In Academic

Affiliation with

Project Report
Hospital Management System

BSc (Hons) Computer Science

Gulf College
Franchise of Staffordshire University

A project submitted in partial fulfillment of the award of the degree of

BSc (Hons) Computer Science from Staffordshire University

Supervised by: Ms. Sally

Submitted by:

Mohammed Rashid Said Al Adawi ID(3472)

 Hospital Management System
July 2010

Message of Thanks & Appreciation

At the outset, the graduation project I would like to thank Dr. Sally to accept supervision
of a graduation project, which was a great role in guiding to selection of the project subject.
And also thank to the academics at the College for their great efforts in studying and which
we have reflected a significant positive.

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 Table of Contents:
Abstract …………………………………………………….……….…..…3
1. ( CHAPTER 1 ) INTRODOCTION:…………..………..…………..……4
1.1. Introduction …………………………………………………..……...…5
1.2. Project Background ……………………………………….…………....6
1.3.Project Objectives ………………………………………………...….....7
2. ( CHAPTER 2 ) PROJECT DELIVERABLES: ……………...………….8
2.1.Research ………………………………..…………………………..….9
2.2.Analysis………………………………………………………………..11
2.3. Design …………………………………………..……………….…...12
2.4.Implementation ……………………………………………………….13
2.5.Testing & Evaluation……………………………………………..…...14
2.6.Project Management ……………………………………….………....16
2.7.Software Deliverable ……………..………………….………………..17
3. ( CHAPTER 3 ) RESEARCH:……………………………………………18
3.1.Research on Similar projects:……………………………………...….19
3.1.1. Muscat Muscat Private Hospital …………………………….......19
3.1.2. Royal Hosptail…………... ……………….…………………...…22
3.2. Research on Software Development Tools:…………….. ………....…24
3.2.1. Research on Java …………………………….………………….24
3.2.2. Research on C++……………………………………….........…..28
3.2.3. Research on ASP.Net ……………………………...….………...31
3.3. Research on Database Tools: ………………………………………....34
3.3.1. Research on Microsoft Access ………………………...……..….34
3.3.2. Research on Oracle…………………………………………….…36
3.3.3. Research on SQL Server ……………………………..……….…38
3.4.Research on Methodologies: …………………………….………..…..39
3.4.1. Research on waterfall ……………………………….………......39
3.4.2. Research on Spiral Modal …………………………………...…41
3.4.3. Research on incremental ………………….…………..….....….43
3.4.4. Research on RAD Modal …………………………………......…45
References ………………………………………...………………..…..…..47
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Abstract

The project will develop an electronic system to facilitate the work in the Blue Medical
Center, through the addition of all the key data contained in the patient's file, as well as all
the data for inclusion specialist clinics and doctors at the clinics.

Plan graduation project include construction of an electronic system easy to work in

hospital management system , so as to improve the quality of work and data transfer for
patients and the transfer of patients from the reception room and reveal to the rest of the
departments and specialized clinics in the hospital electronically by the system and shows
the name of the patient directly to the system sequentially in the clinic or section converter
to the patient without the need to wait.

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Chapter
One

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1. Project Introduction:

1.1. Introduction:
Project Graduation is the practical application of scientific and what I have learned in
previous years in this project. Then I will develop an integrated system to solve the
problem found in one of the health centers in the Sultanate of Oman, Blue Medical
Center. Where I'm going to are developing an integrated system to improve and
develop work in a medical center by providing a flexible system status and easy to
deal with it. This system is designed to create an environment of the organization
through rapid completion of work and the application of quality in work.

In this project I will make an interview with the owner if Blue Medical Center to
identify difficulties experienced by workers in the medical center and to propose
solutions that help them cope with the difficulties with the most modern methods. As I
will sit down with administrative staff and doctors to identify the difficulties and
discussed.

After the primary data I will design an integrated electronic system to solve the
problems and difficulties faced by the medical center. The system will contain the raw
data of staff and patient information and auditors through a system easy and
comfortable makes it easier to organize and save files for patients and visitors without
the need to waste time and quick manner.

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1.2. Project Background:

As is well known that the healthcare is a vital field that concerns every citizen and
community. Accordingly, governments care for this field in order to preserve their
valuable human resources. Governments achieve this goal by dedicating a big share of
their financial resources, employing scientific potentialities, and utilizing
technologies. Developing countries face challenges to balance healthcare costs with
quality. Based on this fact, this workshop will focus on two themes that are affordable
and applicable to enable governments to stand for such challenges. These two themes
are: hospital automation and telemedicine. Arabian cases studies will be presented to
shed highlights on the advantages of utilizing such systems from financial and service
quality perspectives.

That the main thing that we need to focuses on the hospital managements and
performance benchmarking methods. This dimension can be achieved by applying
managerial and performance indicators. Information management system ensures the
integrity and validity of the applied managerial practices. It provides better
management for assets, patient’s records, human resources. Such a system maximizes
healthcare quality and minimizes operations costs and efforts. Performance
benchmarking framework doesn’t only monitor of the performance of each hospital
activity against preset targets, but also provides proactive alerts for decision makers to
deal with any low performing unit.

Organize medical work in a positive and high quality as the service at the highest
levels and ongoing evaluation of services and systems, electronics and the possibility
of amendment of the systems used in the management of hospitals and the Centre for
Health has become necessary too, because science and technology are always in
progress.

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1.3. Project Objectives:

In the development of an electronic system, there should be goals and objectives that
would be our target:

 Transfer of management within the Medical Center from traditional management to

electronic management as transfer from one place to another within the same
medical center is through the electronic system without the need for paper
transactions, which provides time and effort.
 Registration of basic data and medical data of patients in all medical visits lead to
the formation of the entire history of patients can be referred.
 Easy and accurate access to administrative statistics of interest to the decision
maker medical center such as the number of visitors to the clinics.
 Easy and accurate access to medical statistics linking medical data needed by
different doctors.
 Easy to print out reports for the manage or patient or other needed poorhouses.

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Chapter
Two

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2. Project Deliverables:
Graduation project has five main components before moving on to the stage of the
actual design of the electronic system are as follows:
2.1. Research.
2.2. Analysis.
2.3. Design.
2.4. Implementation and Testing.
2.5. Critical Evaluation.
2.6. Project Management.
2.7. Software Deliverables.

2.1. Research:
In this part of the research will include the following:
2.1.1. Research Definition.
2.1.2. Research strategy.

2.1.1. Research Definition:

Research is any original and systematic investigation undertaken in order to increase
knowledge and understanding and to establish facts and principles. It comprises the
creation of ideas and generation of knowledge that lead to new and substantial
improved insights and the development of new materials, devices, products and
processes. It should have the potential to produce results that are sufficiently relevant
to increase knowledge. Good reflective inquiry produces theories and hypotheses and
benefits any intellectual attempt to analyze facts and phenomena. This search for
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individual facts or data requires an open or ended question for which there is no ready
answer. Data are gathered through experiments, surveys and other methodologies.[1]
From my point of view research is used in applied fields of study to research as the
process of creating new knowledge and unique to the specific field of application of
the study. And research takes the form of a systematic investigation in the phenomena
of interest to the field of study using a combination of quantitative and qualitative
methods. This is to reflect the dynamic interaction between theory and practice in the
profession of the study. In this investigation is to develop new understandings and to
explore practices with respect to peer review of concepts, principles and theories.
Then maintaining competence, practice and advancement of knowledge and practice
are essential components of research.

2.1.2. Research strategy :

The strategy of my graduation project depends on the main steps which provide us
from the Gulf College. And I will do my best in order to be the a strategic clear based
on the fundamentals right.
Also in my graduation project which I do with construction in accordance with the
main components approved by the college system is an electronic gate to a medical
center based on modern technology in the process of organizing work in the Medical
Center administration and administrator files.

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2.2.Analysis:
Analysis The process of evaluating data using analytical and logical reasoning to
examine each component of the data provided. This form of analysis is just one of the
many steps that must be completed when conducting a research experiment. Data from
various sources is gathered, reviewed, and then analyzed to form some sort of finding
or conclusion. [2]
Analysis is most important part of the systems development is the requirements
determination. It is the part of the systems analysis and design where the systems
development the information from the users to know the current system and its
problems or opportunities for improvement.[3]

The most important thing when I developing and search about information about my
subject project should be know of the different of the techniques and methods of
eliciting information from the users to get all the necessary data that I use to build a
good information system. As developers, should use a variety of techniques such as
interviews and observation and other techniques. It is also necessary information form
existing written documents.
After that is the process of collecting data and basic information comes important
process to reach positive results, a process analysis. The process of analysis here gives
you the factual findings and proven in the research topic.

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2.3.Design:
Design research investigates the process of designing in all its many fields. It is thus
related to Design methods in general or for particular disciplines. A primary
interpretation of design research is that it is concerned with undertaking research into
the design process. Secondary interpretations would refer to undertaking research
within the process of design. The overall intention is to better understand and to
improve the design processes. [4]
As for the design steps in the graduation project will be after a process of analysis of
the information i had collected. The design phase of the most important stage because
it comes to best idea and solutions that i its conclusion through the analysis.

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2.4. Implementation:
Implementation is carrying out or physical realization of something. The phrase there
are various implementations of the protocol" means that there are several software
products that execute that protocol. A computer system implementation would be the
installation of new hardware and system software. An information system
implementation would be the installation of new databases and application programs, and
the adoption of new manual procedures.[5]

Also it is the scientific study of methods to promote the uptake of research findings.
Often research projects focus on small scale pilot studies or laboratory based
experiments, and assume that findings can be generalized to roll out into a practice based
domain with few changes. Implementation research explores the challenges that are faced
when generalizing research findings in the real world', for example in the fields of
healthcare or school based education.[6]

Implementation in the graduation project Hospital Management System comes after the
completion of the analysis and design. And it is an important stage where the final
implementation of the electronic system through the clear idea of the project against us,
then to the stage of experiment, Testing, measurement and evaluation of the system.

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2.5.Testing and Evaluation:

This section contains an important part in the process of setting up research projects
and graduation is:

 Test.
 Evaluation.
Then I will give an overview of the concept of each and every one of them and then
talking about the test and evaluation in the graduation project.

 Testing:
Testing is finding out how well something works. In terms of human beings,
testing tells what level of knowledge or skill has been acquired. In computer
hardware and software development, testing is used at key checkpoints in the
overall process to determine whether objectives are being met. For example, in
software development, product objectives are sometimes tested by product user
representatives. When the design is complete, coding follows and the finished
code is then tested at the unit or module level by each programmer; at the
component level by the group of programmers involved; and at the system level
when all components are combined together. At early or late stages, a product or
service may also be tested for usability. [7]

 Evaluation:

Evaluation is a methodological area that is closely related to, but distinguishable

from more new computer research. Evaluation utilizes many of the same
methodologies used in new computer research,, But because the assessment
taking place within the electronic system, it requires the skills of the group, and
the ability to manage and ingenuity in the application, and required to achieve

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many of the stakeholders and other skills that information system generally does
not rely on as much. Here we introduce the idea of evaluation.[8]

 Testing and evaluation in my graduation project:

Testing comes after the implementation process, a test of the electronic system in
terms of his performance and his work. This point is very important because they
point to a successful e-sleeping and its operations that have been implemented
there.

Evaluation is also important to know the extent and comprehensiveness of the

project's success in the end that set up for it. I do and will evaluate the project
process and display the results of the assessment after the completion of it.

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2.6. Project Management:

In this part of the consideration will be thrown during the graduation project on the
following:
 Project management in general:
Project management is a methodical approach to planning and guiding project
processes from start to finish. According to the Project Management, the processes
are guided through five stages: initiation, planning, executing, controlling, and
closing. Project management can be applied to almost any type of project and is
widely used to control the complex processes of software development projects.[9]

 Project Management in my graduation project.

Project management is an important look after the operations that precede it in the
graduation project as it is a systematic process for planning and directing the project
from start to finish. And also through the completion of the project and it contains its
constituent elements. The quality of project management in the system created.

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2.7 Software Deliverables:

Software development and deliverable depended Application Development; Software

Design, Designing Software, Software Engineering, Software Application Development,
Enterprise Application Development, and Platform Development is the development of a
software product in a planned and structured process. This software could be produced for
a variety of purposes - the three most common purposes are to meet specific needs of a
specific client/business, to meet a perceived need of some set of potential users the case
with commercial and open source software or for personal use such as a scientist may write
software to automate a mundane task.

The term software deliverables is often used to refer to the activity of computer
programming, which is the process of writing and maintaining the source code, whereas the
broader sense of the term includes all that is involved between the conception of the desired
software through to the final manifestation of the software. Therefore, software
development may include research, new development, modification, reuse, re-engineering,
maintenance, or any other activities that result in software products. For larger software
systems, usually developed by a team of people, some form of process is typically followed
to guide the stages of production of the software.[10]
In the graduation project which I'm doing I will deliver a copy to electronic after the
completion of the documentation process, which is divided by one academic year includes
the first semester on the three chapters, and hey all the words of search tools and
components, processes and languages that will help me in the process of completion of the
graduation project. The second semester of the academic year will be four chapters sections
and hey the last stage and fundamental

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Chapter
Three

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3. Research:
In this part I will discuss the following steps:

3.1. Research on Similar projects

3.2. Research on Software Development Tools
3.3. Research on Database Tools
3.4. Research on Methodologies

3.1. Research on Similar projects:

3.1.1. Muscat Private Hospital:

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Introduction:
Muscat Private Hospital opened in 22nd November, 2000 and is Muscat's premier private
medical facility. Located in the rapidly developing and scenic area of Bausher, we are a 72-
bed General Hospital, with first-class out-patient and in-patient facilities for the majority of
specialties, including a Diagnostic Centre with C.T. Scan and the latest "open" MRI.
Setting high standards of care for the benefit of patients in the private sector, the hospital is
managed by Allied Medical (part of UME), an international hospital management group
with more than 27 years of experience in the Middle East.

Our international staff, as well as being highly qualified and experienced, are team players
with vision, integrity and excellence. Trained in customer care skills, our staff are sensitive

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and responsive to the individual needs of all our patients. Clinicians seek to ensure that
investigations and treatments consistently deliver best practice and Patients enjoy the level
of comfort, ambience and customer service of a hotel.

Our Mission is to be number one in all our clinical services, providing compassionate care,
high quality on-time and affordable healthcare that exceeds our patients’ expectations. We
pride ourselves on being at the very heart of healthcare.[11]

Management System in Muscat Private Hospital:

Hospital management system contains many features that help to facilitate data archiving
and easy reference. The system is customized to fit beautifully with the requirements of
modern hospitals, but there are few negatives it is still where the patient has a paper file.

Advantages & Disadvantages in Management System in Muscat Private Hospital:

Any electronic system must be updated to have the pros and cons to the process used as
following:

Advantages in Management System in Muscat Private Hospital:

Contains data on patients.

Each specialty clinic system in particular.
Contains the Financial Resource Management System.
Management appointments.
Pharmacy system.

Through program Register all the medicine items in the system.

Disadvantages in Management System in Muscat Private Hospital:

The system slower to access the information.

Use old of operating system.

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3.1.2. The Royal Hospital:

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Introduction:
The Royal Hospital, established in December 1987, is a large, tertiary, acute-care hospital,
which provides state-of-the-art services in the specialties and sub-specialties of medicine,
surgery, pediatrics, obstetrics & gynecology, oncology and laboratory medicine. It is an
important milestone in the development of health services in the Sultanate of Oman during
the renaissance programmer of the Government of His Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Said in
this prosperous period of Oman’s contemporary history.[12]

Management System in Royal Hospital:

Hospital management system contains many features that help to facilitate data archiving
and easy reference. The system is customized to fit beautifully with the requirements of
modern hospitals, but there are few negatives it is still where the patient has a paper file.

Advantages & Disadvantages in Management System in Royal Hospital:

Any electronic system must be updated to have the pros and cons to the process used as
following:
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Advantages in Management System in Muscat Private Hospital:

Contains data on patients.

Used good techniques.
Each specialty clinic system in particular..
Management appointments.
Pharmacy system.

Through program Register all the medicine items in the system.

Disadvantages in Management System in Royal Hospital:

The system slower to access the information.

Use old of operating system.

Can't be updated easily the data.

Time consuming to access the information.
Low security

3.2. Research on Software Development Tools:

The search tools in the software development needs of the main requirements required in the
graduation project are as follows:
3.2.1.Research on Java.

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3.2.2.Research on C++.
3.2.3.Research on ASP.
3.2.4.Research on Visual.

3.2.1. Research on Java:

Introduction:
Java is a programming language developed by Sun Microsystems. It implements a strong
security model, which prevents compiled Java programs from illicitly accessing resources
on the system where they execute or on the network. Popular World-Wide Web browsers,
as well as some World-Wide Web servers and other systems implement Java interpreters.
These are used to display interactive user interfaces, and to script behaviour on these
systems.[13]

While implementation problems have opened security vulnerabilities in some Java

interpreters, the design of this language makes it at least theoretically possible to execute
program with reasonable assurances about its Security, and in particular its ability to
cause harm.[13]

Feature of Java:

Platform Independent: The concept of Write-once-run-anywhere (known as the

Platform independent) is one of the important key feature of java language that makes
java as the most powerful language. Not even a single language is idle to this feature
but java is closer to this feature. The programs written on one platform can run on any
platform provided the platform must have the JVM. [14]

 Simple: There are various features that makes the java as a simple language.
Programs are easy to write and debug because java does not use the pointers
explicitly. It is much harder to write the java programs that can crash the system but
we can not say about the other programming languages. Java provides the bug free
system due to the strong memory management. It also has the automatic memory
allocation and deal location system.

Object Oriented: To be an Object Oriented language, any language must follow at

least the four characteristics.

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 Inheritance: It is the process of creating the new classes and using the behavior of
the existing classes by extending them just to reuse  the existing code and adding
the additional features as needed.

 Encapsulation: It is the mechanism of combining the information and providing the

abstraction.

 Polymorphism: As the name suggest one name multiple form, Polymorphism is the
way of providing the different functionality by the functions  having the same name
based on the signatures of the methods.

 Dynamic binding: Sometimes we don't have the knowledge of objects about their
specific types while writing our code. It is the way  of providing the maximum
functionality to a program about the specific type at runtime.

 As the languages like Objective C, C++ fulfills the above four characteristics yet
they are not fully object oriented languages because they are structured as well as
object oriented languages. But in case of java,  it is a fully Object Oriented language
because object is at the outer most level of data structure in java. No stand alone
methods, constants, and variables are there in java. Everything in java is object even
the primitive data types can also be converted into object by using the wrapper
class.

 Robust: Java has the strong memory allocation and automatic garbage collection
mechanism. It provides the powerful exception handling and type checking mechanism
as compare to other programming languages. Compiler checks the program whether
there any error and interpreter checks any run time error and makes the system secure
from crash. All of the above features makes the java language robust.

 Distributed: The widely used protocols like HTTP and FTP are developed in java.
Internet programmers can call functions on these protocols and can get access the files
from any remote machine on the internet rather than writing codes on their local
system.

Portable: The feature Write-once-run-anywhere  makes the java language portable

provided that the system must have interpreter for the JVM. Java also have the standard
data size irrespective of operating system or the processor. These features makes the
java as a portable language.
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 Dynamic: While executing the java program the user can get the required files
dynamically from a local drive or from a computer thousands of miles away from the
user just by connecting with the Internet.

 Secure: Java does not use memory pointers explicitly. All the programs in java are run
under an area known as the sand box. Security manager determines the accessibility
options of a class like reading and writing a file to the local disk. Java uses the public
key encryption system to allow the java applications to transmit over the internet in the
secure encrypted form. The byte code Verifier checks the classes after loading. 

 Good Performance: Java uses native code usage, and lightweight process called 
threads. In the beginning interpretation of byte code resulted the performance slow but
the advance version of JVM uses the adaptive and just in time compilation technique
that improves the performance.

  Multithreaded: As we all know several features of Java like Secure, Robust, Portable,
dynamic etc; you will be more delighted to know another feature of Java which is
Multithreaded.

 Interpreted: we all know that Java is an interpreted language as well. With an

interpreted language such as Java, programs run directly from the source code. 
The interpreter program reads the source code and translates it on the fly into
computations. Thus, Java as an interpreted language depends on an interpreter
program.

 Architecture Neutral: the term architectural neutral seems to be weird, but yes Java is
an architectural neutral language as well. The growing popularity of networks makes
developers think distributed. In the world of network it is essential that the applications
must be able to migrate easily to different computer systems.

The advantages and disadvantages about Java:

The Advantages:

 Java is simple
 Java is object-oriented

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 Java is platform-independent
 Java is distributed
 Java is interpreted
 Java is secure
 Java is robust
 Java is multithreaded
 Java is easy to learn.
 Java is good Performance.

The Disadvantages:

 Look and feel

 Single-paradigm language
 Java is still relatively slow
 Java is relatively immature.
 Java is also hampered by a shortage of genuine textbooks.

3.2.2. Research on C++:

Introduction:

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C++ pronounced is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm, compiled, general-
purpose programming language. It is regarded as a middle level language, as it comprises a
combination of both high-level and low-level language features. It was developed by
Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs as an enhancement to the C language and
originally named C with Classes. It was renamed C++ in 1983. As one of the most popular
programming languages ever created, C++ is widely used in the software industry. Some of
its application domains include systems software, application software, device drivers,
embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment
software such as video games. Several groups provide both free and proprietary C++
compiler software, including the GNU Project, Microsoft, Intel and Borland. C++ has
greatly influenced many other popular programming languages, most notably C# and Java.

C++ is also used for hardware design, where design is initially described in C++, then
analyzed, architecturally constrained, and scheduled to create a register transfer level
hardware description language via high-level synthesis.

The language began as enhancements to C, first adding classes, then virtual functions,
operator overloading, multiple inheritance, templates, and exception handling among other
features. After years of development, the C++ programming language standard was ratified
in 1998. That standard is still current, but is amended by the 2003 technical corrigendum,.
The next standard version known informally as C++ is in development..[15]

Feature of C++:
 Casts: It's easier to read. Since it's possible to create functions to perform casts involving
user-defined types, this makes all the casts look consistent. For example, you may have a
user-defined type complex numbers. You have a function that accepts an integer and
casts it to a complex number.[16]

 Flexible Declarations: C++, on the other hand, allows you to mix data declarations
with functions and executable statements.

 Determine the degree of data protection: Language allows C + + to determine the

degree of data protection and the level of species, determined by the degree of protection
by using keywords (public, private, protected) The following table shows the different
degrees of protection.

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 Constructors and destructors: As mentioned previously consists of data and functions
to deal with this data, and allows the language of C + + programmer to establish a special
two functions, one function called Building (constructor) function is automatically
executed when the announcement of an object of this subspecies. The benefit of this
function when we want to assign values to the data of elementary species.

 Inheritance: of the strongest characteristics of objects oriented programming property

inheritance. And here we mean the inheritance of a platoon to platoon.
Here, inherit the family as the derivative (derived class) of the basic species (parent class)
all data and can be modified later in the properties of species derived to fit the new
requirements, by adding more data and functions. Thus, we find that the programming
object-oriented programmer exempt from re-building programs from scratch, but based
on the above for the completion of new programs, may enable him to use the former
factions and the work of new species for use in the future.

 Friend Functions: When you advertise for a function family friend or friend of several
functions, they allow for these functions using data does not allow its members to these
functions is not so. As well as the case when it announces a platoon from a platoon-
friendly, it allows for all functions using the friendly platoon basic data .

The advantages and disadvantages about C++:

The Advantages:

 Best suited for general purpose and low level programming.

 Extremely fast.

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 works very well for GUI programming on a computer.

 Good language to write operating systems.

 Drivers, and platform dependent applications with Good language to learn to

program with.

 Good language for engineers.

The Disadvantages:
 Although it is platform independent, it is mostly used for platform specific
applications.
 A library set is usually chosen that locks you into a single platform or operating
system.
 Overly complex for very large high level programs.
 Overly complex and difficult to debug when used for web applications.
 Marketable skills are low level programming, vendor software, and video games,
making it difficult to find jobs unless you have are very advanced in a target area.
[17]

3.2.3. Research on ASP.Net:

Introduction:

ASP.NET is a set of Web development tools offered by Microsoft. Programs like

Visual Studio .NET and Visual Web Developer allow Web developers to create
dynamic websites using a visual interface. Of course, programmers can write their own
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code and scripts and incorporate it into ASP.NET websites as well. Though it often
seen as a successor to Microsoft's ASP programming technology, ASP.NET also
supports Visual Basic.NET, JScript .NET and open-source languages like Python and
Perl.[12]
ASP.NET is built on the .NET framework, which provides an application program
interface for software programmers. The .NET development tools can be used to create
applications for both the Windows operating system and the Web. Programs like Visual
Studio .NET provide a visual interface for developers to create their applications, which
makes .NET a reasonable choice for designing Web-based interfaces as well.[18]
In order for an ASP.NET website to function correctly, it must be published to a Web
server that supports ASP.NET applications. Microsoft's Internet Information Services
Web server is by far the most common platform for ASP.NET websites. While there
are some open-source options available for Linux-based systems, these alternatives
often provide less than full support for ASP.NET applications.[18]

Feature of ASP Net:

Easy Programming Model : ASP.NET makes building real world Web applications
dramatically easier. [19]

.Flexible Language Options: ASP.NET lets you leverage your current programming
language skills. 

Great Tool Support: You can harness the full power of ASP.NET using any text editor,
even Notepad. 

Rich Class Framework: Application features that used to be hard to implement, or

required a 3rd-party component, can now be added in just a few lines of code using
the .NET Framework. 

Compiled execution: ASP.NET is much faster than classic ASP, while preserving the
"just hit save" update model of ASP. 

Rich output caching: ASP.NET output caching can dramatically improve the
performance and scalability of your application. When output caching is enabled on a

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page, ASP.NET executes the page just once, and saves the result in memory in addition
to sending it to the user. 

 Web-Farm Session State: ASP.NET session state lets you share session data user-
specific state values across all machines in your Web farm. 

 Enhanced Reliability: ASP.NET ensures that your application is always available to

your users.

 Memory Leak, DeadLock and Crash Protection : ASP.NET automatically detects and
recovers from errors like deadlocks and memory leaks to ensure your application is
always available to your users. 

Easy Deployment:ASP.NET takes the pain out of deploying server applications. "No
touch" application deployment. 

Dynamic update of running application: ASP.NET now lets you update compiled
components without restarting the web server. 

 Easy Migration Path :You don't have to migrate your existing applications to start
using ASP.NET.

 XML Web Services: XML Web services allow applications to communicate and share
data over the Internet, regardless of operating system or programming language.

 Mobile Web Device Support: ASP.NET Mobile Controls let you easily target cell
phones, PDAs and over 80 mobile Web devices.

The advantages and disadvantages about ASP.Net:

The Advantages:

 ASP.NET drastically reduces the amount of code required to build large

applications.
 With built-in Windows authentication and per-application configuration.
 Provides simplicity as ASP.NET makes it easy.
The source code and HTML are together therefore ASP.NET pages.
 ASP.NET makes for easy deployment.

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 Easily works with ADO.NET using data.
 The Web server continuously monitors the pages.
 Being language-independent..

The Disadvantages:

 Does not allow for easy unit tests.

 View state.
 Abstracts the webzines away from web programming.
 ASP.NET applications can only run on Windows platform.
 It is expensive.
 The control of the code is inbuilt with the web server controls.
 In ASP Classic, the damage caused by malicious code running on the server.

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3.3. Research on Database Tools:

This part will be include three points of the database tolls as following:
3.3.1. Research on Microsoft Access.
3.3.2. Research on Oracle.
3.3.3. Research on SQL Server.

3.3.1. Research on Microsoft Access:

Introduction:
Microsoft Access is a relational database management system from Microsoft,
packaged with Microsoft Office Professional which combines the relational Microsoft
Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface.
Microsoft Access can use data stored in Access/Jet, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, or
any ODBC-compliant data container. Skilled software developers and data architects
use it to develop powerful, complex application software. Relatively unskilled
programmers and non-programmer "power users" can use it to build simple
applications without having to deal with features they don't understand. It supports
substantial object-oriented techniques but falls short of being a fully development tool.
[20]
Microsoft Access was also the name of a communications program from Microsoft,
meant to compete with ProComm and other programs. This Microsoft Access proved a
failure and was dropped. Years later Microsoft reused the name for its database
software.[20]

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Feature of Microsoft Access:

Very fast, "Collect and update the information directly from the source".
Support many applications," To improve the capacity of institutions to expectation
management and response variable to labor mark'.
Create table quickly without fear of the impact on the complexity of the database.
Simple user interface, obtaining better results and faster using the Microsoft Access.

The advantages and disadvantages about Microsoft Access:

Advantages:
 Can access it using MS-Access
 Standard so training will be easy.
 Is easy for new users to pickup as it includes wizards to perform common tasks.
Disadvantages:
 Users don't understand what they are doing so they produce really appalling
database

 not a real database.

 It's slow
 not portable.
 not compatible with databases.

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3.3.2. Research on Oracle:

Introduction:
Oracle is the famous language in the world .flexible ,use friendly , secure and extensive
made it the most programming language used in the world. Oracle classified of two parts
,Oracle database and Oracle Developer.
An Oracle database is a collection of data treated as a unit. The purpose of a database is to
store and retrieve related information. A database server is the key to solving the problems
of information management. In general, a server reliably manages a large amount of data in
a multiuser environment so that many users can concurrently access the same data. All this
is accomplished while delivering high performance. A database server also prevents
unauthorized access and provides efficient solutions for failure recovery.[21]

Oracle Database is the first database designed for enterprise grid computing, the most
flexible and cost effective way to manage information and applications. Enterprise grid
computing creates large pools of industry-standard, modular storage and servers. With this
architecture, each new system can be rapidly provisioned from the pool of components.
There is no need for peak workloads, because capacity can be easily added or reallocated
from the resource pools as needed.[21]
Oracle developer made to deign the front end of the project ,where the programmer can
Link the back end with the front end.

Feature of Oracle:
 The collection of data for immediate monitoring of very recent database Log Miner
Viewer.
 Automatic Workload Repository providing monitoring services to Oracle database .
 Data Aggregation and Consolidation
 Data Guard for high availability.
 Generic Connectivity for connecting to non-Oracle systems.
Data Pump utilities, which aid in importing and exporting data and metadata between
databases.
 Database Resource Manager which controls the use of computing resources, Flashback
for selective data recovery and reconstruction.

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The advantages and disadvantages about Oracle:

Advantages:

 Much Support Available.

 Runs on multiple platforms.
 Easily Scalable.
 Stable.
 Arguably fastest for large datasets.
Disadvantages:

 Huge course to learn oracle

 Can be very expensive.
 Requires trained administrator.

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3.3.3. Research on SQL Server:
Introduction:
SQL Server is a relational database management system (RDBMS) from Microsoft
that's designed for the enterprise environment. SQL Server runs on T-SQL, a set of
programming extensions from Sybase and Microsoft that add several features to
standard SQL, including transaction control, exception and error handling, row
processing, and declared variables.[22]

Feature of SQL Server:

Easy management of all SQL Server objects.
Support of Unicode data.
Easy-to-use wizards performing SQL Server administrative tasks.
Reporting services.
Partitioned Tables and Indexes.
Xml Web services.
Database Mirroring.

The advantages and disadvantages about SQL Server:

Advantages:
 More reliable, I've looked after a lot of Oracle databases and most had an uptime
measured in hundreds of days unlike most SQL server databases I've worked with.
 Oracle has major advantages in terms of locking and concurrency.

 Lots of scope for tuning in that there are hundreds of tunable parameters.

Disadvantages:
 Takes longer to learn and not as simple. Less qualified professionals available.
 Out of the box doesn't perform as well as SQL server.
 Cost a bit more if you don't include downtime cost.

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3.4. Research on Methodologies:
This part will searching on four of the Methodologies as following:
3.4.1. Research on water fall model.
3.4.2. Research on spiral model.
3.4.3. Research on incremental model.
3.4.4. Research on RAD.

3.4.3. Research on Waterfall Model:

Definition:
The waterfall model is a popular version of the systems development life cycle model for
software engineering. Often considered the classic approach to the systems development
life cycle, the waterfall model describes a development method that is linear and sequential.
Waterfall development has distinct goals for each phase of development. Imagine a
waterfall on the cliff of a steep mountain. Once the water has flowed over the edge of the
cliff and has begun its journey down the side of the mountain, it cannot turn back. It is the
same with waterfall development. Once a phase of development is completed, the
development proceeds to the next phase and there is no turning back.[23]

Figure 5: waterfall Methodology [23]

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Steps:
Analysis
 Requirements
Design
Implementation and coding
Testing
Evaluation

The advantages and disadvantages about Waterfall:

Advantages:
Clear project objectives.
Stable project requirements.

Progress of system is measurable.

Strict sign-off requirements.

Disadvantages:

 Time consuming.
 Never backward (Traditional).
 Little room for iteration.
 Difficulty responding to changes.

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3.4.2. Research on Spiral Model:
Definition:
Spiral model is a software development process combining elements of both design and
prototyping-in-stages, in an effort to combine advantages of top-down and bottom-up
concepts. Also known as the spiral lifecycle model, it is a systems development method used
in information technology. This model of development combines the features of the
prototyping model and the waterfall model. The spiral model is intended for large, expensive
and complicated projects.[24]

Figure 6: Spiral model Methodology [24]

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Steps:
The new system requirements are defined in as much detail as possible. This usually
involves interviewing a number of users representing all the external or internal users and
other aspects of the existing system.
A preliminary design is created for the new system.
Is usually a scaled-down system, and represents an approximation of the characteristics of
the final product.
The entire project can be aborted if the risk is deemed too great. Risk factors might involve
development cost overruns, operating-cost miscalculation,
The existing prototype is evaluated in the same manner as was the previous prototype,
another prototype is developed from it according to the fourfold procedure outlined above.
The preceding steps are iterated until the customer is satisfied that the refined prototype
represents the final product desired.
The final system is constructed, based on the refined prototype.
The final system is thoroughly evaluated and tested. Routine maintenance is carried out on a
continuing basis to prevent large-scale failures and to minimize downtime.

The advantages and disadvantages about Spiral Modal:

Advantages:
 Avoidance of Risk is enhanced.
 Strong approval and documentation control.

 . Implementation has priority over functionality.

 Additional Functionality can be added at a later date.

Disadvantages:

 Highly customized limiting re-usability.

 Applied differently for each application.
 Risk of not meeting budget or schedule.
 Possibility to end up implemented as the Waterfall framework.

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3.4.3. Research on Incremental model:

Definition:
Incremental model is an evolution of waterfall model. The product is designed, implemented,
integrated and tested as a series of incremental builds. It is a popular model software evolution
used many commercial software companies and system vendor.
Incremental software development model may be applicable to projects where:
 Software Requirements are well defined, but realization may be delayed.
 The basic software functionality are required early.[25]

Figure 6: Incremental model Methodology [25]

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Steps:
 Easy to start.  Look at the first thing the push-ups site recommends: doing an initial test.  I did my
initial test, and in good form could do 14 push-ups.

 Motivating to start somewhere.  I can see that I didn’t do the worst possible, which would be zero
push-ups, so I’m already partway started on the workouts.

 Not too much work.  The site actually recommends a break before you start your first day of
push-ups, and that makes me comfortable that I’m not rushing into something.

 Still challenging.  The site’s workouts are seriously challenging.  Because they are incrementally
and increasingly challenging, I develop what is called in psychology self-efficacy – my own
belief that I can meet these challenges.

 Limited time.  Each workout is less than ten minutes and there are only three per week.  We know
from research that sometimes developing competence can be hard, but we’re willing to work for
that because we know in the end, it’ll make us happier.

 Practice in routine action.  Without a six-week system, I might do some push-ups one day and
some more a few days later.  But with the consistency of a schedule, I’m developing my three-
days-a-week routine.  Research in self-control shows that the more we use self-control, the easier
it becomes.

 Exciting goal.  Often it feels motivating to be working towards a goal, and this makes us work
even harder.[26]

The advantages and disadvantages Incremental Modal:

Advantages:
 Generates working software quickly and early during the software life cycle.

 More flexible – less costly to change scope and requirements.

 Easier to test and debug during a smaller iteration.

 Easier to manage risk because risky pieces are identified and handled during its
iteration.

 Each iteration is an easily managed milestone.

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Disadvantages:

 Each phase of an iteration is rigid and do not overlap each other.

 Problems may arise pertaining to system architecture because not all requirements
are gathered up front for the entire software life cycle.

3.4.4. Research on RAD:

Definition:
Rapid Application Development is a concept that products can be developed faster and
of higher quality through Gathering requirements using workshops or focus groups
Prototyping and early, reiterative user testing of designs The re-use of software
components A rigidly paced schedule that defers design improvements to the next
product version Less formality in reviews and other team communication Some[27]

  

Figure 3: RAD Methodology [27]

Steps:
Planning: plan the work first.
Analysis: capture the business requirements.
Prototyping: Utilize the requirements you received in the previous step to build a high-level
prototype of the application.
Analysis and prototyping as necessary: When you’ve completed the initial prototype.
Conclusion of prototyping.
Implementation.

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The advantages and disadvantages about RAD:

Advantages:
 Flexible and adaptable to changes.
 Prototyping applications gives users a tangible description from which to judge whether
critical system requirements are being met by the system.
 RAD generally incorporates short development cycles - users see the RAD product
quickly.
 RAD involves user participation thereby increasing chances of early user community
acceptance.
 RAD realizes an overall reduction in project risk.
 Pareto's 80 - 20 Rule usually results in reducing the costs to create a custom system.

Disadvantages:
 Unknown cost of product.
 users to commit the time required for success of the RAD process.
 management hard to implement during the project management life cycle
 Method may not be useful for large.

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