(
x =& 0.17 or x =& ! 0.17 or x =& ( + 0.17 or x =& ! 0.17
2 2
=& 1.40 =& 3.31 =& 4.54

The solution is x =& 0.17 or x =& 1.40 or x =& 3.31 or x =& 4.54 .

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 16 Page 288

6cos 2 x + 5cos x ! 6 = 0
(2cos x + 3)(3cos x ! 2) = 0

2cos x = !3 or 3cos x = 2

Case 1: Case 2:
2cos x = !3 3cos x = 2
3 2
cos x = ! x = cos !1
2 3
x =& 0.84 or x =& 2" ! 0.84
=& 5.44

Since the minimum value for cos x is –1, there is no solution.

The solution is x =& 0.84 or x =& 5.44 .

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 17 Page 288

3csc 2 x ! 5csc x ! 2 = 0
(csc x ! 2)(3csc x + 1) = 0

csc x = 2 or 3csc x = !1

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 532

Case 1: Case 2:
csc x = 2 3csc x = !1
1 1
=2 csc x = !
sin x 3
1 1 1
sin x = =!
2 sin x 3
" 1%
x = sin !1 $ ' sin x = !3
# 2&
( 5(
x = or x =
6 6

Since the minimum value for sin x is –1, there is no solution.

! 5!
The solution is x = or x = .
6 6

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 18 Page 288

sec 2 x + sec x + 6 = 0
(sec x + 3)(sec x + 2) = 0

sec x = !3 or sec x = !2

Case 1: Case 2:
sec x = !3 sec x = !2
1 1
= !3 = !2
cos x cos x
1 1
cos x = ! cos x = !
3 2
" 1% " 1%
x = cos !1 $ ! ' x = cos !1 $ ! '
# 3& # 2&
2( 4(
x =& 1.91 x= or x =
3 3
or
x =& 2( ! 1.91
=& 4.37

2! 4!
The solution is x =& 1.91 or x =& 4.37 or x = or x = .
3 3

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 533

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 19 Page 288

2 tan 2 x ! 5tan x ! 3 = 0
(2 tan x + 1)(tan x ! 3) = 0

2 tan x = !1 or tan x = 3

Case 1: Case 2:
2 tan x = !1 tan x = 3
1
tan x = ! x = tan !1 3
2
" 1%
x = tan !1 $ ! ' x =& 1.25 or x =& 4.39
# 2&
x =& 5.82 or x =& 2.68

The solution is x =& 1.25 or x =& 2.68 or x =& 4.39 or x =& 5.82 .

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 20 Page 288

a) The left side cannot be factored since there are no two integers that have a product of –3 and a
sum of 1.

!1 ± 12 ! 4(3)(!1)
b) sin x =
2(3)
!1 ± 13
sin x =
6
sin x =& 0.43 or sin x =& !0.77
x =& 0.45 or x =& !0.88

c) x =& 0.45

x =& 2! " 0.88

=& 5.41

x =& ! " 0.45

=& 2.69

x =& ! + 0.88
=& 4.02

The solution is x =& 0.45 or x =& 2.69 or x =& 4.02 or x =& 5.41 .

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 534

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 21 Page 288

a)

b) When checking with a graphing calculator, technology allows you to check all the zeros on the
graph within the domain. The CAS gives you the solution within the interval x ! #$0, 2" %& .

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 22 Page 288

#! &
a) 10sin % (t " 7.5) ( + 12 = 20
$ 15 '
#! &
10sin % (t " 7.5) ( = 8
$ 15 '
#! & 4
sin % (t " 7.5) ( =
$ 15 ' 5
) 4, !
sin "1 + . = (t " 7.5)
* 5 - 15
! !
(t " 7.5) =& 0.93 or (t " 7.5) =& 2.21
15 15
! 7.5! ! 7.5!
t =& 0.93 + t =& 2.21+
15 15 15 15
! !
t =& 2.50 t =& 3.79
15 15
t =& 11.93 t =& 18.07

The solution is t =& 11.93 or t =& 18.07.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 535

b)

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 23 Page 288

4sin x cos 2x + 4cos x sin 2x ! 1 = 0

4sin(x + 2x) ! 1 = 0 (compound angle formula)
4sin(3x) = 1
1
sin 3x =
4
1
3x = sin !1
4
3x =& 0.25
x =& 0.08

The smallest possible solution is x =& 0.08.

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 24 Page 288

v2
r= sin 2!
g
225
20 = sin 2!
9.8
0.87 =& sin 2!
2! =& 1.06
"
! =& 0.53 or ! =& # 0.53
2
=& 1.04

The angles that the cannon can be aimed to hit the target are approximately 0.53 and 1.04.

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 25 Page 289

Solutions to the Achievement Check can be found in the Teacher’s Resource.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 536

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 26 Page 289

tan x cos 2 x ! tan x = 0

tan x(cos 2 x ! 1) = 0
tan x(cos x ! 1)(cos x + 1) = 0

tan x = 0 or cos x = 1 or cos x = !1

Case 1: Case 2: Case 3:

tan x = 0 cos x = 1 cos x = !1
x = !2" , !" , 0, " , 2" x = !2" , 0, 2" x = !" , "

The solution is x = !2" or x = !" or x = 0 or x = " or x = 2" .

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 27 Page 289

a)

By looking at the graphs, the voltage is greater than 120 V from approximately
0.002 s to 0.006 s.

t =& 0.006 ! 0.002

=& 0.004

The voltage is greater than 120 V for approximately 0.004 s.

b) No, it is not safe to use this component because the voltage is greater than 120 V for longer
than the safety limit.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 537

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 28 Page 289

cos x 1+ sin x
+ =2
1+ sin x cos x
cos 2 x (1+ sin x)2
+ =2
cos x(1+ sin x) cos x(1+ sin x)
cos 2 x + 1+ 2sin x + sin 2 x
=2
cos x(1+ sin x)
1+ 1+ 2sin x
=2 (Pythagorean Identity)
cos x(1+ sin x)
2(1+ sin x)
=2
cos x(1+ sin x)
2
=2
cos x
cos x = 1
x = !2" or x = 0 or x = 2"

Chapter 5 Section 4 Question 29 Page 289

a)

Since 2cos ! = 2cos("! ) , the function is even and thus is symmetric about the polar axis.

b) r 2 = tan !

Replace r with " r and ! with ! + # .

("r)2 = tan(! + # )
r 2 = tan ! (cofunction identity)

There is symmetry about the pole.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 538

c) r 3 sin ! = 2

Replace ! with " # ! .

r 3 sin(" # ! ) = 2
r 3 sin ! = 2 (cofunction identity)

"
There is symmetry about ! = (the y-axis).
2

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 539

Chapter 5 Section 5 Making Connections and Instantaneous
Rate of Change

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 1 Page 296

a)

b) The instantaneous rate of change appears to be 0 at x = 0 or x = ! or x = 2! .

3! !
c) The maximum value is x = and the minimum value is x = .
2 2

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 540

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 2 Page 296
a)
Angle x f(x) = cos x Instantaneous Rate of Change
0 1 0
!
0.87 –0.50
6
!
0.71 –0.71
4
!
0.50 –0.87
3
!
0 –1
2
2!
–0.50 –0.87
3
3!
–0.71 –0.71
4
5!
–0.87 –0.50
6
! –1 0
7!
–0.87 0.50
6
5!
–0.71 0.71
4
4!
–0.50 0.87
3
3!
0 1
2
5!
0.50 0.87
3
7!
0.71 0.71
4
11!
0.87 0.50
6
2! 1 0

b)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 541

c) Yes. The instantaneous rate of change of the cosine function is y = –sin x.

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 3 Page 296

30.9904 ! 31.8582
a) i) Average rate of change =
20 ! 15
!0.867812
=
5
=& !0.174

30.9904 ! 31.1823
ii) Average rate of change =
20 ! 19
!0.191876
=
1
=& !0.192

30.9904 ! 31.01
iii) Average rate of change =
20 ! 19.9
!0.019 59
=
0.1
=& !0.196

30.9904 ! 30.9923
iv) Average rate of change =
20 ! 19.99
!0.001 963
=
0.01
=& !0.196

b) The instantaneous rate of change of h at t = 20 s is about –0.196 m/s.

c) This instantaneous rate of change represents the vertical speed of the car at t = 20 s.

d) No. The graph of the sine function changes its slope continually and would not likely yield the
same value at a different value of t.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 542

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 4 Page 297

a)
Daylight in Sarnia, ON
Month Duration (decimal values)
1 9.08
2 9.95
3 11.20
4 12.73
5 14.10
6 15.13
7 15.32
8 14.52
9 13.18
10 11.75
11 10.30
12 9.25

15.32 ! 9.08
b) Amplitude, a: = 3.12
2
Period: 12
2!
k=
12
!
=
6
15.32 + 9.08
Vertical translation, c: = 12.2
2
1
Phase shift: The maximum value of the sine function occurs at of a period, or t = 3.
4
However, the maximum occurs at t = 7. The phase shift is 7 – 3, or 4 months to the right, d = 4.

#! &
( )
Equation: T = 3.12sin % m " 4 ( + 12.2
$6 '

c) The equation fits the data well.

( )
d) T =& 3.11sin "#0.51 m ! 3.63 $% + 12.14
The values for a, k, c, and d compare well with those in the model.

e) I would use a phase shift to model the data using a cosine function.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 543

f) Phase shift: The maximum value of a cosine function occurs at the beginning of the period, or
t = 0. The phase shift is 7 – 0 = 7 to the right.

#! &
( ) ( )
Equation: T = 3.12sin % m " 7 ( + 12.2 or T =& 3.11 cos "#0.51 m ! 6.71 $% + 12.14
$6 '

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 5 Page 297

#! & # #! & &

3.12sin % (4 " 4) ( + 12.2 " %3.12sin % (3.9 " 4) ( + 12.2 (
$6 ' $ $6 ' '
Average rate of change =
4 " 3.9
=& 1.63

#! & # #! & &

3.12sin % (4 " 4) ( + 12.2 " %3.12sin % (3.99 " 4) ( + 12.2 (
$6 ' $ $6 ' '
Average rate of change =
4 " 3.99
=& 1.63

The rate of change of the number of hours of daylight on April 1 is approximately 1.63 h.

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 6 Page 297

7 !1
Amplitude: a =
2
=3
Period is 2
2!
k=
2
=!
Vertical translation: 7 – 3 = 4

Equation: h = 3cos(! t) + 4

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 7 Page 297

a) The instantaneous rate of change seems to be a maximum at (1.5, 4).

3cos1.5! + 4 " (3cos1.499! + 4)

b) Average rate of change = 9.4
1.5 " 1.499

3cos1.5! + 4 " (3cos1.4999! + 4)

Average rate of change = 9.4
1.5 " 1.4999

The instantaneous rate of change at this point is approximately 9.4 m/s.

c) This instantaneous rate of change of the height represents the speed of the spring.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 544

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 8 Page 297

Answers may vary. A sample solution is provided.

Data for Port Alberni, Friday July 11, 2008

a) Times and Heights for High and Low Tides

Time (PDT) Height (m) Time (PDT) Height (m)
00:00 1.4 12:00 1.5
01:00 1.1 13:00 1.4
02:00 1.0 14:00 1.4
03:00 1.0 15:00 1.6
04:00 1.2 16:00 1.8
05:00 1.5 17:00 2.2
06:00 1.8 18:00 2.5
07:00 2.0 19:00 2.7
08:00 2.1 20:00 2.8
09:00 2.0 21:00 2.8
10.00 1.9 22:00 2.5
11:00 1.7 23:00 2.1

b)

(x ! [0, 23], y ! [0, 3], Yscl = 0.1)

c)

y =& 0.41sin(0.55x – 2.43) + 1.81

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 545

d)

e) The equation obtained by performing a sinusoidal regression on the data is an approximation of

a symmetrical sinusoidal function that best models the tide height data.

My equation is a model for only part of the graph. My equation models the average of the
height data. My equation is not the best model.

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 9 Page 298

Answers may vary.

a) Point selected from the data in question 8 is (02:00, 1.0).

b) y =& 0.41sin(0.55x – 2.43) + 1.81

h2 ! h1
Average rate of change =
t2 ! t1
[0.41sin(0.55(2) – 2.43) + 1.81] ! [0.41sin(0.55(1.99) – 2.43) + 1.81]
=
2 – 1.99
1.42 – 1.41
=&
0.01
=& 1

The instantaneous rate of change at 02:00 is 1 m/h.

c) The instantaneous rate of change in the water level at 02:00 represents the vertical speed of the
tide at t = 02:00 h.

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 10 Page 298

4+4
a) Amplitude: a =
2
=4
2
Period is
5

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 546

 2!
k=
2
5
= 5!

b) Equation: d = 4sin5! t

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 11 Page 298

a) It is the graph of y = x 2 reflected in the x-axis and shifted up 8 units.

Equation: y = !x 2 + 8

6!2
b) Amplitude: a =
2
=2
Period is 4
2!
k=
4
!
=
2
Vertical translation: c = 6 ! 2
=4

"! %
Equation: y = 2sin $ x' + 4
#2 &

c) The models are a good fit.

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 12 Page 298

!(2)2 + 8 ! "# !(1.999)2 + 8 $%

a) Average rate of change =
2 ! 1.999
=& !4

The instantaneous rate of change at x = 2 is approximately –4.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 547

 "! % " "! % %
2sin $ (2) ' + 4 ( $ 2sin $ (1.999) ' + 4 '
#2 & # #2 & &
b) Average rate of change =
2 ( 1.999
=& (3.14

The instantaneous rate of change at x = 2 is approximately –3.14.

c) The answers in parts a) and b) are different.

d) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

If the instantaneous rate is considerably different, the cars may fall off the track.

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 13 Page 298

Answers may vary.

b) The data selected is Internal Travellers to Canada, Years: 1999 to 2005, Table 387-0004.
Travellers from the United States who stayed overnight in Canada. Unadjusted figures are
shown.

Year Number of Visitors

1996 12 909 000
1997 13 401 000
1998 14 892 000
1999 15 180 000
2000 15 189 000
2001 15 570 000
2002 16 167 000
2003 14 232 000
2004 15 088 000
2005 14 390 000

c)

(x ! [0, 9], y ! [10 000, 17 000], Yscl = 500)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 548

d)

y =& 1080.75sin(1.42x – 1.46) + 14 718.41

e)

f) The equation obtained by performing a sinusoidal regression on the data is an approximation of

a symmetrical sinusoidal function that best models the number of travellers data.

My equation models the average of the number of travellers data. My equation is not a very
good model.

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 14 Page 298

Answers may vary.

a) Point selected from the data in question 13 is (2000, 15 189 000).

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 549

b) y =& 1080.75sin(1.42x – 1.46) + 14 718.41

Average rate of change

h !h
= 2 1
t2 ! t1
[1080.75sin(1.42(2000) – 1.46) + 14 718.41] ! [1080.75sin(1.42(1999) – 1.46) + 14 718.41]
=
2000 – 1999
13 644.32 – 14 438.66
=&
1
=& –794.34

The instantaneous rate of change at year 2000 is –794 340 travellers/year.

c) The instantaneous rate of change in the number of travellers at year 2000 represents the vertical
speed of the change in the number of travellers to Canada. This represents a rate of decline.

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 15 Page 299

Solutions to the Achievement Check can be found in the Teacher’s Resource.

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 16 Page 299

a)

b) No, it is not a function because it does not pass the vertical line test.
# " "&
In order for it to be a function, restrict the range to the interval % ! , ( .
$ 2 2'

c) When x = 0, the instantaneous rate of change appears to be at a maximum.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 550

 sin !1 0 ! sin !1 0.001
d) Average rate of change =
0 ! 0.001
=1

The instantaneous rate of change at x = 0 is 1.

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 17 Page 299

a)

b) The instantaneous rate of change does not appear to equal 0 at any value of x.
There is no maximum or minimum value.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 551

c)
Angle x f(x) = tan x Instantaneous Rate of Change
0 0 1
!
0.58 1.33
6
!
1 2
4
!
1.73 4
3
!
undefined undefined
2
2!
–1.73 4
3
3!
–1 2
4
5!
–0.58 1.33
6
! 0 1
7!
0.58 1.33
6
5!
1 2
4
4!
1.73 4
3
3!
undefined undefined
2
5!
–1.73 4
3
7!
–1 2
4
11!
–0.58 1.33
6
2! 0 1

d)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 552

e) Answers may vary. For example, the instantaneous rate of change follows the same pattern as
y = sec 2 x .

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 18 Page 299

a)

! 3!
b) The rate of change appears to be zero when x = , . There are no maximum or minimum
2 2
values.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 553

c)
Angle x f(x) = csc x Instantaneous Rate of Change
0 undefined undefined
!
2 –3.46
6
!
1.41 –1.41
4
!
1.15 –0.67
3
!
1 0
2
2!
1.15 0.67
3
3!
1.41 1.41
4
5!
2 3.46
6
! undefined undefined
7!
–2 3.46
6
5!
–1.41 1.41
4
4!
–1.15 0.67
3
3!
–1 0
2
5!
–1.15 –0.67
3
7!
–1.41 –1.41
4
11!
–2 –3.46
6
2! undefined undefined

d)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 554

 cot x
e) Answers may vary. For example, the pattern that is formed is the same as y = ! .
sin x

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 19 Page 299

2
! w2 + 1 $
# & =3
" w %
w4 + 2w2 + 1
=3
w2
1
w2 + 2 + 2 = 3
w
2 1
w + 2 = 3' 2
w
2 1
w + 2 =1
w

The value is 1.

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 20 Page 299

a) sin(P + Q) = sin P cos Q + sin Q + cos P

(3sin P + 4cos Q)2 = 62

9sin 2 P + 24sin P cos Q+ 16cos 2 Q = 36 

(4sin Q + 3cos P)2 = 12

16sin 2 Q + 24sin Q cos P + 9cos 2 P = 1 

9sin 2 P + 24sin P cos Q + 16cos 2 Q + 16sin 2 Q + 24sin Q cos P + 9cos 2 P = 36 + 1 +

2 2 2 2
9(sin P + cos P) + 16(sin Q + cos Q) + 24(sin P cos Q + sin Q cos P) = 37
9 + 16 + 24sin(P + Q) = 37
24sin(P + Q) = 12
1
sin(P + Q) =
2

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 555

b) sin(P + Q) = sin(! " R)
= sin R (cofunction identity)
1
sin R =
2
!
#R =
6

Chapter 5 Section 5 Question 21 Page 299

r cos ! = x r sin ! = y
x y
cos ! = sin ! =
r r

r = a sin ! + bcos !
ax by
r= +
r r
2
r = ax + by

x 2 + y 2 = ax + by (r 2 = x 2 + y 2 )
x 2 ! ax + y 2 ! by = 0
" 2 a2 % a2 " 2 b2 % b2
$ x ! ax + ! + y ! by + ! =0 (complete the square)
# 4 '& 4 $# 4 '& 4
2 2
" a% " b% a 2 + b2
$# x ! + y ! =
2 '& $# 2 '& 4

2 2
" b% " a% a 2 + b2
$# x ! + y ! = is a circle.
2 '& $# 2 '& 4

" b a% a 2 + b2
The centre is $ , ' and the radius is .
# 2 2& 2

! b a$
Therefore, r = a sin ! + bcos ! is a circle with centre # , & .
" 2 2%

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 556

Chapter 5 Review

Chapter 5 Review Question 1 Page 300

6!2
a) Amplitude: a =
2
=2

6+2
b) Vertical translation: c =
2
=4

Chapter 5 Review Question 2 Page 300

2! 2
k= =
3! 3

(2 " !%+
Equation: y = cos * $ x + ' -
)3# 3&,

Chapter 5 Review Question 3 Page 300

10
a) Amplitude: a =
2
=5
1
Period is
30
2!
k=
1
30
= 60!

Equation: y = 5sin 60! t

b) No, a phase shift of the period can generate another possible equation.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 557

Chapter 5 Review Question 4 Page 300

csc x = 4
1
=4
sin x
1
sin x =
4
x =& 0.25 or x =& ! " 0.25
x =& 2.89

The solution is x =& 0.25 or x =& 2.89 .

Chapter 5 Review Question 5 Page 300

a) The secant function is a reciprocal of the cosine function and cos !1 is the opposite operation
of cosine.

! 1 $
b) sec # =& 1.32
" 2 &%

" 1 % (
cos !1 $ =
# 2 '& 4

Chapter 5 Review Question 6 Page 300

s
a) cot x =
12
s = 12cot x

b)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 558

c) As x approaches 0, s approaches infinity. This means that the angle of elevation of the Sun
!
approaches the horizon so the length of the shadow approaches infinity. As x approaches ,
2
s approaches 0. This means that the angle of elevation of the Sun approaches an overhead
location so the length of the shadow approaches 0.

Chapter 5 Review Question 7 Page 300

2+4
a) Amplitude: a =
2
=3
Vertical translation: c = 2 – 3
= –1
Period is 2
2!
k=
2
=!
Phase shift: The maximum of a cosine function occurs at the beginning of the period. For this
function it occurs at x = 1, so the phase shift is 1 unit to the right, d = 1.

( )
b) Equation: y = 3cos #$! x " 1 %& " 1

c)

d) Answers may vary. For example, they match for all values of x.

Chapter 5 Review Question 8 Page 300

a) The amplitude is 3.
2!
b) The period is =2
!
c) The phase shift is 4 rad left.

d) The vertical translation is 1 unit down.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 559

e) All the characteristics are met.

Chapter 5 Review Question 9 Page 300

1
a) cos x =
4
x =& 1.32 or x =& 2! " 1.32
=& 4.97

So, x =& 1.32 or x =& 4.97.

b) sin x = 0.6
x =& 0.64 or x =& ! " 0.64
=& 2.50

So, x =& 0.64 or x =& 2.50.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 560

c) cot x = 2
1
=2
tan x
1
tan x =
2
x =& 0.46 or x =& ! + 0.46
=& 3.61

So, x =& 0.46 or x =& 3.61.

d) 4sec x = !3
3
sec x = !
4
1 3
=!
cos x 4
4
cos x = !
3

There is no solution.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 561

Chapter 5 Review Question 10 Page 300

a) (2sin x ! 1)(sin x + 1) = 0

2sin x = 1 or sin x = !1

Case 1: Case 2:
2sin x = 1 sin x = !1
1 3"
sin x = x=
2 2
" 5"
x= or x=
6 6

! 5! 3!
x= or x = or x =
6 6 2

b)

Chapter 5 Review Question 11 Page 301

3
cos 2 x =
4
3
cos x = ±
2

! 5! 7! 11!
x= or x = or x = or x =
6 6 6 6

Chapter 5 Review Question 12 Page 301

1.8
a) a =
2
= 0.9
2!
k=
4
!
=
2

"! %
Equation: y = 0.9sin $ t '
#2 &

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 562

b)

t =& 0.37 or t =& 1.63

The boat is 0.5 m above ground at approximately 0.37 s and 1.63 s.

Chapter 5 Review Question 13 Page 301

The instantaneous rate of change is equal to 0 at t = 1 and t = 3 .

The maximum instantaneous rate of change occurs at t = 0 and t = 4 .

Chapter 5 Review Question 14 Page 301

a)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 563

 261! 209
b) Amplitude: a =
2
= 26
Period: 8
2!
k=
8
!
=
4
Vertical translation: c = 261! 26
= 235
1 1
Phase shift: The maximum of the sine function occurs at of the period. of 8 is 2. The
4 4
maximum for this function occurs at 3, so the phase shift is 1 unit to the right. d = 1.

#! &
Equation: y = 26sin % (x " 1) ( + 235
$4 '

c) The equation fits the data reasonably well.

d) Using sinusoidal regression, an equation that better fits the data is

( )
y =& 22.68 sin "#0.83 x ! 0.96 $% + 230.61 .

e) Answers may vary.

Chapter Problem Wrap Up

Solutions for the Chapter Problem Wrap-Up can be found in the Teacher’s Resource.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 564

Chapter 5 Practice Test

Chapter 5 Practice Test Question 1 Page 302

The correct solution is B.

Since the maximum of y = cos x is 1 and this function is vertically transformed 2 units down, the
maximum is 1 – 2 = –1.

Chapter 5 Practice Test Question 2 Page 302

The correct solution is C.

8+ 2
a= c = 8!5
2 =3
=5

Chapter 5 Practice Test Question 3 Page 302

The correct solution is C.

2! 2
period: =
3! 3

Chapter 5 Practice Test Question 4 Page 302

The correct solution is A.

# " & "

3cos % 2(x ! ) ( ; d =
$ 4 ' 4

Chapter 5 Practice Test Question 5 Page 302

The correct solution is D.

y = tan x y = sec x

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 565

Chapter 5 Practice Test Question 6 Page 302

The correct solution is C.

! 3!
x= and x =
2 2

Chapter 5 Practice Test Question 7 Page 302

The correct solution is A.

1 3!
sin x = ; x=
2 4

Chapter 5 Practice Test Question 8 Page 302

a) The cosecant function is a reciprocal of the sine function and sin !1 is the opposite operation of
sine.
! 3$ " 3% (
b) csc # & =& 1.31 sin !1 $ '=
" 2 % # 2 & 3

Chapter 5 Practice Test Question 9 Page 302

l
a) csc x =
4
l = 4csc x

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 566

b)

c) As x approaches 0, t approaches infinity. This means that the angle of inclination of the wire
!
approaches horizontal and so the length of the wire approaches infinity. As x approaches ,
2
t approaches 4. This means that the angle of inclination of the wire approaches vertical and the
length of the wire approaches 4 m.

Chapter 5 Practice Test Question 10 Page 302

a) Amplitude: a = 2

2! !
b) Period: =
4 2
!2" 2!
c) d = ; The phase shift is rad to the left.
3 3

d) c = –3; The vertical translation is 3 units down.

e) The graph satisfies all the given parameters.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 567

Chapter 5 Practice Test Question 11 Page 303

3+1
a) a =
2
=2
c = 3! 2
=1
2!
k=
4
!
=
2
d=1

#! &
(
Equation: y = 2cos % x " 1 )( + 1
$2 '

b) The graph satisfies all the properties given.

Chapter 5 Practice Test Question 12 Page 303

4+2
a) a = 2
=3
c = 4!3
=1
2!
k=
!
=2
5"
d=!
6
( " 5! % +
Equation: y = 3sin * 2 $ x + ' - + 1
) # 6 &,

b) The graph satisfies all the given properties.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 568

Chapter 5 Practice Test Question 13 Page 303

cos 2 x = 0.49
cos x = ±0.7

Case 1: Case 2:
cos x = 0.7 cos x = !0.7
x =& 0.8 or x =& 2" ! 0.8 x =& 2.35 or x =& 2" ! 2.35
=& 5.49 =& 3.94

x =& 0.8 or x =& 2.35 or x =& 3.94 or x =& 5.49

Chapter 5 Practice Test Question 14 Page 303

(2sin x ! 1)(sin x ! 1) = 0

2sin x = 1 or sin x = 1

Case 1: Case 2:
2sin x = 1 sin x = 1
1 !
sin x = x=
2 2
! 5!
x= or x=
6 6

! ! 5!
x= or x = or x =
6 2 6

Chapter 5 Practice Test Question 15 Page 303

a)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 569

 21.9 + 4.8
b) Amplitude, a: = 13.35
2
Period: 12
2!
k=
12
!
=
6
Vertical translation, c: 21.9 – 13.35 = 8.55
1 1
Phase shift: The maximum value of a sine function occurs at of a period, of 12 is 3.
4 4
The maximum of this function occurs at 7. The phase shift is 7 – 3 = 4 to the right; d = 4.

#! &
(
Equation: y = 13.35sin % x " 4 )( + 8.55
$6 '

c) The model appears to fit the data well.

Chapter 5 Practice Test Question 16 Page 303

a), b)
Phases of the Moon 2007
Date
Phase
(days from beginning of
(percent illumination)
year)
3 100
11 50
19 0
25 50
33 100
41 50
48 0
55 50
62 100
71 50
78 0
84 50
92 100
100 50
107 0
114 50

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 570

 100 ! 0
c) Amplitude, a: = 50
2
Period: 30
2!
k=
30
!
=
15
Vertical translation, c: 100 – 50 = 50
1 1
Phase shift: the maximum value of a sine function occurs at of a period, of 30 is 7.5. The
4 4
maximum for this function occurs at 3, so the phase shift is 7.5 – 3 = 4.5; d = 4.5.
"! %
Equation: y = 50sin $ ( )
x + 4.5 ' + 50
# 15 &

d)

e) Using sinusoidal regression, the equation is y =& 49.75sin !"0.21(x + 4) #$ + 52.74 . The values of
a, k, c, and d compare well with the model.

f)

Chapter 5 Practice Test Question 17 Page 303

a) Answers may vary. Sample Answer: Using your model, first find the average rate of change of
the percent of illumination, then estimate the instantaneous rate of change.

"! % "! %
50sin $ (25 + 4.5) ' ( 50sin $ (24.999 + 4.5'
b) Average rate of change = # 15 & # 15 &
25 ( 24.999
=& 10.4
The instantaneous rate of change on January 25 is approximately 10.4% per day.

c) This instantaneous rate of change represents the percent change in illumination of the moon
on January 25.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 571

Chapters 4 and 5 Review

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 1 Page 304

" 5"
a) 100° ! =
180° 9

7! 180°
b) " = 105°
12 !

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 2 Page 304

a
!=
r
60
=
20
=3
The sector angle is 3 radians.

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 3 Page 304

1 " 1 % 3+ 2
!$! '=
2 # 3& 6

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 572

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 4 Page 304

! 25 ! 25
tan = tan =
6 AC 4 BC
25 25
AC = ! BC =
! !
tan tan
6 4
25 25
AC = ! BC =
1 1
3
AC = 25 3 BC = 25
AB = AC " BC
= 25 3 " 25
= 25( 3 " 1)

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 5 Page 304

29! !
Since lies in the second quadrant, it can be expressed as a sum of and an angle a.
30 2
! 29!
a+ =
2 30
29! !
a= "
30 2
29! 15!
a= "
30 30
14!
a=
30
7!
a=
15
Now apply a trigonometric identity.
29! " 7! ! %
sin = sin $ +
30 # 15 2 '&
7!
= cos
15
=& 0.1045

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 573

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 6 Page 304

Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

!
y=
8

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 7 Page 304

x 2 = 132 ! 12 2 y2 = 52 ! 4 2
x 2 = 169 ! 144 y 2 = 25 ! 16
x 2 = 25 y2 = 9
x=5 y=3

13
12
4
a b
5 3
5

5 3
cos a = ! sin b = !
13 5
sin(a + b) = sin a cos b + sin b cos a
" 12 % " 4 % " 3 % " 5 %
= $ ' $! ' +$! ' $! '
# 13 & # 5 & # 5 & # 13 &
48 15
=! +
65 65
33
=!
65

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 574

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 8 Page 304

5m
x
2c
5m
y
c

x y
sin 2c = sin c =
5 5
x = 5 sin 2c y = 5 sin c
x = 5(2 sin c cos c) !!! double angle formula
x + y = 5(2 sin c cos c) + 5 sin c
= 5 sin c(2 cos c + 1)

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 9 Page 304

sin 2 x
a) + sin 2 x = tan 2 x
cot 2 x

sin 2 x
b) L.S. = + sin 2 x
cot 2 x
= sin 2 x tan 2 x + sin 2 x reciprocal identity
! sin x $
2
2 ! cos x $
2
= sin 2 x # + sin x quotient identity
" cos 2 x &% #" cos 2 x &%

sin 2 x(sin 2 x + cos 2 x)

=
cos 2 x
sin 2 x(1)
= Pythagorean identity
cos 2 x
= tan 2 x quotient identity
R.S. = tan x2

sin 2 x
Since L.S. = R.S., + sin 2 x = tan 2 x is an identity.
cot 2 x

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 575

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 10 Page 304

sin 2x
L.S. =
sec x
2 sin x cos x
= double angle formula and reciprocal identity
1
cos x
= 2 sin x cos 2 x
2 cos 2 x
R.S. =
csc x
2 cos 2 x
= reciprocal identity
1
sin x
= 2 cos 2 x sin x
sin 2x 2 cos 2 x
Since L.S. = R.S., = is an identity.
sec x csc x

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 11 Page 304

L.S. = sin(x + y)cos(x ! y)

= [ sin x cos y + sin y cos x ][ cos x cos y + sin x sin y ]
= sin x cos x cos 2 y + sin y cos y sin 2 x + sin y cos y cos 2 x + sin x cos x sin 2 y
= sin x cos x(cos 2 y + sin 2 y) + sin y cos y(sin 2 x + cos 2 x)
= sin x cos x + sin y cos y Pythagorean identity
sin x cos y
R.S. = +
sec x csc y
sin x cos y
= + reciprocal identities
1 1
cos x sin y
= sin x cos x + cos y sin y
sin x cos y
Since L.S. = R.S., sin(x + y)cos(x ! y) = + is an identity.
sec x csc y

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 576

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 12 Page 304

! # !&
period = "%" (
3 $ 4'
a)
! !
= +
3 4
4! 3!
= +
12 12
7!
=
12

"
b) The function y = sin x begins the period at x = 0. This sine function starts at ! , so the phase
4
! "
shift is to the left. d = !
4 4

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 13 Page 304

12
a) a =
2
=6

1
b) period is s
100

2!
c) k=
1
100
= 200!

d) c = 6 – 0; y = 6 cos 200πx + 6

e)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 577

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 14 Page 304

a) a = 3

2! !
b) The period is = .
4 2

! !
c) d = ; radians to the right
4 4

d) c = 2; vertical shift of 2 upwards

e)

The graph satisfies the characteristics expected.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 578

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 15 Page 305

d
a) csc x =
500
d = 500 csc x

b) 0 ! d ! 250 13 ; Contestants have a choice not to go cross country so the lower limit is 0.
The upper limit is when d = AC.

AC2 = 750 2 + 500 2

AC2 = 562!500 + 250!000
AC2 = 812!500
AC = 812!500
AC = 250 13

c) Total time on pavement:

d
t=
v
(750 + 500)
=
10
1250
=
10
= 125

Total time cross country:

d
t=
v
(250 13)
=
6
=& 150!s

749 m on pavement the rest cross country:

d 2 = 500 2 + 12
d 2 = 250!000 + 1
d 2 = 250!001
d = 500.001
749 500.001
+ =& 158
10 6

The total time will be a minimum when the contestant stays on the pavement.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 579

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 16 Page 305

2!
a) k=
!
=2
y = 3sin [ 2(x " d)] + 1
) #! &,
1 = 3sin + 2 % " d ( . + 1
* 3 $ '-
) #! &,
1 " 1 = 3sin + 2 % " d ( .
* $3 '-
) #! &,
0 = sin + 2 % " d ( .
* $ 3 '-
) #! &,
sin "1 0 = + 2 % " d ( .
* 3 $ '-
) ! ,
0 = + 2( " d) .
* 3 -
#! &
0 = % " d(
$3 '
!
d=
3

!
The phase shift is radians to the right.
3

b)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 580

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 17 Page 305

120
a=
a) 2
= 60
2!
period is 5s; k =
5
2! t
h(t) = 60 sin
5

b)

2! 2!
c) Increasing the speed to a cycle in 3 s changes the value of k from to , making the
5 3
2! t
equation h(t) = 60 sin .
3

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 581

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 18 Page 305

a) sec x = 5
1
=5
cos x
1
cos x =
5
" 1%
x = cos !1 $ '
# 5&
x =& 1.37
or
x =& 2( ! 1.37
x =& 4.91
x =& 1.37 or x =& 4.91

b) (3 sin x – 1)(4 sin x + 1) = 0

3 sin x = 1 or 4 sin x = –1

Case 1: Case 2:
3sin x = 1 4 sin x = !1
1 1
sin x = sin x = !
3 4
x =& 0.34 x =& 2" ! 0.25
or x =& 6.03
x =& ! " 0.34 or
x =& 2.80 x =& " + 0.25
x =& 3.39

x =& 0.34 or x =& 2.80 or x =& 3.39 or x =& 6.03

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 582

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 19 Page 305

a)

b)

The demand in 1990 was approximately 7134 cones.

c)

The average demand for ice-cream cones is 6300 cones.

2!
d) period = , which is approximately 8.7
0.72
The period of the model is approximately 8.7 years.

e) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

The model forecasts a peak demand in approximately Oct 1991 and June 2000.

f) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

The temperature follows the same trend.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 583

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 20 Page 305

30 ! 10
a) a = or 10; c = 30 – 10 or 20
2
2! !
period is 24 hours; k = !or!
24 12
1 1
The maximum of y = sin x occurs at of a period, of 24 is 6. The maximum of this
4 4
function occurs at 18, d = 12 (since d = 18 – 6), so the phase shift is 12 units to the right.
#! &
C(t) = 10 sin % (t " 12) ( + 20
$ 12 '
b)

Chapters 4 and 5 Review Question 21 Page 305

a) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

The first point on the graph where the instantaneous rate of change is a maximum is at t = 12.

b)
#! & # #! & &
10 sin % (12 " 12) ( + 20 " %10 sin % (11.999 " 12) ( + 20 (
$ 12 ' $ $ 12 ' '
Average rate of change =
12 " 11.999
=& 2.6
The instantaneous rate of change at this point is approximately 2.6 ppm/h.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 584