The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

REPUBLIC OF KENYA

NATIONAL BROADBAND STRATEGY

2018-2023

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This strategy is a culmination of collaborative work that could not have been completed without the
support of the government and the concerted efforts of the National Broadband Strategy (NBS)
Steering Committee and stakeholders including Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
infrastructure providers, service providers, the education sector, finance, complementary
infrastructure sectors including Roads and Energy, special interest groups and the general public each
of whom devoted their time, effort and expertise.
It would not have been possible to develop the strategy without the invaluable input from the Cabinet
Secretary Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (MoICT), Principal Secretaries in the
Ministry, other Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), senior officials, the Communications
Authority of Kenya (CA) and officials from other Government Ministries who took time to participate in
extensive consultations that helped shape this Strategy.
The Strategy echoes the country’s commitment to leverage on broadband as an enabler towards a
globally competitive knowledge-based society and it is our hope that the same collaborative
commitment and spirit that enriched the development of this Strategy will be carried forward for the
successful implementation of the Strategy.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................... 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................ 3
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................... 5
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................................... 6
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 7
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................... 10
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 13
1.1 PROCESS ........................................................................................................................................................13
1.2 DEFINITION OF BROADBAND ..............................................................................................................................14
1.3 RATIONALE FOR THE NATIONAL BROADBAND STRATEGY ........................................................................................14
1.4 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................................15
1.5 VISION AND PRINCIPLES....................................................................................................................................18
1.6 SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF BROADBAND ...............................................................................................................20
1.7 EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION..........................................................................................................................21
1.8 ASSUMPTIONS .................................................................................................................................................22
1.9 OUTCOMES OF THE BROADBAND STRATEGY .........................................................................................................23
2. RELEVANCE TO NATIONAL LEGAL, POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS AND NATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT PLANS ........................................................................................................................................ 24
2.1 BIG FOUR AGENDA ...........................................................................................................................................24
2.2 BROADBAND DELIVERING THE BIG FOUR AGENDA ................................................................................................25
2.3 BROADBAND FOR ALL .........................................................................................................................................27
3 STRATEGY..................................................................................................................................................... 27
3.1 POLICY, LEGAL AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................29
3.2 INFRASTRUCTURE AND CONNECTIVITY .................................................................................................................37
3.3 SERVICES, CONTENT, AND APPLICATIONS ............................................................................................................42
3.4 CAPACITY BUILDING AND INNOVATION .................................................................................................................44
3.5 BROADBAND DEVICES ......................................................................................................................................49
3.6 PRIVACY AND SECURITY ....................................................................................................................................52
3.7 FINANCE AND INVESTMENT ................................................................................................................................54
3.8 INTEGRATED BROADBAND PROJECTS ..................................................................................................................62
4. ROLES OF STAKEHOLDERS ......................................................................................................................... 63
4.1 MULTI-STAKEHOLDER APPROACH TO NBS 2023 IMPLEMENTATION .......................................................................63
4.2 ROLE OF PRIVATE SECTOR AND DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS ....................................................................................65
5. GOVERNANCE AND DELIVERY STRUCTURE ................................................................................................ 69
5.1 NATIONAL BROADBAND STRATEGY COORDINATION.................................................................................................69
5.3 BROADBAND DELIVERY UNIT .............................................................................................................................70
5.4 COMPENSATION FOR NATIONAL BROADBAND COUNCIL MEMBERS ..........................................................................71
5.5 COLLABORATION ..............................................................................................................................................71
5.6 MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK.......................................................................................................71
5.7 COMMUNICATION STRATEGY FOR THE BROADBAND STRATEGY ...............................................................................72
6. BUDGET, STRATEGIC MAPPING AND RISK MANAGEMENT ......................................................................... 72

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
6.1 BUDGET BACKGROUND, RATIONALE AND BENCHMARKING .......................................................................................72
6.2 STRATEGIC MAPPING........................................................................................................................................73
6.3 RISKS AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES ..................................................................................................................75
GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................................................... 76
APPENDICES........................................................................................................................................................ 79
APPENDIX I: IMPLEMENTATION PLANS .....................................................................................................................79
APPENDIX II: ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS .................................................................................................................110
APPENDIX III: BROADBAND IMPLEMENTED THROUGH PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS .......................................................111
APPENDIX IV: SPECIFIC CONSTITUTIONAL ASPIRATIONS FOR ICTS UNDER THE BILL OF RIGHTS .....................................114
APPENDIX VI: NBS REVIEW TECHNICAL WORKING GROUPS PARTICIPANTS ................................................................121
APPENDIX VII: BENCHMARKING ...........................................................................................................................123
APPENDIX VIII: INVESTMENT AND BUSINESS MODEL ..............................................................................................130
APPENDIX IX: COMMUNICATION STRATEGY ............................................................................................................134
APPENDIX X: NBS 2023 PROJECTS ....................................................................................................................137

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Flagship Projects for NBS 2023 ..................................................................................................... 11
Table 2: Broadband Delivering Big Four Agenda ..................................................................................... 25
Table 3: Fundamental Freedoms and Pending legal instruments.......................................................... 29
Table 4: Broadband Innovations and employment projects ...................................................................... 47
Table 5: Gaps and Opportunities for Broadband Devices ....................................................................... 49
Table 6: Broadband Devices Initiatives and Outcomes........................................................................... 51
Table 7: Broadband Investment and Business Model ............................................................................ 59
Table 8: Strategic role of key stakeholders in Broadband Value chain.................................................. 66
Table 9: Monitoring and Evaluation for Broadband (An Example) .......................................................... 72
Table 10: Summary of estimated budget for implementing NBS 2023 ...................................................... 73
Table 11: Strategy Mapping of the National Broadband Strategy .......................................................... 73
Table 12: Risks and mitigation strategies ................................................................................................ 75
Table 13: Strategy for Policy, legal and Regulatory Environment ........................................................... 79
Table 14: Strategy for Infrastructure and Connectivity ........................................................................... 88
Table 15: Strategies for Broadband Services Application and innovation ............................................. 92
Table 16: Strategy for Content and innovation ........................................................................................ 94
Table 17: Broadband Service initiatives and Activities ........................................................................... 97
Table 18: Strategy for Capacity Building and Innovation ........................................................................ 99
Table 19: Strategies for Broadband Devices ......................................................................................... 102
Table 20: Strategy for Privacy and Security ........................................................................................... 106
Table 21: Strategy for Finance and Investment ..................................................................................... 108
Table 22: Roles of Government and other stakeholders ...................................................................... 110
Table 23: Proposed NBS 2023 Projects................................................................................................. 137

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: NBS 2023 Development Process .................................................................................................. 13
Figure 2: Broadband Strategy Implementation Focusing on Demand and Supply ............................... 21
Figure 3: NBS 2023 Overview ................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 4: NBS Thematic Areas .................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 5: Status on Policy, legal and Legislation ......................................................................................... 31
Figure 6: Status on Infrastructure and Connectivity ................................................................................... 38
Figure 7: Kenya Broadband Penetration and Subscription ......................................................................... 39
Figure 8: Mobile Technology Coverage in Kenya ........................................................................................ 40
Figure 9: Status on Service, Content and Application................................................................................. 43
Figure 10: Status in BB Capacity Building and Innovation .......................................................................... 46
Figure 11: Status on Broadband Devices .................................................................................................... 50
Figure 12: Status on privacy and Security................................................................................................ 53
Figure 13: Status on Finance and Investment......................................................................................... 56
.Figure 14: Financing Models .................................................................................................................... 61
Figure 15: Governance and Delivery Structure ........................................................................................ 69
Figure 16: ITU Cybersecurity Guide......................................................................................................... 105
Figure 17: TWG Chairs and Co-Chairs .................................................................................................... 122

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

FOREWORD

Broadband has in recent years impacted and transformed peoples’ lives in different ways and
continues to shape the modern economy. However, there continues to exist certain challenges such
as digital divide in accessing broadband services that have somewhat negated the broadband imprint
envisioned in the first National Broadband Strategy (2013-2017) that aimed at transforming Kenya
into a knowledge-based society enabled by high-capacity nationwide broadband connectivity. Besides
infrastructure capacity limitations and inadequate institutional framework, cyber security, privacy and
data protection have also in part affected the uptake of broadband services in Kenya.
Nevertheless, the knowledge economy also known as the fourth industrial revolution presents and
continues to provide a platform upon which Kenya can leverage on new technologies such as Internet
of Things (IoT), Big Data Analytics, Artificial intelligence (AI), and distributed ledgers to actively
participate in the global economy which invariably demand high-speed broadband and data services.
The process of formulating this Strategy has given us the opportunity to take stock of past successes
and failures. Through this process, we have also envisioned the strategic objectives for the future while
at the same time appreciating the rapidly evolving ICT landscape. The strategic themes adopted in this
Strategy reinforce our broadband vision, namely, to be a globally competitive knowledge-based society
enabled by broadband. It complements, among others, the African Union Agenda 2063 and the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as we embark on the next phase of the Vision 2030 journey
– the Medium Term Plan III (MTP) (2018–2022) and the implementation of the Big 4 Agenda.
In the implementation of this Strategy, we entrust the various agencies identified in the respective
action areas with the firm belief that through implementation of the strategic initiatives, the societal
and economic benefits of digital transformation will be realized. We reaffirm the need to harness the
synergies and inter-linkages prominent in digital landscapes towards this end.
I am optimistic that with the envisaged partnerships and collaboration of all stakeholders, the
objectives we aspire to accomplish will ultimately translate into milestones that will in fullness of time
be attributed to our collective efforts. I strongly urge each one of us to embrace broadband; the key to
a true knowledge-based economy that will cement our position within the information society.
Thank you and God bless you.

Hon. Joe Mucheru, EGH

Cabinet Secretary, Ministry of Information, Communications and Technology

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

4P - Pervasive Public Pipes in-Perpetuity

ACA - Anti-Counterfeit Agency
AfDB: - Africa Development Bank
AG - Attorney General
ASP - Application Service Providers
ATU - Africa Telecommunication Union
BB - Broadband
BDU - Broadband Delivery Unit
CA - Communication Authority of Kenya
CAPs - Community broadband Access Points
CBD - Central Business District
CBK - Central Bank of Kenya
CBO - Community Based Organization
CCK - Communication Commission of Kenya
CCP - County Connectivity Project
CDN - Content Delivery Network
CERT - Computer Emergency Response Teams
CH - Copyright Holder
CIH - Constituency Innovation Hubs
CIRT - Cyber Incident Response Team
CMA - Capital Markets Authority
CMS - Content Management System
CoG - Council of Governors
COP - Child Online Protection
CS - Cabinet Secretary
DBO - Design Build Operate
DC - Data Controller
DCI - Director of Criminal Investigation
DLP - Digital Literacy Program
DSL - Digital Subscriber Line
EACC - Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission
EASSY - Eastern Africa Submarine Cable System
EMCA - Environmental Management and Coordination Act
ERB - Engineers Registration Board
EU - European Union
FINTECH- Financial Technology
FIRST - For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology
FY - Financial Year
Gbps - Gigabits per Second
GCCN - Government Common Core Network
GDP - Gross Domestic Product
GDPR - General Data Protection Regulation
GEMS - Growth Enterprise Management Segment
GIS - Geographic Information System
GNI - Gross National Income
GOK - Government of Kenya
GSM - Global System for Mobile communication
HAPS - High Altitude Platform Station
IBP - Integrated Broadband Project
ICT - Information and Communication Technology

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
ICT4D: - ICT for Development
ICTA - Information and Communication Technology Authority
IFC - International Finance Corporation
IoT - Internet of Things
IPC - Investment Promotion Center
IPs - Intellectual Properties
IPPF - Infrastructure Project Preparation Facility
IPTV - Internet Protocol Television
ISO - International Organization for Standards
ITES - Information Technology Enables Services
ITU - International Telecommunication Union
JTL - Jamii Telecommunications Limited
KCAA - Kenya Civil Aviation Authority
KCCI - Kenya Chamber of Commerce and Industry
KDAR - Kenya Data Access Regulation
KENET - Kenya Education Network
KENHA- Kenya National Highways Authority
KERRA - Kenya Rural Roads Authority
KETRACO- Kenya Electricity Transmission Company
KFC - Kenya Film Commission
KFCB - Kenya Film Classification Board
KICD - Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development
KIPI - Kenya Industrial Property Institute
KNSDI - Kenya National Spatial Data Infrastructure
KPI - Key Performance Indicator
KPLC - Kenya Power and Lighting Company
KURA - Kenya Urban Roads Authority
LSK - Law Society of Kenya
M&E - Monitoring and Evaluation
Mbps - Megabits per Second
MDA - Ministries, Departments, and Agencies
MENA - Middle East and North Africa
MFI - Microfinance Institutions
MNO - Mobile Network Operator
MOEST - Ministry of Education, Science and Technology Science and Technology

MoICT - Ministry of Information and Communications Technology

MTP - Medium Term Plan
NBC - National Broadband Committee
NBS - National Broadband Strategy
NCA - National Construction Authority
NCSC - National Cyber Security Centre
NDC - National Designation Codes
NEMA - National Environment Management Authority
NEPAD - New Partnership for Development
NFP - Network Facilities Provider
NGO - Non-Governmental Organization
NOFBI - National Optic Fibre Backbone
NPS - National Police Service
NREN - National Research and Education Network
NSE - Nairobi Securities Exchange
ODR - Online Dispute Resolution

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
OTP - One Time Password
OTT - Over the Top
PA - Public Authority
PAP - Public Access points
PC - Personal Computers
PDTP - Presidential Digital Talent Program
PPP - Public-Private Partnerships
PWD - Persons With Disabilities
QoS - Quality of Service
SACCO - Savings and Credit Cooperative Organization
SADC - Southern African Development Community
SC - Multi-agency broadband Steering Committee
SDGs - Sustainable Development Goals
SGR - Standard Gauge Railway
SLA - Service-Level Agreement
SME - Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
SOC: - Security Operations Center
TCO - Total Cost of Ownership
TEAMS - The East African Marine Systems
TESPOK- Technology Service Providers of Kenya
TI - Transparency International
ToR - Terms of Reference
TVET - Technical and Vocational Education and Training
TWG - Technical Working Group
USF - Universal Service Fund
USP - Universal Service Provision
VAS - Value Added Services
WIMAX - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Government of Kenya presents the National Broadband Strategy (2023) for the country. This
strategy builds on the 2013-2017 strategy and takes into account recent technological and industry
trends as well as market realities. The vision of NBS 2023 is to transform Kenya into a globally
competitive knowledge-based society enabled by affordable, secure and fast broadband connectivity.

Broadband is expected to facilitate connections that will create opportunities for smart solutions that
will help in transforming Kenyans’ everyday life, their common creativity, the development of business
ideas, regardless of their location and thus enable societal and economic benefits of digital
transformation to be realized. In collaboration with the private sector and development partners, the
Government intends to leverage broadband to deliver its Vision 2030 flagship projects as well as the
Big 4 Agenda; namely food security, universal healthcare, affordable housing and manufacturing.

By implementing NBS 2023, the government aims at increasing access to broadband coverage of 3G
to 94% of the population by 2020; and increase digital literacy in schools to 85%, expand broadband
to the 47 counties and especially to have 50% digital literacy amongst the workforce.

The strategic objectives of this strategy are outlined in the implementation plan which is organized into
seven thematic areas namely: (1) Infrastructure and Connectivity, (2) Services, Content and
Applications; (3) Capacity Building and Innovations (4) Policy, Legislation, and Regulation; (5) Privacy
and Security; (6) Broadband devices; and (7) Finance and Investment. The seven thematic areas cover
the broadband ecosystem, which have been broken down into gap analysis, opportunity identification,
strategic objectives and an implementation plan for each theme.

The strategy underscores the role of both the public and private sector in funding of broadband
infrastructure and emphasizes the participation of government, private sector investments and
development partners in financing broadband projects particularly by incentivizing infrastructure
rollout in remote areas and in areas encumbered by challenges concerning the profitability of
broadband investments.

This NBS is aligned with Vision 2030 and the Government’s Big Four Agenda. Under this framework,
to become a globally competitive and informed society that effectively participates in the knowledge-
based economy, the availability, access to high-speed broadband countrywide and access to reliable,
affordable, and secure broadband is imperative. To this end, Kenyan societies; businesses,
government agencies and individuals are envisaged to embrace paperless transactions.

The implementation of this strategy requires intervention in several strategic areas as follows:-
• National Government to facilitate access to national optical fiber broadband infrastructure
(NOFBI) on an open access basis for all operators.
• Treating broadband as critical infrastructure, sensitizing everyone on its importance and using
it to elicit demand and uptake.
• Harmonization of the development of infrastructure to reduce duplication and encourage
sharing of infrastructure thus increase coverage and achieve cost efficiency
• Engagement at both National and County government levels to increase awareness, and use
of broadband services
• Promoting development and universal access to digital content and services, including
emerging technologies in Fintech (Blockchain, Mobile Money, Big Data analytics, IoT and
artificial intelligence)
• Capacity building to increase digital literacy among citizens,
• Adoption of common technical standards and facilitate the development of international,
regional and national backbones

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• Providing an enabling environment and encourage local industry device manufacture,

maintenance and recycling which will create jobs and address e-waste issues.
• Protection of consumer interests and ensure security in accessing broadband services
• Draft policies on broadband ecosystem as a whole including spectrum and develop
instruments and practical tools such as guidelines and regulations that would more precisely
define various risk levels as relates to particular information security scenarios
• Promotion of private sector investments, Joint Ventures, and Public Private Partnerships
(PPPs) within the ICT sector; and introduce tax and regulatory incentives for infrastructure
investment, particularly where initial capital outlay is high among others.

The achievement of the 2023 broadband strategy is anchored on execution of key flagship projects
among other projects within each thematic area as presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Flagship Projects for NBS 2023

Thematic Area Project Proposed Target

Policy, legal and Enact data Protection law (Article 31 of the Enactment of Act by
regulatory framework Constitution) 2020
Enact law pronouncing broadband as critical Enacted legislation by
Infrastructure 2020
Infrastructure and Last mile connectivity by extending broadband to the 100% connectivity by
Connectivity Ward level- entails construction of Ward base stations 2023
at least 2 stations for each of the 1,450 wards in the
country.
Services, Content and Creation of standards for services and content Services and content
applications standards by 2021
Capacity Building and National public education on broadband One awareness
Innovation campaign every quarter
Devices Design and manufacture broadband devices in Kenya At least 1 device by
2020 by a local
manufacturer
Privacy and security Establishment of a cyber-security operations center 1 security operation by
and International collaboration on cybersecurity. 2021 preceded by a
Cyber-security strategy
Finance and Creation of conducive environment for Broadband Fiscal and regulatory
Investment investment through fiscal and regulatory incentives incentives implemented
Big Four and BB Universal healthcare services delivery at level 1-6 100% by 2020
heath facilities. 2 systems by 2022
Develop e-agriculture systems to improve food
security Embed broadband in all
Embed broadband in the government affordable smart housing projects
housing project and in other housing projects to
realize smart housing 100% of all
Promote broadband in the manufacturing sector to manufacturing firms
improve efficiency using broadband

In order to implement this strategy, a multi-stakeholder National Broadband Council shall be set up
and mandated to coordinate the implementation of NBS 2023 with the support of monitoring and
evaluation by the National Communication Secretariat. A robust monitoring and evaluation framework
with timelines for deliverables will be prepared and publicized to guide in the tracking of the
implementation. The Ministry of ICT is confident that this NBS 2023 will usher in an era of coordinated
investments in national ICT infrastructure in order to eliminate unnecessary duplication of investments
and thus ensure optimal use of resources in the sector.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
The proposed budget for this strategy is estimated at Kshs. 111 billion (1.5% of the Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) for Financial Year (FY) 2017/18) spread over five years. This translates to 0.3% of the
GDP being spent on broadband (BB) each year which is commensurate with the contribution of the
sector to the GDP per annum. It is also proposed that the budget is increased as the contribution of
ICTs to GDP increases. The funding for the budget will be sourced from the private investment and
through PPPs while the Government will provide an enabling environment and incentives. Further, an
integrated planning for broadband projects will be adopted to ensure that all inputs are catered for to
ensure successful implementation.
This strategy comprises six (6) chapters and 10 appendices. Chapter 1, outlines the process followed
in the development this strategy, definition of broadband, rationale, background, vision and principles.
Aspects of supply and demand, equity, assumptions and expected outcomes are also presented in
this chapter. Chapter 2 presents the relevance of broadband to national development plans including
vision 2030 while Chapter 3 outlines the strategic thrust and objectives of this strategy. Chapter 4, 5,
and 6 outlay the Role of Stakeholders, Governance and Delivery structure, and Deployment and
Performance Management respectively.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
1. INTRODUCTION

The Government considers broadband as an enabler of all sectors including social, economic and
political development of Kenya within the framework of ICT for development (ICT4D). To harness the
full developmental potential of ICTs, we need, as a country, to have a well-coordinated and
synchronized strategy. This National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023 (NBS 2023) has been
formulated to enable effective contribution of broadband for Kenya in its quest to be a globally
competitive knowledge-based society.

1.1 Process
This strategy has been developed through consultations with stakeholders comprising the
government, sector players, users of broadband, civil society and global partners who have generously
shared their knowledge and experience thereby providing learning and assisting to shape this strategy
(See Appendix VI). These consultations resulted in inputs cutting across government and the various
sectors of the economy which have addressed the critical role of the broadband ecosystem in the
economy as a whole.

With the expiry of the first National Broadband Strategy 2013-2017 (NBS 2017), it was imperative to
take stock of Kenya’s performance with a view to revising the strategy to guide the country for the next
five years. The Ministry of ICT (MoICT), through the Principal Secretary, constituted an inter-agency
multi-stakeholder team to embark on the process of developing the second edition of the National
Broadband Strategy. The review exercise was coordinated through thematic areas with a view of
developing a Strategy that caters for the needs of all sectors. As the various Technical Working Groups
(TWGs) embarked on the review, a number of questions were asked. These included; how much of
these targets had been realized by 2018; what challenges had been identified during the
implementation of NBS 2017; and whether the targets were realistic in the first place. Before the TWGs
sessions, primary data were collected using survey questionnaires, interview guides and focus group
discussions and analysed. Secondary data were also collected from published sources, which included
regulator of the ICT sector and online reports and analysed. The findings were discussed in TWGs and
a draft NBS 2023 report prepared and later refined. The report was then presented to the CA
management and their input incorporated before presenting of the report to the Cabinet Secretary in
charge of ICT for further input. The input from the CS was then incorporated and the Strategy subjected
to public consultations. The input from the public consultations was synthesised and presented during
the NBS 2023 validation workshop. During this workshop, more input was received from stakeholders
and incorporated into the final document. NBS 2023 is the final result of this process. The process
that was followed is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: NBS 2023 Development Process

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
1.2 Definition of Broadband

NBS 2017 defined broadband as (Connectivity that is always-on and that delivers a minimum of
5mbps to homes and businesses for high-speed access to voice, data, video and applications for
development). A review of this definition and benchmarking of definitions of broadband necessitated
a comprehensive definition of broadband for Kenya to include quality, affordability, security and the
overarching aspirations of Kenya as captured in Vision 2030. In this regard, and for purposes of this
strategy, broadband for Kenya is defined as:

“Connectivity that delivers interactive, secure, quality and affordable services at a minimum
speed of 2Mbps to every user in Kenya”.

1.3 Rationale for the National Broadband Strategy

The NBS 2017 was envisaged to provide a holistic and coordinated approach in ensuring:
• High-speed and reliable broadband networks that are universally accessible throughout the
country;
• Local and relevant content are generated and availed;
• All citizens including children in primary schools and adults across the country would be
empowered through digital literacy and awareness;
• A vibrant and well-funded innovations ecosystem be nurtured to tap into our youth to provide
creative solutions
• Would stimulate the uptake of ICTs. In addition, the ICT policy, legal and regulatory frameworks
were envisaged to be enablers to drive the Strategy.
1.3.1 Growth of ICT Sector in Kenya
In the last decade, the ICT sector in the country has experienced exponential growth largely attributable
to liberalization, and a robust regulatory regime under CA. However, it is still of concern to the Ministry
of ICT that, despite heavy investment in ICT infrastructure, there exists a wide ‘digital divide’ in the
access to Internet services in the country.
While the unprecedented growth of voice services, which was recorded at slightly more than 94
percent of the population as at December 2017 is plausible, the same cannot be said about high-
speed Internet or data services. By December 2017, the number of Internet users in Kenya was 33
million, out of which, only slightly less than 1 million were broadband subscriptions. There is, therefore,
need to look into why broadband uptake is still low despite the country being connected to four
international undersea fiber optic cables.
1.3.2 Broadband Gaps
Despite interventions by MoICT such as investment in the National Optical Fibre broadband
infrastructure (NOFBI) to increase broadband access, the following gaps remain pertinent:
(i) The need to clearly define broadband for Kenya
(ii) Broadband has not reached most parts of rural Kenya
(iii) Last mile connectivity is still a challenge
(iv) High broadband charges in Kenya.
(v) Lack of relevant digital content and applications
(vi) Shortage of demand-side skills to enable broadband services to be used effectively

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
(vii) Lack of supporting infrastructure, i.e. poor or no access roads, lack of main power supply and
disparity in requirements by County Governments e.g. high wayleaves fees that discourage
broadband rollout.
(viii) Incoherent investment models, construction costs, and collaboration across the industry
chain.
(ix) Insufficient levels of trust in and security of broadband.
(x) Limitations related to broadband devices, which are both demand enablers and e-waste
contributors.
(xi) Limited innovative broadband services that are relevant for uptake across all socio-economic
sectors to improve efficiency in these sectors and awareness of such services.
(xii) Governance and delivery framework for broadband
(xiii) Broadband vision for Kenya
1.3.3 Promoting Broadband Development
Access to broadband has been recognized worldwide as an accelerator of economic development and
an enabler of socio-economic wellbeing. The government intends to leverage ICTs to deliver its
development plan, the Vision 2030 and the Big 4 Agenda.
In this regard, this strategy is an outcome of a comprehensive review of NBS 2017 and best practice
benchmarking which addresses the gaps in the implementation of NBS 2017 while providing a
roadmap for ‘Kenya Connected by 2020’ and for other national development agendas among other
initiatives:
• The government will make necessary interventions to ensure development of broadband
including targeted subsidies
• Encouraging technology pilots to stimulate innovations
• Encouraging cost reduction through network sharing
• Embracing public-private partnerships that spur development
• Creating enabling institutional, regulatory, policy and legal environment
• Introducing incentives that encourage investment in high-cost areas
• Elaborating on the specific role of the Universal Service Fund (USF) in complementing the
overall strategy
• Enhancing the governance and delivery structure for broadband in order to realize its benefits
across all sectors of the society
• Comprehensively defining broadband for Kenya
• Reviewing the broadband vision for Kenya
1.3.4 Contrasting NBS 2017 with NBS 2023

An evaluation of the extent of achievement of NBS 2017 targets revealed that most of them had not
been achieved, some may have been very ambitious, and there was inadequate governance and
delivery structure. Further, less emphasis was placed on the demand side of broadband both in
strategic objectives to be pursued and in the focus (thematic) areas. Specifically, drivers of broadband
uptake, namely privacy and security, affordability, innovation, and creation of awareness of broadband
were much less emphasized compared to supply side aspects such us rollout of backbone
infrastructure. NBS 2023 builds on the gains and fills the gaps that were discerned upon the end date
evaluation of NBS 2017.
1.4 Background

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are acknowledged globally as enablers of socio-
economic development. When implemented properly, these technologies could reduce, if not eliminate

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
altogether, poverty and imbalances in society. To harness the full developmental potential of ICTs, a
well-coordinated and synchronized strategy for the ICT sector is needed.

1.4.1 Overview of Broadband in Kenya

Kenya has made tremendous strides in promoting the uptake of ICT services. Mobile
telecommunications in the country, for example, constitute close to 44.1 million mobile subscriptions
for a population of just over 46.4 million people. Nevertheless, the digital divide must be addressed if
all Kenyans are to participate actively in the knowledge economy. In some parts of the country, for
example, people still have to walk more than 2 kilometers to access mobile cellular signal and most
particularly in 13 far-flung counties from Turkana to Mandera and further down to Tana River. In
addition, access to Internet and data services is still a mirage in many parts of Kenya.

To scientifically identify the access gaps in the country, CA in 2016, conducted an ICT Access Gaps
Study. According to the Study report, there are more than 580 sub-locations with less than 50% Global
System for Mobile communication (GSM) population coverage of which 164 had no mobile signal at
all. On the other hand, there were 2,221 sub-locations with less than 50% 3G-population coverage of
which 1,221 have no access to 3G services at all. There is low geographical coverage of broadband
services; for example, 50% of locations have no 3G services; further, 83% of the land mass lacks
broadband services coverage. In addition, fiber optic cables only cover 60,000 km (17% land
coverage). Clearly, the challenge of bridging the digital divide is huge and requires concerted effort by
all stakeholders.

In an effort to bridge these gaps, CA is currently implementing two flagship projects through the
mechanism of the Universal Service Fund (USF), namely:

(i) The Voice Infrastructure and Services Project geared towards ensuring all sub-locations in the
country have access to basic mobile voice services. In the 2017/2018, financial year the
Authority connected 78 sub-location that were previously un-served.
(ii) The Education Broadband Project aimed at facilitating broadband connectivity to all public
secondary schools in the country. In the Financial year 2017/ 2018, CA had connected a total
of 896 public secondary schools.

One of the gaps identified in the NBS 2017 was inadequate attention to broadband in the current
national ICT policy, specifically, the existing policy, legal and regulatory framework needed to more
exhaustively address the issues of access to, use of and benefit from broadband services; and security
of broadband from both the supply and demand sides. Further, the institutional framework for the
delivery of broadband needed attention.

Key evaluation questions that informed the development of NBS 2023 revolved around the following
issues:
(i) Broadband Definition;
(ii) Broadband outcomes and impacts;
(iii) Policy, Legislation and Regulation;
(iv) Broadband coverage;
(v) Monitoring and Evaluation of broadband;
(vi) Broadband Thematic areas;
(vii) Flagship Projects;
(viii) Institutional Framework for Broadband strategy delivery;
(ix) Relevance of broadband to the SDGs, Vision 2030 and the Big 4 agenda; and,
(x) Broadband vision for Kenya.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
1.4.2 Drivers of Uptake of Broadband

The uptake and adoption of broadband remains a crucial component of a robust broadband
ecosystem. The demand and supply sides of broadband must therefore be responsive to the market
dynamics that eventually feed into a balanced ecosystem that takes stock of the demand side by, for
example, availing relevant content, offering connectivity at affordable prices, providing quality of
service, building capacity and education, creating awareness and guaranteeing security online. On the
supply side, the legal, policy and the regulatory regime should provide for competition, flexibility and
cooperation, the regulators should promote investment by providing incentives such as tax breaks,
promoting cooperative business models through licensing and adopting best practices in the
regulation of broadband. Service providers should also contribute by adopting progressive business
models such as infrastructure sharing to address bottlenecks like digital divide. Other drivers of
broadband such as government support and investment, income, population density, education levels
and services should also be taken into account.
1.4.3 Emphasis of the National Broadband Strategy

The strategy reiterates focus of NBS 2017 and others that have emerged since its launch in 2013
within the context of achievement of its implementation targets. It is based on identified gaps in the
extent of implementation of NBS 2017 and specifies actions to remedy any previous shortcomings.
Since most of the previous ICT strategies (including the Kenya NBS) have to a comparatively larger
extent addressed the supply side compared to the demand side of the broadband, this strategy, to
further stimulate the development and diffusion of broadband moving forward, will include creating
policies, legislation and regulations with more emphasis on:
(i) Policy framework on broadband, namely a review and alignment of the National
Information and Communications Policy guidelines to reflect issues of broadband and
leverage on regional and international frameworks for collaboration on broadband.
(ii) Legal and regulatory framework on broadband, which includes a review and alignment of
existing legislation (Kenya Information and Communication Act CAP 411A and other
relevant Acts e.g. Roads Act, Building Code) with the requirements of the Constitution,
2010. A review and alignment of relevant regulations with the requirements of updated
legislation is also necessary.
(iii) Cyber security which is a crucial demand side issue in broadband and given the many cyber
breaches that continue to be committed leading to huge financial and other types of losses
(including privacy) across sectors, will also be highlighted in order to build trust and
confidence broadband hence stimulate uptake of broadband services. In this regard,
review of the National Cyber Security Strategy is key, among other cybersecurity related
actions.
1.4.4 Thematic areas

In order to address the gaps that were discerned in the NBS 2017, and hence leverage broadband for
socio-economic development, this National Broadband Strategy is premised on the following seven (7)
thematic areas:
• Infrastructure and Connectivity;
• Services, Content, and Applications
• Capacity Building and Innovations;
• Policy, Legislation, and Regulation;
• Privacy and Security;
• Broadband devices;
• Finance and Investment;

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
The three additional thematic areas; broadband services, broadband devices and privacy and security
of broadband have been added to specifically address the demand side of broadband where quality
services, devices to access broadband services, and concerns about privacy and security while using
broadband services are important considerations.

1.5 Vision and Principles

This strategy has a vision and a set of principles that guided its development and will also inform its
implementation over the 2018-2023 period.
1.5.1 Vision
The vision of this strategy envisages the contribution of broadband to the realization of Vision 2030
and is as follows:
“A globally competitive knowledge-based society enabled by secure and fast broadband
connectivity”
1.5.2 Theme

The overall theme of this strategy is ‘broadband for all.’ This implies that all citizens will have access
to secure, quality and affordable broadband and be able to access all available broadband
opportunities for all aspects of their lives. Similarly, all citizens will have equitable access to
broadband.
1.5.3 Principles
This strategy is based on a set of four principles that have been identified and are explained as follows:

• Promotion of National values towards the achievement of Vision 2030

As a key enabler towards the realization of the Vision 2030 and beyond, this strategy echoes and
calls upon each player within the broadband ecosystem to uphold the values enshrined under
Article 10 of the Constitution as the fundamental basis upon which the implementation of the
strategic objectives of this strategy must be underpinned which include equity, cohesion and social
inclusion. This strategy aspires to avail the benefits of broadband to all without exclusion. To this
end, the interests residing in each corner of the societal fabric as enshrined in our Constitution
including the special interest groups have been taken into account in coming up with action areas
that will, if faithfully implemented, contribute to equitable inclusion and thereby unleash the
broadband wonders to all.

• Awareness creation, security, education, research and innovation

The journey towards a knowledge-based society is gaining pace by the day. Invariably, data and
online presence have blossomed in economic and social value. This has made high-speed
broadband an imperative that is becoming a necessity by the day. As such, building technical and
user capacity, education, awareness creation, research and innovation remain crucial components
of a robust knowledge-based society. This strategy aspires to make possible the broadband vision
by making these components prominent.

• Collaboration, coordination, integration and sharing

At the heart of a robust broadband ecosystem must exist ready, willing and open collaborative,
coordinated and integrated regimes including at the operational, technical and policy levels. These
regimes should embrace sharing of ideas, experiences, insights and resources as a means of
realizing the aspirations of this strategy. This principle will be embraced and encouraged in order
to effectively address the demands of the knowledge economy. This is especially necessary for the

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
fight against cybercrime, in cyber security, management of scarce resources and in the delivery of
all the other NBS 2023 programs and projects.

• Open access, technology and network neutrality and competitiveness

Ultimately, the success of this Strategy will hinge on an enabling legal, policy, regulatory and
institutional environment that not only acknowledges the supply side of broadband, but one that
equally protects the demand side of broadband. By providing an environment characterized by
market mechanisms, flexibility, international cooperation among other best practices, it is hoped
that the balance between the demand and supply sides of broadband, will be achieved and thereby
contribute positively to the broadband vision.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
1.6 Supply and Demand of Broadband

The deployment of broadband should encompass both the supply and demand aspects of broadband.

An important driver of broadband uptake is effective attention to demand-side questions besides

affordability. In this regard, privacy and security are crucial demand-side considerations. The European
Union (EU), in a communication titled An Open, Safe and Secure Cyberspace, and published in
February 2013 posits that:

“Information and communications technology has become the backbone of our economic
growth and is a crucial resource which all our economic sectors rely on as it now underpins the
complex systems which keep our economies running with many business models built (and
dependent) on uninterrupted availability of the Internet and the smooth functioning of
information systems.”1
This EU position has important implications for the development of broadband in Kenya; specifically
with regard to the demand side of broadband.
On the supply aspect, broadband infrastructure and services will be rolled out throughout the country.
The delivery of services will be through wired and wireless connectivity, while the existing broadband
and cellular coverage will be expanded with the Government – MoICT and CA –providing an enabling
environment that encourages investment by the private sector. For the high economic impact areas, the
existing broadband services will be upgraded to provide higher speeds of more than 10 Megabits per
second (Mbps). Since infrastructure is expensive, the Government should negotiate with Public Private
Partnerships (PPPs) and enter into agreement with Telecom companies to roll out high-speed
broadband infrastructure in selected areas through national broadband infrastructure projects.
To facilitate the effective supply of broadband therefore, enabling legislation, regulation and
institutional framework should be provided.

1 Lloyd I, Information Technology Law, (7th) OUP, New York, 2014

https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=l2X0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=fal
se (accessed on 20 July 2017)

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

Figure 2: Broadband Strategy Implementation Focusing on Demand and Supply

Source: Adapted from Malaysian Broadband Initiative.

http://www.skmm.gov.my/Sectors/Broadband/National-Broadband-Initiative.aspx. Accessed July 20,
2018

Understanding that supply alone is insufficient, an effective strategy to encourage demand with the
emphasis on Awareness, Attractiveness, Affordability and Security Online as part of the promotion of
broadband should be adopted. The approach for creating awareness will be through continuous
government and private sector involvement in the awareness programs and capacity building
initiatives. In order to improve the attractiveness of online content, efforts should be focused to
enhance and promote e-Government, e-Education and e-Commerce; and the creation of local content
including content local languages.
It is recognized that broadband is essential to all socio-economic endeavours. Increasingly, all
essential services are only being accessed through broadband where e-commerce is becoming a major
method of delivering business services hence the need to deploy broadband and create conditions
that promote its demand and use by all citizens without discrimination. In this regard, affordability of
broadband is imperative if citizens have to harness its full potential. The high cost of devices also
constitutes a barrier to the uptake of broadband.
1.7 Equity and Social Inclusion
This strategy is based on the constitutional underpinnings of specific application of rights proposing
initiatives focusing on children, persons with disabilities, youth, minorities and marginalized groups
and older members of the society. The strategy further, includes initiatives on digital literacy, access
devices and material for Persons Living with Disabilities (PWDs), affirmative action programs for
(underserved/unserved areas) and programs aimed to ensure that all persons including older
members of the society and women fully participate in the affairs of the society.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
Upon identification of existing barriers, efforts have been made to include persons living with
disabilities (PWDs) in broadband. However, with the gaps in current efforts, there is a need to address
accessibility for persons with disabilities. In this regard, various needs must be met if we are to
accelerate the broadband adoption path for people with disabilities. Specifically, the government will2
▪ Improve implementation and enforcement of existing accessibility laws;
▪ Gather and analyze more information about disability-specific broadband adoption issues;
▪ Coordinate accessibility policy and spending priorities;
▪ Update accessibility regulations;
▪ Update subsidy programs and ensure the availability of training and support; and
▪ Update its approach to accessibility problem-solving.

Among other actions, this effort will involve the modernization of broadband accessibility laws, rules,
and related subsidy programs by the CA, the Judiciary and Parliament.

1.8 Assumptions
There are a number of prerequisites for the successful development of broadband and realization of
its potential. The success of NBS 2023 is premised on the following:
(i) The government will create a policy, regulation and institutional framework that will facilitate
the delivery and uptake of broadband
(ii) A robust broadband strategy delivery governance structure will be provided to include
leadership, accountability and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework
(iii) The strategy will be private-sector driven
(iv) All stakeholders will effectively play their respective roles

Figure 3: NBS 2023 Overview

2
https://transition.fcc.gov/national-broadband.../equal-access-to-broadband-paper.doc

22
The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
1.9 Outcomes of the Broadband Strategy
The implementation of this strategy will result in a number of outcomes that are pertinent to the
country’s development plans. The outcomes are as follows:-
1.9.1 Infrastructure and Connectivity Outcomes
(i) Last mile infrastructure is provided by fixed or wireless means to achieve 95 % national
broadband coverage.
(ii) Fixed infrastructure is available up to the level of the ward.
1.9.2 Services, Content and Applications Outcomes
There is a government bus architecture that enables all government applications to share this data.
(i) There is a government data presentation standard and data classification mechanism that
underpins a vibrant and effective government data digitization program.
(ii) All core government data (persons, land and infrastructure, assets and institutions) is defined
through a coherent legal framework that exists in accessible digital format and is well
protected and maintained.
(iii) Kenya’s creative economy is well-equipped through capacity building, technology, services and
institutions to design, create, register, publish and market at least 100,000 digital works a
year.
(iv) Affordable and quality services and platforms exist to enable Kenyan businesses to quickly
exploit digital technology to support their operations, strategy and marketing.
1.9.3 Capacity Building and Innovation Outcomes
Kenyans have basic digital literacy where:
(i) There is a mix of quality general ICT degrees, engineering degrees, and specialist ICT degrees,
which graduate at least 10,000 persons every year.
(ii) Affordable digital literacy program for adults is available through e-learning through cyber cafes
in order to allow every adult to acquire necessary digital skills.
(iii) A culture of innovation and fabrication is fostered among Kenyan youth. Centers are available
to enable cost-effective access to technology, equipment and skills throughout the country.
Innovators are assisted to cost-effectively protect their intellectual property.
(iv) Digital education is fully integrated into the basic education system, tertiary colleges and
Technical and Vocational Education and Trainings (TVETs) run local and international
certification courses leading to 50,000 Kenyans achieving ICT-related professional
certifications every year.
1.9.4 Devices Outcomes
Every citizen has a broadband device, which also serves as an identity device. This device has the
capacity to be used for information access, communication, e-learning, e-health, and emergency and
disaster management. It is envisaged that the devices are assembled in Kenya and are affordable to
the greater population.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
2. RELEVANCE TO NATIONAL LEGAL, POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS AND NATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT PLANS

Though ICT and broadband is a standalone economic sector, it is also an enabler of all sectors of
social, economic and political development of Kenya within the framework of ICT for development
(ICT4D). The implication of this is that broadband is essentially not an end in itself but more of a means
to various ends. In this regard, it is aligned with the Constitution of Kenya 2010 (Bill of rights, and
administrative standards and justice), V2030 (social justice and wealth creation), SDGs3 (ICT policies
and Plans) and the Big 4 agenda. It is specifically aligned to the Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
(Goal 9), which support other SDGs such as Zero Hunger (Goal 2), Good Health (Goal 3), Sustainable
Cities and Communities (Goal 11), which are relevant to Government of Kenya’s Big 4 Agenda. The
strategy is also aligned with SDG 4 (Quality Education) in the context of capacity building; and
partnerships and collaborations (Goal 17). The strategy is also aligned with ICT policy, ICT master plan,
County Integrated Development Plans (CIDPs)4 Science, Technology & Innovation Act, Industrialization
Act and with the Computer Misuse and Cyber-crimes Act among others.
2.1 Big Four Agenda
In order to become an information society that effectively participates in the knowledge-based
economy, the availability of good quality, affordable, secure and pervasive broadband is imperative
since it affects all the elements necessary for the Government to deliver development for all citizens.
This strategy offers the fitting strategies for facilities to attract investment, both foreign and local, to
encourage manufacturing industries, which will create new jobs for Kenyans and avail quality products
for citizens.

This strategy is aimed at enabling the diffusion and use of broadband ICT in all spheres of human
endeavour in Kenya, namely the political, social and economic pillars of the national development
agenda – the Vision 2030 through the attendant Medium-Term Plans and other sectoral strategic
plans. The strategy addresses the Big 4 Agenda of the Government by complementing the efforts that
the parent MDAs are making through the infusion of efficiency by use of broadband services in the
context of ICT for development (ICT4D), job creation and availing of quality and affordable products
through manufacturing of devices. The strategy also brings improvements in the sector through
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, broadband enabled affordable
housing, food security through improved broadband enabled supply chain, and Universal healthcare
delivery to Kenyans through e-health.
Specifically, the strategy will contribute to the realization of the Big 4 development agenda such as
providing health information systems, agricultural information systems, supporting manufacturing and
building sustainable cities. To this end, the following policy decisions will be implemented to realize
the Big 4 Agenda:
• Integrate BB in the Big 4 sectors
• Funding for building of the Big 4 architecture
• Farm registration and identification
• Geospatial mapping of all buildings and land
It is anticipated therefore that broadband will make a major contribution towards the achievement of
Kenya’s Constitutional and development commitments. This strategy is, therefore, a justified
candidate for substantial government and partner investment

3
Kenya made a commitment on 25th September 2015 to on implement the SDGs (see
https://www.un.int/kenya/media/unga-2015)
4
It is envisaged that the CIDPs will be updated as necessary ensure implementation of NBS 2023

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
2.2 Broadband Delivering the Big Four Agenda
The thematic areas in the NBS 2023 have been ultimately mapped in line with the Big 4 Agenda pointing to the solutions that will be brought
about through the implementation of the Strategy. An illustration of how NBS will be embedded to deliver the Big Four agenda is shown in
Table 1.
Table 2: Broadband Delivering Big Four Agenda
Big 4 Agenda Affordable Housing Universal Healthcare Manufacturing Food Security

The national Broadband strategy

NBS Theme Infrastructure Services, Content, Policy, legislation, and Capacity Building and Finance and Privacy and
and devices Applications regulation Innovations Investment Security;
NBS Notes Notes Notes Notes Notes Notes
Contribution Provide core - Development of Formulation of policies, -Training and education of -Providing Enact laws to
to Big 4 and supporting appropriate and good enactment of laws and the Big 4 sector members incentive(s) for protect
infrastructure, quality services specific development of on adoption and use of investors in broadband
and end user to the Big 4 sectors regulations to guide the broadband in delivering on broadband in users,
devices to - Development of secure use of the Big 4 the Big 4 enhance
deliver content, applications broadband in the Big 4 -Public awareness creation -Government cybersecurity
broadband in and innovative services sectors for broadband stimulus fund to and
the Big 4 in the Big 4 sectors spur uptake prosecute
sectors - Use of BB for smart /use of cybercrimes
Provision of agriculture and broadband to
smart living efficient distribution deliver the Big 4
and smart channels and market
cities information
Affordable housing Universal Healthcare Manufacturing Food Security
• Enhance manufacturing of
Broadband ready housing: Connectivity: Deliver broadband to all health Supply chain efficiency: Use the
broadband devices within
Have legislations for installation facilities through the NOFBI and other initiatives by Internet (broadband) to
the country. This will in
of cables in all modern housing the private sector. This can be done in collaboration harmonize the demand and
turn have affordable
to ease accessibility of Internet with KPLC as is linked to majority of the health supply sides of the food value
devices in the country
at home. facilities. KPI: Number of health workers/facilities chain by linking areas of
using BB production to relevant markets
KPI: Number of new homes with
BB Applications: Avail applications (apps) and content
that can be consumed by all citizens who have
smart phones for healthcare

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

Big Data analytics: data on staffing, accountability

and quality can be utilized to ensure better
leadership and governance of health facilities
Telemedicine: to assure the population of
accessible healthcare by affording them ability to
consult professionals globally.
Health information; use broadband in the health
facilities to store and access health information
including patient details and health record.

Security of housing: Ensure Monitoring of heath: Track all supply and usage of -Manufacture quality Quality of food: Verify quality of
secure residences by promoting healthcare services and facilities and ensure timely products through adoption the food consumed and ensure
installation of ICT security availability of all necessary healthcare (facilities of global standards for only quality foods are consumed
gadgets through an affordable and services) locally manufactured ICT by the whole population.
business model to avail devices devices
Digital agriculture: such as the
- manufacture of devices to use of IoT technologies to
drive down cost and improve improve farming and food
availability production
- Use of BB for efficiency KPI: Number of farmers using
improvement in BB/Apps
manufacturing
-Job creation through apps
development and content
creation and innovation
KPI: Number of jobs in
software development

In order to support the Big 4 Agenda, broadband will be promoted in these sectors and incentives provided for development of services,
content and e-applications that will improve efficiency in the Big 4 sectors. It is recommended that a study be conducted to determine
opportunities for use of broadband in the Big 4 sectors and appropriate incentives be provided to exploit these opportunities. This will ensure
that full potential is realized in these sectors as a contribution to socio-economic transformation occurs within the life of this NBS 2023.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

2.3 Broadband for All

For each measure, NBS 2023 envisions a Kenya where a user in the remotest part of the country can
connect with other users within and outside the country at the click of a button to communicate,
transact and interact over a fast, reliable, secure and affordable Internet connection. This will enable
each user to receive information, access and share content, trade and socialize in addition to other
services that have now become available as a result of broadband-enabled opportunities.
The success of this Strategy therefore ultimately depends on the solutions and services that will be
availed to the people through broadband as an enabler or gateway to the limitless opportunities that
continue to spring within the fourth industrial revolution.
In this regard Broadband for Wanjiku aims to among other things;
• Enable more people to access and use affordable broadband
• Enhance consumer choice
• Complement and drive other sectors and government agendas
• Increase efficiency
• Provide access to global markets
• Encourage innovation
• Promote inclusion through technology

2.3.1 Benefits of successful implementation of this strategy

If successfully implemented, this strategy will unlock vast opportunities including research,
communication, networking, career development, e-commerce, socializing and innovation. A robust
broadband ecosystem will enhance access to information, leverage on ICTs as enablers and drivers of
the national, regional and global economic blueprints and aspirations such as Vision 2030, Big 4
Agenda, Agenda 2063 and the Sustainable Development Goals to which Kenya subscribes.
Through ICTs, the government and private sector can also partner to deploy technologies aimed at
increasing digital presence and boost access to services such as biometric enrolment of citizens to
the National Hospital Insurance Fund for universal healthcare, creation of a central database of
farmers for registration of farmers, classification of their farm products and provision of market
information. Broadband will also increase productivity, and create innovation and talent hubs to
stimulate growth and create employment.
ICT companies can also be listed on the Stock Exchanges to boost investment while mobile commerce
will be used to provide digital financial solutions and inclusion. As noted in the ITU m-Powering report
2018, it is /will be important to identify other local challenges that can be readily addressed using ICT
as catalysts for increased Internet usage5 through collaboration between government, private sector,
and development partners.

3 STRATEGY

The focus of this strategy is on seven thematic areas, which are Policy, Legislation and Regulation;
Infrastructure and Connectivity; Services, Content, and Applications; Capacity building and Innovation;
Devices; Privacy and Security; Finance and Investment; and the accompanying institutional framework
to deliver the strategy.
In this chapter, an examination of the strategic issues regarding broadband ecosystem development
is first presented. This is followed by a presentation of the current situation and gap analysis,
opportunity identification, strategic objectives formulation and lastly, an appended (Appendix)
implementation plan for each thematic area.

5
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Initiatives/m-Powering/Documents/Mpowering_Report_18-00029-v2.pdf

27
The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
Besides the strategies that have been provided under each thematic area, other strategic initiatives
under this strategy are to:
• Provide incentives to encourage private sector to invest in Figure 4: NBS Thematic Areas
networks across the country
•
• Encourage technology pilots to stimulate
innovations
• Encourage cost reduction through network and
infrastructure sharing
• Embrace public private partnerships that spur
development
• Provide enabling institutional, regulatory, policy
and legal environment
• Introduce incentives that encourage
investment in high cost areas
• Elaborate on the specific role of the Universal
Service Fund in complementing the overall
strategy
• Enhance the governance and delivery structure for broadband including provision of a robust
Monitoring and Evaluation for the strategy

In addition to addressing each thematic area, this strategy encompasses:

(i) Program approach to broadband flagship projects implementation with clear ownership,
responsibility, expected outcomes, key performance indicators (KPIs), targets; and
measurements and frequency of measurement
(ii) Quality, security and affordability of broadband, which addresses the demand side of
broadband.
(iii) Comprehensive definition of broadband for Kenya to also include quality, affordability, security,
and the overarching aspirations of Kenya.
(iv) Broadband for all where persons living with disabilities, minorities and the vulnerable
individuals are not left out of broadband equation

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
3.1 Policy, Legal and Regulatory Environment

The purpose of the policy, legislation and regulation (PLR) is to ensure safety and high quality of
service, motivate maximum broadband coverage, inspire rich content and applications, and ensure
affordability of broadband and continuous digital
literacy programs that address the needs all
citizens

Several legislations dealing with various issues

that affect the broadband have been enacted:
• Kenya Information & Communication
Amendment Act 2013
• Consumer Protection Act, No. 46 of 2012
• Access to Information Act No 31 of 2016
• Computer Misuse and Cyber Crimes Act
2018

1. Current status

A number of pending broadband-enabling legislations, regulations, policy, and fundamental freedoms

specific to ICT and broadband are presented in Table 2
Amendments to Copyright Act to provide for enforcement of right to copyright where infringement
occurs online (point out the gaps to be addressed to make it more supportive of BB)
Table 3: Fundamental Freedoms and Pending legal instruments

Pending legislations, policy and Fundamental freedoms

regulations: • Right to Information: Access to information Act 2016
• Data Protection (Article 31 of • Data Protection and Privacy: Data Protection and
Privacy Legislation; pending but committee has been
the Constitution)
set up
• Cyber security • Freedom of Expression: Media Council Act 2013,
• Critical Infrastructure (including deals with protection of freedom of speech of media
domain names for essential • Right to Security: Computer misuse and cybercrime
services) Act 2018; deals with criminalization of cyber violations
• Electronic Transactions • Sustainable Environment: E-waste regulations,
• Revised sector regulations pending; EMCA 2015 Cap 387; Environmental Audit &
Impact Assessment
• ICT policy • Right to Property (Article 40(5))
• Online Infringement of Copyright

2. Policy for Broadband

Thematic Area Policy Focus Strategy/Action
Infrastructure - Affordability (i) Infrastructure sharing
- Broadband as a critical infrastructure (ii)Legislation updated to include
- Spectrum Management broadband and as critical infrastructure
- Rural BB infrastructure (iii) Spectrum refarming
(iv) Establish PPP regulations for
broadband that would enable rural
infrastructure operators to offer services
to multiple mobile network operators.

29
The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
(v) Work with a range of partners, to
launch initiatives focused on connecting
the unconnected and under-connected
such as through the use of High Altitude
Platform Station (HAPS), especially in
rural and remote areas to provide more
affordable, fast and flexible backhaul of
broadband services, and further become
a key link to emergency communications
in the wake of natural disasters.
Services, - Quality of Service Relevant regulations to address each
Content and - Affordability aspect of service and content
Application - Consumer Protection
- Disruptive technologies
- Net neutrality
- Data Protection
- Electronic Transactions
- Competition
- Language
- Child Online Protection
- Digitization of curriculum
- Intellectual Property Rights
- Public key fields
Capacity Building and - Local professional certification in (i) To revive specialized institutions to
Innovation critical Broadband areas support specialized skills and
- Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) competencies required by Broadband
related sectors
(ii) Promote and enforce IPRs
Establish connectivity initiatives aiming to
lower the cost of backhaul technologies.
Devices - Quality Ensure availability of genuine broadband
- Accessibility access devices
Privacy and Security - Infrastructure (i) Collaborate with National Police
- Detection Service to secure BB infrastructure
- Enforcement (ii) Promote establishment of
Independent cybercrime forensic
organizations
(iii) Conduct education and regular
awareness programs on online
privacy and security to citizens
(iv) International cooperation for cyber-
security management response
(v) ISO 27001 certification and
compliance
- Integrated infrastructure development (i)Institutionalize multi-stakeholder
- Special Purpose Vehicles approach to broadband development
- Design, implementation, operation (ii) implement innovative models such as
and maintenance (O&M), and sales Design Build and Operate (BDO) upon
assessment of their merit

30
The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
Figure 5: Status on Policy, legal and Legislation

3. Regulations for Broadband under the NBS 2023

The following are the strategic issues with regard to law and regulation that will be addressed in this
strategy:
(i) Licensing and authorization frameworks
(ii) Spectrum management
(iii) Growth of existing infrastructure
(iv) Opening vertically integrated markets
(v) Network neutrality
(vi) Security in cyberspace
(vii) Privacy and data protection
(viii) Regulation of broadband content

The following regulatory actions will be taken to support the realization the NBS 2023 vision:

(a) Licensing and authorization

To ensure technology and service neutrality except where scarce resources are involved by promoting
unified licensing frameworks capable of accommodating technology and service neutrality.

The government will require compliance to security and privacy by equipment and systems as part of
the licensing and authorization requirements in accordance to international standards such as ISO
27001 etc. and will continue updating the security and privacy regulations as the situation arises. With
regard to licensing and authorization, the Government of Kenya will:-
(i) Continually facilitate faster and less expensive deployment of connectivity infrastructure by
streamlining local licensing processes and reducing other legal barriers to entry.
(ii) Open up rights of way and access to facilities to remove impediments to sharing of passive
infrastructure and enhance competition.

(b) Spectrum management

To facilitate converged service availability and maximize value and use of spectrum by:
• Ensuring flexibility in spectrum licensing and authorization (e.g. enabling platforms such as
spectrum trading to enable entry of secondary markets)

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

• Adopting flexible use rules for existing licenses

• Adopting internationally harmonized band plans during allocation and assignment of
spectrum
• Use of market mechanisms to assign spectrum
• Continually make spectrum charging responsive to the market realities and in line with best-
practice
Around the world, spectrum authorities are making decisions about how best to put spectrum to work,
driving technology and investment across the full range of connectivity platforms and services
including end user broadband access, backhaul, broadcast, fixed terrestrial, fixed satellite and mobile
services. Regarding broadband policy reforms, will adopt the principle of flexibility underpin spectrum
licensing, authorizations, and rules of use. These principles include:
(a) Ensure an abundant supply of spectrum is available: An abundance of spectrum will reduce
service provider barriers to entry and increase competition and innovation. In this regard, the
Government of Kenya will re-evaluate spectrum allocation periodically to ensure that it is well
utilized.
(b) Promote flexible use: The Government of Kenya will ensure that the spectrum policies are
sufficiently flexible to allow spectrum use by multiple parties in unserved and underserved
areas.6 The policies will promote flexible use of spectrum and sharing across users and
platforms, such as mobile, satellite, and new technologies like high altitude platform stations
(HAPS) and Terragraph will significantly increase the spectrum available for broadband.
(c) Balance Licensed and Unlicensed spectrum: Spectrum policy should support both licensed
and unlicensed allocations and promote technology neutrality. The value of licenses fees will
ensure appropriate investment incentives must be balanced against circumstances where the
case for deployment is less attractive.
(d) Promote Both the Capacity and Coverage of Networks: the Government of Kenya will pursue
policies that not only enhance the capacity of networks but also expands their coverage to
underserved areas and populations.
(c) Growth of existing infrastructure
To promote competition and entry whilst maintaining incentives for investment in new infrastructure
and innovation.

In this regard, the government will: -

(i) Make policies, regulations, enact legislations and provide incentives for private sector
investment in the ICT sector
(ii) Promote infrastructure sharing (e.g. through joint ventures) in order to reduce capital
expenditures and operating expenses associated with rollout and operation of broadband.
(iii) Continually monitor and conduct market study to ensure market efficiency by ensuring
that there is no market failure.

6
See Appendix I to these submissions
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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

(c) Opening vertically integrated markets

To promote innovative business models which attract investments along the broadband value
chain by defining various markets in the broadband value chain such as physical layer, active
layer and service layers.

Open Access
Open access is ‘the possibility for third parties to use an existing network infrastructure to provide
services.’ Open access is essential in the case of publicly funded national broadband networks, and
generally required wherever there is the likelihood of economic bottlenecks preventing competitive
supply. There is an emerging regulatory consensus that there should be open access to national
broadband infrastructure. In this regard, regulatory action for broadband networks will focus on
ensuring access on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms, rather than on encouraging
infrastructure competition. Open access will especially be mandated where broadband and next-
generation access roll-out is supported by public funding. In such circumstances, mandated open
access will promote network investment, prevent the uneconomic duplication of facilities, and
strengthen competition. Though monopoly on infrastructure, particularly in rural areas and developing
countries may seem sensible, this area will receive necessary regulatory intervention in line with
market development to ensure that such monopoly does not create bottlenecks to development of
broadband in Kenya.

(d) Cyber security

To revise and reform governmental and private sector safeguards to promote trust, security,
privacy and consumer protection in ICT services within the first year of the NBS 2023 through
the following strategies:-

(1) Retroactive Security Measures

To react to security issues after the fact by focusing on early detection and response.

(2) Regulatory actions to ensure security

(i) Increase oversight and regulation of computer and communications technologies by
strengthening both “hard” and “soft” security and privacy measures.
(ii) Encourage institutions and companies to conform to best practices
(iii) Mandate a safety-culture approach to cybersecurity and privacy
(iv) Obligate companies to provide security and privacy mechanisms in their products

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
(v) Interpret laws (e.g. torts) to include increased penalties for cybersecurity breaches
(vi) Make the nodes of communications networks accountable for their security provisions (such
that administrators of these nodes can detect vulnerable or malicious nodes and punish or
isolate them as a deterrent measure)
(vii) Use of economic incentives to promote security (e.g. requiring that data breaches and non-
compliance with best security practices be reported).

(3) Cybersecurity Research

(i) Studies on how people apply or circumvent security systems in order to design more
rational/responsive systems
(ii) Metrics for levels of security and values of assets to inform level of security necessary vis-à-vis
absolute security
(iii) Research to counter the innovative capabilities and abilities of cybercriminals who are ever a
step ahead

(4) Digital Literacy regarding cyber security

To educate users on digital vigilance including password use and detection of potential threats.

(5) Forms of Cybersecurity Measures

(i) Hard cybersecurity. Technical security mechanisms that determine the predictable
functionality of an electronic system with respect to its proposed utility. This includes
encryption, authentication; measures to protect confidentiality, integrity and accessibility that
are innate to the technology itself.

(ii) Soft cybersecurity. These are legal protection mechanisms that may include liability rules for
product failures (for instance, the burden of proof where an illegitimate transaction has taken
place), or measures in the event that a crime has been committed.

(e) Network Neutrality

To formulate regulations to govern Internet content in the framework of network neutrality.

Network neutrality is critical to keeping the Internet free and open for everyone. It ensures that
providers of Internet access services do not leverage their control of the underlying network
infrastructure to interfere with consumers’ ability to access the online content, services, and
applications of their choice. Maintaining strong net neutrality protections in Kenya will ensure
consumer choice while preserving the ability of the entire Internet ecosystem to innovate. In order to
‘formulate regulations to govern Internet content in the framework of network neutrality,’ the following
net neutrality principles should apply:
(a) No Blocking or Throttling: Providers of Internet access should not be permitted to block, slow,
or degrade people’s ability to use, send, receive, or offer any lawful content, application,
service, or non-harmful device of their choice on the Internet.
(b) No Paid Prioritization or Fast Lanes: Providers of Internet access should not be permitted to
enter into arrangements that provide certain content at faster speeds or require content
providers to pay in order to provide a certain quality of service to end users.
(c) Reasonable Traffic Management: Any network management practices should be based on
objective technical considerations, not commercial considerations, and be tailored to
achieving a legitimate network management purpose. Any such practices should not result in
preferential treatment of the Internet access provider’s affiliated content or services, or the
blocking or throttling of specific classes of content or services.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
(d) Technological Neutrality: Providers of Internet access should abide by these net neutrality
principles regardless of how Internet access is provided, be it via wireless or wireline.
(e) Transparency: Providers of Internet access should be transparent about their network
practices and the speed of the traffic that flows over their networks.

The government will permit zero-rating programs for the benefit of consumers and connectivity
because free access to popular sites on the Internet will encourage more people to sign up for data
plans and provide greater freedom to explore local content. This increase in demand for local content
spurs local businesses and entrepreneurs to create new online products and services.

(f) Privacy and Data Protection

Individual Participation
• Emphasizing informed consent where consumers freely give specific and informed
indication of their agreement to data collecting and processing activities
Requiring increased transparency of data collection and data processing
• Consumers must be given sufficient information to make informed choices regarding
the collection and use of their personal data. This may be addressed by facilitating
standard privacy notices drafted using plain language or by educating consumers on
privacy matters.
• Transparency can also be enhanced using policies such as data breach notifications
Increasing responsibility of data controllers
• Mandate Data Collectors (DCs) to incorporate substantive privacy protections into their
practices, including data security, data minimization, sound retention practices, and
data accuracy as a right for consumers including maintaining comprehensive data
management procedures throughout the life cycle of their products and services
Raising Awareness
• Especially among younger users, regarding the impact of broadband and new
technologies on personal privacy
International Cooperation
• Increased international cooperation in the enforcement of privacy laws and data
protection
Encryption
• Building capacity on Encryption methods
• Advocate for Policies Requiring messaging and communication channels to use
Encryption
• IoT Devices and other Internet enabled devices to support Encryption by default

(g) Regulation of Content

To make regulations regarding content as follows:-

(1) Freedom of Expression
• Content regulation, including surveillance and monitoring of Internet use, needs to
take into account the standards set by international human rights law
• The full guarantee of the right to freedom of expression must be the norm, and any
limitation should be considered as an exception, and this principle should never be
reversed (see the report by the UN Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection
of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression)

(2) Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)

• Enact graduated response (three-strike laws) where users who infringe copyrights
online would be given first and second warnings and upon a third infringement, they

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
could be subjected to a fine, jail time, and suspension of their Internet access (based
on the attaching judicial processes). Further, the government will ensure a robust
commitment to competition investigations and enforcement aimed at keeping markets
open to new competitors and avoiding concentration.
• Have mechanisms through which copyright holders (CH) can work with ISPs to curb
copyright infringement (e.g. upon detection of an infringement, the CH contacts the ISP
in control of the infringing IP address where after the ISP traces the customer directly
and warns the customer e.g. that copyright infringement is a violation of the ISPs terms
of service that could lead to disconnection). The requirement to remove copyright
infringing content will be subject to the verification of the Copyright by the Kenya
Copyright Board (KENCOBO).

(3) Regulating Specific Forms of Content

This will cover regulation of content for protection of minors, prevention of vices, and protection
of national security. In so doing, the government will conduct studies and make regulations,
self or government, that will be in line with best international practice and will implement a
regulatory regime for content that distinguishes between commercial advertisement or
branding and the free expression of political, social or economic commentary by natural
persons. Specifically,
(i) Content regulation will take into account the standards set by international human
rights law, and that a full guarantee of the right to freedom of expression must be the
norm in any form of content regulation, and that any limitations should be considered
narrow exceptions to this norm. For Self-Harm content the government may for
instance consider; prosecution of the author, use Internet platforms to offer advice and
campaign against damaging content, self-regulate through content screening and
purging,. Other include; prioritizing the protection of users beyond commercial
interests including liability laws for content, legal duty of care to specific groups
including children and vulnerable adults and classification of and censorship on
harmful content defined under law including content promoting fake news, hate
speech, extremism or content causing mental health problems.
(ii) The regulation of online content including for OTT, and communications applications
will also recognize the critical importance of those services in fulfilling the NBS’s
identified outcomes, including of driving broadband adoption and growing Kenya’s
economy. Disruptive as OTTs are, the government remains proactive in ensuring that
these technologies do not offend the provisions of the Constitution and best practice.
Through Consumer Protection and Competition Laws, the concerns raised can be
addressed as and when they arise through the authorities mandated including the
Courts as the government works towards effective regulation of OTT service providers
who currently enjoy the absence of specific laws that regulate their operations.
3.1.1 Gaps

The identified gaps include lack of synchronization of operations by government entities and
authorities handling infrastructure rollout, infringement of fundamental freedoms, sector guidelines
not embedded in regulations such as branding of phones, lack of technology ready devices, such as
4G compatible devices, Persons with disabilities (PWD) not included in broadband, e-waste
regulations not yet enacted, depleted resources which require infrastructure sharing, expensive ICT
services and duplication of infrastructure; and inadequate focus on broadband in the current national
ICT policy, legal and regulatory framework. Specifically, the current policy, legal and regulatory

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
framework needs to more exhaustively address the issues of access to, use of and benefit from
broadband ICT services and security of broadband from both the perspectives of supply and demand.
Further, the institutional framework for the delivery of broadband needs enhancement with a view to
strengthening it. Inadequacy of appropriate legislation for broadband infrastructure should also be
addressed, e.g., with regard to treating broadband as critical infrastructure
3.1.2 Strategic objectives
• To elevate broadband to critical infrastructure status through legislation
• Implement Infrastructure sharing regulations;
• To implement Cyber Security laws;
• The Inclusion of persons living with disabilities (PWDs) in broadband, such as through audio
signals;
• Review of Tax policies, including tax exemptions on broadband devices;
• Development of a plan for new technology such as the Fifth Generation network (5G) after
Radio frequency meeting (the World Radio Conference 2019 schedule for in October 2019) by
2020; further the testing of 5G technology should be underway presently ahead of 2020;
• More ownership and responsibility by government agencies;
• Environmental impact assessment and Audit to address environmental impacts of
broadband;
• To harmonize legislation across all the Counties and National government including
wayleaves and associated physical infrastructure to avoid duplicated charges, and
collaborative planning, deployment and maintenance of broadband; and,
• Development and enhancement of Data Sovereignty law - e.g., Government to define
standards and policies to be met to store, process and transmit ‘Kenyan’ Data.
3.2 Infrastructure and Connectivity

Though the private sector has made great strides in the development of infrastructure7, there are still
opportunities for government intervention where purely commercial considerations do not suffice. It is
also noted that direct participation by the government in the infrastructure development should be
targeted at the discernible gap areas considering that connectivity has progressively become
affordable as a result of competition and availability of alternatives. In the past, the government has
invested over 200 million USD in NOFBI on the national backbone spanning 6,400 km and touching
all 47 counties. In addition, Satellite will be deployed where terrestrial systems are not feasible; the
approach is to use multiple technologies to deliver broadband provided they are the most cost-
effective for a particular site. This notwithstanding, spectrum costs and the process of acquiring can

7
For example, KPLC has over 2500, Liquid 4500, and Jamii over 2500 of optical fibre infrastructure length

37
The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
constitute big barriers to the rollout of wireless infrastructure and need to be addressed. Further, the
overall cost of business in deploying and running infrastructure is a challenge due to lack of energy
and lack of proper road infrastructure, wayleaves and inadequate security of this infrastructure
resulting to vandalism and/or sabotage.

Today, nearly four billion people are still not connected to the Internet. Among those that have
broadband connectivity, many are under-connected. Connecting the unserved and underserved
populations is a complex effort that requires not just bringing network infrastructure to more people,
but taking additional steps to solve the affordability and relevance challenges that also undermine
access.

The gaps, opportunities for improvement, strategic objectives and an implementation plan for
infrastructure and connectivity under this Strategy are as follows:
3.2.1 Gaps
• Quality of broadband services exhibit low speed connections and poor reliability
• Rural areas are lacking in coverage
• Low geographical coverage of broadband services; for example, 50% of locations have no 3G
services; further, 83% of the land mass lacks broadband services. In addition, fiber optic
cables only cover 60,000 km (17% land coverage)
• Parallel installations due to lack of coordination of infrastructure development which have
resulted in reducing coverage, constraining investment in broadband and reducing ability of
consumers to afford broadband
• Lack of sharing arrangement of critical infrastructure
• Low access to and uptake of broadband services (penetration of 39.7%)
• Spectrum Licensing framework stuck in the pre-broadband era

Figure 6: Status on Infrastructure and Connectivity

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
3.2.2 Opportunities
• Increase broadband penetration in rural areas for socio economic development and
transformation
• Increase broadband connection to the 47 Counties
• Stimulate demand for broadband services and entrepreneurships
• Increase investment in broadband services to realize better connections and speeds by
providing incentives for investors
• Increase the number of collaborations for broadband infrastructure development
• Update the spectrum management and licensing framework to take care of broadband and
emerging services

Figure 7: Kenya Broadband Penetration and Subscription

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
Figure 8: Mobile Technology Coverage in Kenya

Source: CA operators return

5G Networks
5G innovation will require investment from telecoms operators, and the return on this investment will,
in part, be driven by consumer demand for new innovative services. Internet and online service
providers have a role to play in driving demand, provided that the regulatory environment does not
create artificial barriers to the dynamism of the Internet ecosystem.
5G will be essential to meet business and consumer demands by providing faster speed broadband.
In addition, 5G networks will likely also facilitate new use cases, such as the Internet of Things (Internet
connected devices), as well as broadcast-like services and lifeline communication in times of natural
disaster8. The Government will identify incentives that will attract investment in and demand/use of
5G networks.
3.2.3 Strategic objectives
• Treat broadband as critical infrastructure, sensitize everyone on the importance and use to
elicit demand and uptake
• Harmonize development of infrastructure to reduce duplication and increase coverage
• Increase coverage and connection to public institutions, including schools, hospitals, and
Government agencies digitization
• Extend Broadband Connectivity to cover all classified roads (A, B and C roads)
• Ensure open access to infrastructure for all
• Increase awareness of broadband to County governments, and use of broadband services
• Improve 3G and 4G wireless connections
• Deploy 5G network
• Use USF to provide broadband in underserved areas like rural areas
• Review spectrum allocation and pricing mechanisms to make it more market responsive

8
NGMN 5G Initiative White Paper https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf Accessed on 24
May 2017.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

• Introduce tax rebates/subsidies for deployment of broadband in marginalized areas to

stimulate investment in and uptake of broadband for specific projects addressing needs in this
areas
• National Government will facilitate access to national optical fiber broadband infrastructure
(NOFBI) on an open access basis
• The national government to take charge of all supporting infrastructure including ducts and
wayleaves
• Government will from time to time address spectrum needs according to technology changes
and service demand
3.2.4 Affordability
Improving connectivity across Kenya means pursuing policies that improve the affordability and
availability of the Internet. In 2018, 1GB of data cost a Kenyan mobile user 4.01% on average of Gross
National Income (GNI)9, which is double the UN Broadband Commission’s Sustainable Development
2025 Target of “1GB of mobile broadband data available for 2% or less of GNI per capita.” Other sub-
Saharan African nations like Ghana and Nigeria are actively working towards achieving this
affordability target. This strategy will make broadband affordable to the citizenry in line with the
recommended UN broadband commission level of 2% or less of the GNI per capita.
(i) The government will implement policies that promote the sharing of passive infrastructure
and spectrum resources that will help to achieve affordability goals without sacrificing the
benefits of competition and innovation.
(ii) ‘Open Access,’ including the sharing of passive infrastructure can also enhance
competition10 and drive prices down.
(iii) The government will use fiscal incentives on devices to have more impact on affordability
and access to broadband.11
(iv) Public private partnerships will be promoted as one of the tool to help facilitate the sharing
and expansion of infrastructure in high cost areas

9 2018 Affordability Report, Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI)

10
2018-2023 NBS p.36
11
Kenya has shown the impact that tax reductions on devices can have when it removed VAT on devices in 2009. This led to a
200% increase in device sales and contributed to voice penetration jumping from 50% to 70%. While Kenya has since re-applied
VAT to devices, countries such as Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire have taken learnings from Kenya and reduced either the import tax
or sales tax on devices.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
3.3 Services, Content, and Applications

In the context of broadband, services can be defined

as professional facilities designed for technology
application by enterprises and end users. Technology
services provide specialized technology-oriented
solutions by combining the processes and functions of
software, hardware, networks, telecommunications
and electronics.

“A means of delivering value to customers

by facilitating the outcomes customers
want to achieve without the ownership of
specific costs and risks.” ITIL

A service can thus be defined as the act of supplying a

need or content through the use of technology. This
NBS focuses on how services and content are offered
other than what is being offered.

Services under broadband

• Voice
• messaging
• Data
• Value Added Services (VAS) -news, heath, farming, education
• Government services
• Mobile money
• Cloud services
• Co-location
• OTT services (Facebook, WhatsApp, twitter etc.,)
• Video conferencing
• IoTs

Over-the-Top Services
As the need for more Internet-based services increases, so does the demand for broadband Internet.
Over-the-top services (OTTs) continue to grow in popularity and constitute a fundamental broadband
issue. On one hand, the demand side experiences exponential growth of OTT services due to the
expanded scope of services including OTT Commerce; Jumia, Alibaba, Amazon, OTT Communication;
chat applications such as WhatsApp, WeChat, Facebook Messenger, voice calling and video chatting
services such as Skype and FaceTime, OTT Media; video streaming services such as Netflix, YouTube,
while the supply side, most especially the traditional service providers frown at changing economic
landscape of the markets. Essentially, the service providers have to continuously invest in expanding
the mobile and fixed networks whereas the OTTs, which are largely unregulated, ride on these networks
virtually with minimal investments in the local markets. In between, the regulator as an impartial
arbiter has to mediate the disruption by ensuring sustainability of the emergent ecosystem. The
regulatory obligations of licensing, market accessibility, taxation, quality of service, pricing,
interconnection, net neutrality, infrastructure obligations and privacy become ever essential.
This strategy recommends the creation of a regulatory framework that accommodates both existing
providers and facilitates competitive entry of new players to spur innovation, enhance consumer
choice, ensure quality of service, guarantee the security of users, and make services affordable among
other drivers of broadband uptake and encourages competition. The government shall further consider
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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
potential human rights –restricting effects of Terms of Service (ToS) for particularly dominant web-
based services and will remain proactive in ensuring that these technologies do not offend the
provisions of the Constitution and best practice.
3.3.1 Gaps
A review of NBS 2107 revealed that services were expensive, out of reach for some customers and in
need of quality improvements. Content and Applications including those specifically necessary for the
Government’s Big Four agenda focus areas are necessary. The target to digitize core government
registries including the development of County Government management information systems has not
been achieved while payment services in majority of the counties are still manual. Similarly, the target
to increase local digital content was 75% for local languages on online content, 20% for websites in
local languages and 20% for online educational programs; however only 40% local broadcast content
has been achieved while the other targets were not achieved. There is therefore, lack of digital content
and applications that have local relevance, which is a major hindrance to broadband uptake.

3.3.2 Opportunities
The opportunities available in the services, content and applicators include promotion of content
development through incentives, aligning content and applications with development sector needs
and conducting research to come up with innovative products and services
Figure 9: Status on Service, Content and Application

3.3.3 Strategic objectives

Consistent with the identified gaps and available opportunities, the following strategic objectives will
be pursued to improve the status of Kenya’s broadband with regard to Services, Content, and
Applications.
• Undertake research and create innovation in the field of Applications and Content
Development
• Enable profitable value chain for content, application developers, marketers and innovators.
• Endeavour to have rich multicultural and multilingual Kenyan content in cyberspace.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

• Seek to avail digital information that supports an effective e-commerce, logistics and supply
chain ecosystem in Kenya.
• Provide a robust commitment to competition investigations and enforcement aimed at keeping
markets open to new competitors and avoiding concentration.
• Accelerate promotion of e-learning – e.g.by implementing schools connectivity program
• Promote universal access to digital content and services
• Promote digital literacy programs
• Put in place an open access policy to ICTs’ and Digital Content for e-government services in
the delivery of public service
• Promotion of emerging technologies in Fintech (Blockchain, Mobile Money, Infosec, Data
Science/ Big Data)
• Promote provision of quality, affordable, accessible and relevant broadband services to all
citizens
• Provide targeted incentives to address critical areas of BB that are still underdeveloped and
which not be attractive for investment from private sector
• Increase awareness and demand for broadband services
• Ensure sustainability of broadband content
• Protect consumer interests and ensure security in accessing broadband services
While details of implementation actions and outcomes on broadband services are presented in
Appendix I-3, similar action plan for Content and Applications if found in Appendix I-4

3.4 Capacity Building and Innovation

The digital world holds tremendous promise for the society. Going online can offer access to boundless
beneficial information, facilitate new ways of interactive learning, and provide for enriching life
experiences and foster meaningful cultural exchanges. From education, health, agriculture,

government services, expression to recreation, citizens are increasingly empowered, and even
expected to exercise their rights online. The digital future may look bright, but it is far from guaranteed
without effective capacity building initiatives and awareness campaigns in ICT.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
This strategy explores the ways in which public and private actors can seek to improve awareness and
build capacity on broadband access among the citizenry, and thus ensure equitable access to
broadband for all in order to impart the knowledge, skills and experience needed to fully exercise and
exploit the digital opportunities available online. Also proposed are specific strategies to develop high-
end technical skills to support the broadband eco-system in Kenya.
3.4.1 Gaps
• Limited awareness of broadband services
• The curriculum in schools and tertiary institutions is not aligned with the awareness and
skills requirements of broadband/ ICTs
• Lack of synergy and collaborations between implementing agencies
• Inequitable access to technology
• Shortage of appropriate skills
• Inadequate relevant local content
• Inadequate training for new graduates
• Limited funding for skill development
3.4.2 Opportunities for improvements
Despite the existing gaps in the available technical and related capacity for broadband, there are
opportunities to further enhance capacity and innovations in the broadband arena; these include:
• Leveraging on existing infrastructure to deliver broadband
• Expansion of resources centers
• Re-skilling the existing workforce on emerging technologies, trends and Open Internet
Standards.
• Partnerships with the robust private sector and training institutions
• Active involvement of community leaders, champions and members who understand local
perspectives in creating ICT training programs and curricula that support development of talent
within communities for broadband deployment.
• Initiate mechanisms that promote peer to peer learning opportunities to facilitate knowledge
exchange among communities such as establishment of a national community networks
development program in collaboration with strategic partners to develop capacity, provide
guidance, mentorship and handholding for startup community networks to lower the risk
factors.
• Create strategies to encourage local businesses especially in rural and underserved areas to
adopt use of ICTs. This can be done through harnessing the power of community led initiatives
to help spread interest and uptake.
• Introduction of courses at higher education institutions that teach and promote the
development and use of Open Internet Standards so as to encourage adherence to globally
accepted standards in innovation and design of devices or software.
• Skilling of policymakers through inter-ministerial/agency cooperation, in partnership with
private sector and civil society, to ensure that public servants are able to engage and
implement recommendations arising from the growing evidence-base of challenges and
opportunities to realize this strategy’s objectives, and a vibrant digital economy
• Mainstream gender-responsive approaches to capacity building and innovation
• Support bottom-up capacity building initiatives by groups and organizations working within
communities, who are in a strategic positions to design, roll out and implement programs that
are context-appropriate
• Kenya Education Network (KENET) to provide training in Internet Protocol version Four (IPv4)
and IPv6 and related Internet resources training. It will also lead ICT/ broadband research,
innovations and training in broadband; and develop ICT curricula.
3.4.3 Expected outcomes
By implementing appropriate strategies, the expected outcomes in this thematic area are:
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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

• Increased awareness of ICT and broadband services including online security

• Increased digital literacy of the general citizenry
• Enhanced high-end technical skills
• Improved access and efficiency in delivery of e-Government services
• More informed citizenry on existing legal policies and regulatory frameworks
• Increased innovations that leverage on emerging technologies
Strategic objectives and an implementation plan for the CBI thematic area is presented in Appendix
I-5.
Figure 10: Status in BB Capacity Building and Innovation

3.4.4 Broadband Innovations and employment projects

In order to support socio-economic development opportunities for ‘digital jobs’ online jobs will be
created and innovations promoted through the Community Innovation Hubs (CIH) project. This will
ensure that the creation of youth employment and creation of innovations that will be used to support
the Big 4 Agenda program and projects such as e-agriculture applications, e-health among others. In
this regard, broadband innovation and employment creation projects will be implemented; a listing of
possible innovations and digital jobs is presented as Table 4.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
Table 4: Broadband Innovations and employment projects

Project Specific projects Beneficiaries Value to society

Ajira Digital A. Online Training
Digital Nation Africa Universal to anyone 1. Expansion and creation of skills to users on
This is a platform where registered users can access with an email emerging technologies.
online learning on new technologies. It also provides job address and can 2. Creation of innovative solutions through mobile
opportunities that match the user experience and skill. access Internet apps.
https://developer.ibm.com/africa/ 3. Provision of learning opportunity and knowledge
sharing with students and youth in learning
institutions
Core Certifications Learners interested 1. Improve communication and writing skills in
on improving their today’s workplace
This is a program aims to equip learners with communication 2. Accelerate business growth through digital
communication and writing skills, basic conversational skills and enhancing marketing and enhanced online presence
skills and digital literacy skills. The courses will be offered their IT skills 3. Help people to develop new skills and take
by private sector such as Alison.com and Google. advantage of all the social and economic
opportunities that come along with such skills
Admin Support + Customer Service Universal to all Creates professional office workers with enhanced
communication skills
This offers training on various ICT skills including
Windows XP, Office skills and Email Etiquette
IT & Networking IT professionals, Enhanced skills of ICT professionals and knowledge
Web designers and sharing in the field.
Online course to provide experience on Networking, learners interested
TCP/IP and Unix on IT and networking
Web, Mobile & Software Development. • Individuals with 1. Improvement on the existing skillsets of IT
basic knowledge in professionals on the programming languages.
Short online courses on programming languages such a programming 2. Creation of employment through creation of
Ajax, HTML 5, Java, xhtml and Android. languages and web blogs that facilitate knowledge sharing and
developers online marketing.
• Students
interested on
setting up blogs
Design and Creative SMEs and Enablement SMEs and MSMEs to market their
entrepreneurs business through the digital network
Online course on graphic and Web designing. Learners with
interest on graphic
design knowledge

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
Sales and Marketing SMEs and business 1. Enhanced business growth through effective
owners marketing strategies.
Online course to enhance skills of learners to 2. Creates a competitive market place
implementing marketing strategies 3. Creation of global presence of businesses
Accounting Learners interested Enhances financial management by startups and
in accounting entrepreneurs
The course provides learners with guidance on book knowledge
keeping and accounting SMEs and business
owners
B. Job Platforms
Online Work Public Creation employment as well as enable individuals to
own online working accounts hence being self-
Ajira digital provides various online job platforms through employed.
which users can access working accounts. The online
work accounts include; Niko Job, EVA Virtual Assistant,
Tuko Works, Kuhustle, Crowdsource Africa, Cloudfactory,
Freelancer, Upwork, iWriter, Upwork, Peopleperhour,
MachineDesign, Cadcrowd, WordPress, Metafilter,
Gigster, Problogger among others12
Studio Studio Mashinani is a project targeting the Youth of Youth Provision of opportunity and platform for the youth to
Mashinani Kenya to show case their talents in Performance Art. showcase and nature their talents.
Currently the government has set up four studios13
Y254 This is a channel with an online presence that presents Youth 1. Facilitation of promotion of local music and
entertainment content that has a particular focus on entertainment content.
Kenya's Youth. In addition, Y254 will also publicize
original music and entertainment content created by 2. Marketing of startup artists and enhances
Kenya's Youth working together with KBC through Studio their skill and experience in the sector.
Mashinani.
Constituency These are innovative hubs will be equipped with Internet Public The hub enables the public to access online jobs and
Innovation access and digital devices to enable the youth access allow them obtain agribusiness and micro finance
Hubs (CIH) tools to innovate and market creative ideas online to information.
enable them earn income. Currently the Government has
set up innovation hubs in 20 Constituencies14 and intends
to upscale this in all the 210 Constituencies in a bid to
transform the country into an information society and
prepare citizens for a digital economy.

12
https://ajiradigital.go.ke/guides
13
https://ajiradigital.go.ke/support_centers
14
https://ajiradigital.go.ke/support_centers

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

3.5 Broadband Devices

Broadband entails Internet access

through portable devices such as
smartphones, PCs and tablets. It can
also include customized devices such as
Police terminals, and other smart
connected devices such as Internet
Protocol Televisions (IPTVs), wearable’s
and other IoTs. Important
considerations for selecting the most
cost-effective and suitable device for an
intended purpose include, total cost of
ownership (TCO) which encompasses
repair, maintenance, power supply and
useful life. Access to online content and
essential services such as agriculture or
health that can improve citizen’s lives in
line with the government’s Big Four
strategy requires access devices, whether individually owned, shared or public.

With an estimated fixed and mobile broadband penetration rate of 2 subscriptions per 100 people in
2010, Kenya still has significant progress to make with respect to broadband uptake15. Device prices
are not getting lower, whilst the low-end devices are of low quality. Government use of devices has
been on the increase both in public offices and in schools with the introduction of the digital literacy
program (DLP) but there are still limited devices in health facilities and within the Police. Despite the
DLP, efforts to promote local manufacturing of devices have not been sufficiently successful.

It is equally important to determine and understand the potential physical and psychological negative
effects from device usage, especially on children and to identify avenues for effective management of
electronic waste considering the rising number of these devices.
3.5.1 Gaps and Opportunities
Table 5: Gaps and Opportunities for Broadband Devices

Attribute Gaps Opportunities

Affordability 40% of subscribers do not have smart Reduce costs, provide incentives to enable service
phones retailers provide payment by installment
Access There are currently 64 libraries and 11 Leverage NOFBI to establish Wi-Fi points; and
CIH that provide access points expand public access points with high-speed
nationwide broadband
Government 17000 primary schools have received Provide devices for secondary schools and
Use tablets; 1,000 secondary schools have increase devices at primary schools;
devices. Only 8,000 modern devices Provide devices for health facilities;
for police, most still using old devices if Provide devices in police stations and for police
any and few in police stations. Few officers
devices in public health facilities.
Adoption Limited use of local content and still Provide training and awareness on benefits and
low uptake of devices in rural areas; no uses of broadband; understand health impacts of
awareness off health impacts of devices
devices

15
Broadband In Kenya, 2011. Build It and They will come. Information for development Program.
https://www.infodev.org/infodev-files/resource/InfodevDocuments_1108.pdf

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

E-Waste Only one recycling center in Kenya Establish local recycling facilities in PPP; Provide
which mostly exports for overseas incentives for take-back of devices
recycling
Counterfeit Large number of counterfeit devices in Use rebates to reimburse legitimate devices;
the market establish certifications for retailers; expand phone
testing
Local Assembly Local assembly of DLP but no Develop feasibility study to attract contract
manufacturing or ICT supply chain manufacturers
New Devices Few IoT or customized devices Drive the use of IoT, support development of local
currently in the market or in use IoT devices, and drive the use of customized
devices to aid specific groups of users

The expectation under this thematic area is that every citizen will be able to afford a broadband device
for use in all socio-economic endeavours: learning, access to financial services, access to health, and
for e-commerce and for entertainment. The following is a summary of the current status of broadband
devices, institutions that involved, KPI availability, required policies and proposed program to ensure
that devices are accessible to all.

Figure 11: Status on Broadband Devices

3.5.2 Strategic Objectives

• To promote access to a broadband enabled device by all citizens in order to access e-
government services.
• To enable public sector to work efficiently by providing access to devices in government
offices, educational and health facilities, as well as when working outside of an office, such
as public security.
• The Government will develop a framework for security of IoT devices based on best-practice
• To increase demand devices.
• To establish a local industry for device manufacture, maintenance and recycling, this will
create jobs and address e-waste issues.
• To ensure availability of standards based devices in the market.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

Table 6: Broadband Devices Initiatives and Outcomes

Issue Initiative Outcome

Cost of Zero-rate Broadband devices to increase affordability Increased ownership of devices

Broadband
Establish partnerships with vendors, operators and Increased ownership of smart
financial institutions for bulk purchasing and low-interest digital devices
loans (e.g. SACCOs) and purchase contracts for devices
(including government employees)
Access Increase number of devices in libraries (and increase Increased access to broadband
broadband speed and reliability)
Establish Public Access Points with devices at Sub-County Increased access to broadband
offices
Establish Public Access Points with devices at Increased access to broadband
constituencies, utilizing educational, health, post office
facilities
Government Ensure every education facility has devices; each student Use of Broadband to improve
use should be able to use a device at least once per week education
preferably with keyboards for secondary and above. Each
teacher to have a device
Provide devices for health facilities and every community Use of broadband to improve
health volunteer health
Provide devices in police stations and for police officers Use of broadband to improve
(number of devices per police station to be determined safety
during the action planning (e.g.., 1 per officer)
Adoption of Network operators, USF, Counties and other agencies to Increase ownership and use of
broadband support training and awareness raising activities in villages devices
and public access points for users to understand the
benefits of broadband and the use of broadband devices
and services
Research health impacts of device usage, especially Increase safe ownership and
amongst children (e.g., social skills) use of devices
E-Waste Establish local recycling facilities in PPP (with supportive Reduced e-waste
policies to encourage PPP)
Provide incentives for take-back of devices and create a Reduced e-waste
supply chain for value addition from recycling
Device Use rebates to reimburse legitimate devices Reduced counterfeit devices
Management
system(s) Establish certifications for retailers Reduced counterfeit devices

Local Develop feasibility study to attract contract manufacturers Strategy for local ICT
Assembly manufacturing
New Devices Drive the use of IoT through government procurement and Increase in IoT devices
support for innovation
Support local IoT device manufacture or customization in Increase in IoT devices
partnership with other companies/Gearbox etc.
Drive the use of customized devices to aid specific groups Increase in IoT devices
of users

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

While implementing Public Access Points (PAPs) there are a need to have a time limit for using the
devices, a very small fee for use, and a restriction of access to certain sites only, e.g. e-government,
Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development (KICD), Ajira etc. In addition, PAPs at schools could be a
membership-based system for security purpose. Further, Internet of things (IoT) for animal tracking,
SGR freight tracking. The implementation plan on broadened devices is found at Appendix I-6
3.6 Privacy and Security

In addition affordability, reliability and quality of services, broadband networks also need to be
sufficiently secure, trustworthy and respect the privacy of the consumers. Privacy and security are
imperative drivers of demand for broadband and online services – the more the users perceive
adequacy of privacy and security, the more confident they will be in transacting online and the more
the adoption of broadband will be. This underscores the fact that privacy and security are crucial
broadband demand-side drivers.

At the core of confidence and security of networks and services, is information security and privacy,
which will be ensured by building confidence in the security of online transactions, and of the
broadband service users. Consistent with this objective, the Kenyan Government will: Promote
legislation for information security, data protection and the protection of privacy of citizens and ensure
the interface between technology and rights to privacy are well regulated. Specifically, Kenya’s
national and regional communications networks will be made secure and reliable through the
empowered computer emergency response teams (CERTs) and standards. Further cooperation in the
fight against cybercrime and cyber security breaches will be pursued to ensure that the vulnerable
members of the society are protected.

Security. There is prevalence of social engineering attacks, SIM swapping, bank fraud and
identity theft leading to inconvenience, and loss.

Privacy and data protection. Consistent Article 31 of the Constitution a Draft Bill and policy
have been finalized and undergoing stakeholder consultations with data protection commission
(MoICT and Senate consulting).

Overall, the citizens and businesses are significantly insecure while online, their privacy is being
infringed and private data is not adequately protected.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

Figure 12: Status on privacy and Security

A summary of gaps, opportunities, strategic objectives and an action-oriented implementation plan

with regard to privacy and security as applied to broadband in Kenya follows.
3.6.2 Gaps
▪ Weak Child Online Protection (COP) legal and regulatory framework
▪ Lack of laws and policies that govern the use of data
▪ Lack of awareness on the best information security practices and data protection procedures
▪ Lack of confidence in the security of online platforms i.e. e-government, online markets etc.
▪ Lack of adequate research and development in information security and privacy issues, locally
▪ Broadband cables are considered critical infrastructure and not a utility.
▪ While the right to privacy is enshrined under Article 31 of the Constitution, there is no data
protection law with provisions on how data should be handled by all entities that have or gain
access to personal data during their business.
▪ The European Union General Data Protection Regulations came into force on 25th May 2018
and the Regulations have implications on Kenyan businesses.
▪ The citizenry lack adequate skill and knowledge on the best online practices, which as a result
exposes them to dangerous actors who use their personal information for criminal purposes.
3.6.3 Opportunities for improvement
▪ To be innovative in how children’s content is regulated as they often bypass the existing
protections to enact a data protection law that will govern the use of data and personal
information to international standards.
▪ To provide civic education and capacity building on safety online and the scope of privacy
rights
▪ Set up frameworks to authenticate systems and users
▪ Safeguard the systems further to build confidence.
▪ Encourage more research institutions and centers to engage in online privacy and security
research
▪ Have ICT infrastructure declared a utility in the law so as to have punitive measures taken
against anyone who vandalizes and/or destroys broadband infrastructure.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

3.6.4 Strategic Objectives

In sum, and in working on this strategy, the strategic objectives with regard to privacy and security are
as follows:
1. The ratification of the Budapest Convention on Cybercrimes to enhance the country’s
international positioning on cybercrime and to address the existing gaps in its cyber-laws
2. Enactment of the cyber-specific laws following rigorous due process including stakeholder
involvement
3. Drafting of policy instruments and practical tools such as guidelines that would more precisely
define various risk levels as relates to particular information security scenarios
4. Enhanced cooperation of organizations in order to utilize the varying strengths of these
organizations in the regulation of the highly technical Internet space thereby increasing its
regulatory efficiency over cyberspace
5. Further research, capacity building and talent exchange in Internet governance and regulation
best practices within the borderless cyberspace
6. Implement ISO 27001 or similar standard
Consistent with the foregoing objectives, an implementation plan comprising expected outcomes,
actions, indicators and targets is presented in Appendix I-7
3.7 Finance and Investment
Broadband is emerging as a true
backbone of the digital economy
due to its transformative potential
for all facets of society. In
realization of this imperative, the
government of Kenya is
introducing broadband as a
development agenda to ensure
that digital inclusion for all is
achieved. To this end, universality
and affordability of broadband
calls for an effective cooperation
between both the private and
public sector stakeholders in the
financing and deployment of
broadband. Focus action areas
that include; gaining access to
low-cost private sector finance;
formulating effective policy and
regulation for the ICT sector;
devising appropriate tax policies for the sector; selecting and implementing other interventions
underpin the investments to be made.

The success or failure of a broadband deployment project primarily hinges on two factors; the
investment model that assesses the financial viability of the venture, and the financing model. The
investment model comprises all the capital, operating expenses and revenues, assumptions and
provides the classical metrics of business viability, such as return on investment and net present value.
The financing model addresses the approach that will be followed to fund the required investment to
roll out infrastructure. The investment model and funding assumptions are constrained by a number
of project contextual variables, comprising the competitive environment and players driving the
broadband rollout. In this section, a presentation of possible investment and business models, and
financing approaches that can be adopted for the NBS 2023 is made.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

To be able to source for funding, an elaborate national broadband strategy that is clearly aligned with
national priorities including the Big Four Agenda is required. With this NBS in place, funding will be
sought from the private sector. A clear investment and business model is not only crucial for the
effective deployment of broadband but for attracting the required finances.

The funding for NBS 2023 envisages implementation of broadband initiatives and projects to be
funded through private sector initiatives, and Public Private Partnerships while the government will
provide incentives. To encourage private investment the Government will put in place favorable policy
decisions to ensure investment is forthcoming. This can be done through tax incentives, regulatory
incentives on building key infrastructure, industry collaboration (in specific areas such as education,
agriculture and healthcare), tax holidays and by reducing the costs of rolling out fibre networks where
the reuse and sharing of physical infrastructure that supports digital networks will be mandated. Other
sources of finance include innovative models for partnership and fibre infrastructure sharing.

Government collaboration models for investment in broadband will include the following:
(1) PPP: where government and private sector institutions such as Banks and other Corporates
roll out broadband connectivity to all parts of Kenya. An example of this is where Italy has
enlisted banks to finance its open plan for fiber at up to US$8 billion broadband rollout. Tax
holidays will be good an incentive for projects of long-term nature where new capital intensive
investment is required such as construction of ducts and expansion of the NOFBI to all
counties, sub-counties and wards
(a) Design Build and Operate (DBO): This is a model used for public-private partnerships. In a
private DBO model, the private partner will be responsible for the design as well as the building
and operation of broadband facilities. DBO ensures technology neutrality, as the private
partner is able to choose a preferred technology without any public intervention. In a public
DBO model, the public partner is responsible for design, building, and operation. The NBS
2023 recommends use of private DBO in financing broadband
(b) Public-Private Community Partnership (PPCP): This is a special variation of PPP is public-private
community partnership (PPCP) in which the local community is one of the partners involved.
PPCP addresses some of the concerns raised in relation to PPP projects, as it ensures a local
participation and focus on local development rather than profitability as the only parameter of
success. PPCP is widely used in community projects such as the proposed bottom up citizen
model but is also applied in projects aiming to reduce the digital divide, which the broadband
strategy aims to address.

(2) Private Sector Funding (PSF): This model will involve development of schemes where the private
sector are invited to contribute to the development of broadband projects and national
infrastructure base. In this case, the government will allow private actors to earn a reasonable
return on investments in those projects where they accept all the risks. Alternatively, the National
Government will need to incentivize through tax holidays, and tax cuts for broadband projects
implemented by the private sector. The target Private sector actors in the PSF model include
Banks, Industry collaborations to implement the projects, the World Bank, Africa Development
Bank (AfDB) International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and Africa Telecommunication Union
(ATU).

(3) Collaborative Government Funding: In this approach, the Government will collaborate with local
entities who have relevant expertise in broadband related aspects such as the laying of public
physical infrastructure to roll out aspects of the broadband. The potential collaborators are public
corporations such as Kenya Pipeline Corporation, Kenya Railways Corporation, Kenya Power and
Lighting Company (KPLC), Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KURA), Kenya Rural Roads Authority
(KERRA) for provision of shared open infrastructure in counties, rural areas and national highways;
and KENET for the rollout of broadband to educational institutions in Kenya.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

Figure 13: Status on Finance and Investment

Target/programs:--→ Private sector, PPP and National treasury/USF

3.7.1 Financing and investment Gaps

The strategy identifies various gaps in financing of broadband which include lack of coordination for
financing broadband initiatives; inadequate delivery structure for coordination and implementation;
insufficient awareness of the financing options/instruments especially to the small operators such
GEMS (Growth Enterprise Management Segment); suboptimal prioritization of projects; limited sharing
of resources to minimize on duplication of resources especially in regard to fiber cable deployment
and low budgetary contribution by national government towards ICT sector. Currently the government
contributes 0.5% of National Budget towards ICT. Further, there is insufficient awareness by the county
government on how they can support ICT services.
3.7.2 Opportunities
• Availability of regional financing from the World Bank and Africa Development Bank (AfDB),
which can be explored. This should be done by developing of proposals and submitting them
consideration by the financiers
• Improving awareness on the various financing options /instruments. To be facilitated by CA,
MOICT, Capital Markets Authority (CMA), Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) & financial institutions
• Provision of tax incentives on end user devices
• Promoting market based competition
• Tax holiday on new investment in ICT sector
• Security/protection of investment in the ICT sector
• Engaging with Council of Governors and the regional county blocs with a view to improve their
understanding of the ICT services and how the various counties can support
deployment/provision of ICT services in the counties under the leadership of the CA.
3.7.3 Investment model
Attracting investment in broadband is crucial. Given the scarcity of resources, the choice of the model
for investment in broadband is an important decision, which can lead to success or sub-optimal results
with regard to broadband deployment. The choice of one model over another is a decision based on
the budgetary and socio-economic context of the area, the ambition (mission) level of the public
authority/organization charged with delivery of broadband, and the development goals for the country.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

Some questions that a public authority16 (PA) (in this NBS, the Ministry of ICT) will need to answer in
the choice of the broadband investment model are:
1. How can we create an engine that ensures future investment in infrastructure beyond the
immediate project and funding available?
2. Are there benefits in keeping control and ownership of the passive infrastructure and in
defining the deployment priorities?
3. Would we rather keep the ownership of the infrastructure but let an operator define and
execute the deployment?
4. What are the pros and cons to involve vertically integrated operators (incumbents and others)
to upgrade or expand the network?
5. Do we also see the scope to support local bottom-up citizen initiatives?
6. Given the socio-economic conditions on the ground, which level of competition is required to
facilitate penetration of high quality and affordable services?

There are four models17 representing a range of options for combining public and private investment
in the implementation of broadband, which are presented in increasing order of involvement by the
Public Authority (PA) in charge of broadband (e.g., broadband council). Each model is applicable in
different circumstances, depending on the scope of the required infrastructure, and the specific aims
of the PA, and the investment/risk appetite of potential private sector partners.

The most important choice a PA faces is how much to commit, and what role to take vis-à-vis the
market, the citizens, and the businesses in the country. This should be considered separately from the
public authority’s role in making decisions on the best financial resources.

New technologies and innovative deployment models can help dramatically reduce network costs and
increase the quality of broadband in general. Those technologies are difficult to develop without a
robust, affordable, and efficient system for granting of experimental licenses and authorizations for
experimental deployment models, as well as ensuring speedy transit through customs for
technologically innovative products and devices.

In summary, the examples of the investment models are as follows:

a. Bottom-up citizen model. The bottom-up, or local community model involves a group of
end users organizing themselves into a jointly owned and democratically controlled group
(frequently a co-operative) capable of overseeing the contract to build and operate their
own local broadband network. This falls into digital communities for county governments,
or digital villages, Innovation/Technology hubs or centers, for example “silicon savannah”
(the Konza city)
b. Private design, build and operate (DBO) model. The private design, build and operate (DBO)
model involves the Broadband Authority18 issuing funding (often in the form of a grant) to
a private sector organization to assist in its deployment of a new network. The public
authority has no specific role in the ownership or running of the network, but may impose
obligations in return for the funding.
c. Public outsourcing model. Under a public outsourcing model, a single contract is awarded
for all aspects of the construction and operation of the network. The major characteristic

16 For the purposes of this NBS, the Public Authority (PA) is the national broadband council (NBC)
17 Guide to broadband investment. European Union Regional Policy
18 This can be a public organization mandated to oversee the deployment of broadband

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

of this model is that the network is run by the private sector, but the public sector retains
ownership and some control of the network.
d. Joint venture model. A joint venture is an agreement under which ownership of the network
is split between the public and private sector. Construction and operational functions are
likely to be undertaken by the private sector.
e. Public design, build and operate model. A public DBO model involves the public sector
owning and operating a network without any private sector assistance. All aspects of
network deployment are managed by the public sector. A public sector operating company
may operate the entire network, or may operate the wholesale layer only (with private
operators offering retail services). Access to NEPAD Infrastructure Project Preparation
Facility (NEPAD-IPPF) fund will depend on the availability of national broadband policies
and specific NBP projects.

A number of investment models have been successfully implemented such as Joint Ventures between
KPLC, standard gauge railway (SGR), Pipeline, MoICT and CA on the provision of National Fibre.
Developing a National Fibre Company19 and leasing models (Equipment & Accessories where financing
can be provided either by a financial institution or by vendor).

The private sector is the best positioned to finance broadband infrastructure, and is better equipped
to enable the rapid deployment of infrastructure to a wide area of coverage. Consequently, where there
are instances in which ‘purely commercial considerations’ are insufficient, the options that are
available and can provide value, which include public-private partnerships will be used to deploy
broadband in Kenya. With the NBS having identified ‘inadequate financial resources’ as ‘one of the
crucial factors affecting broadband development in Africa,’ In order to deliver on desired infrastructure
development outcomes the ‘private design, build and operate (DBO) model,’ where the government
will provide support and assistance in the deployment of a new network (in the form of funding such
as tax holiday for a certain period) to be built and operated by the private sector is encouraged.
3.7.4 Business Model
The business model defines the roles and responsibilities of different actors in the broadband value
chain, with special focus on the public authority charged with the delivery of broadband. A broadband
network broadly consists of a passive infrastructure (ducts, cables, masts, premises), and active
equipment (implementing the technology: transponders, routers and switches, control and
management servers). On top of that, applications and services are delivered. The three layers are
characterized by different technical and economical properties and different business roles:

1. The physical infrastructure provider (PIP), which owns and maintains the passive
infrastructure;
2. The network provider (NP) which operates (and typically owns) the active equipment
(incumbent operators, new independent operators, broadband companies)
3. The service provider (SP), which delivers the digital services (e-health, elderly care, TV, Internet,
phone, video-conferencing, entertainment, teleworking, smart monitoring, etc.)

Depending on which market actors take up which roles (PIP, NP, SP), different business models arise.
If one market actor takes all three roles, it is said to be vertically integrated, and the resulting business
model is referred to as a vertically integrated model (all large telecom operators fall in this category;
the actions on investment and business models are presented in Table 7

19South Africa has implemented this model for broadband delivery; the company is known as Broadband Infraco Limited
(BBI) see http://www.infraco.co.za/CorpProfile/default.aspx

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

Table 7: Broadband Investment and Business Model

Broadband Description of models Proposed Action20 Timeline

Aspect
Investment Direct investment: the public-run Elaboration of the investment Q2 2019
Model Municipal Network model (aka Public models and Publication of
DBO) Guidelines
Indirect investment: the private-run Elaboration of the models and Q2 2019
Municipal Network model Publication of Guidelines
Support of bottom-up initiatives Elaboration of the models and Q2 2019
Publication of Guidelines
Operator subsidy (aka gap-funding or Elaboration of the models and Q2 2019
private DBO) Publication of Guidelines
Business Physical infrastructure provider (PIP), Elaboration of the models and Q3 2018
model which owns and maintains the passive Publication of Guidelines
infrastructure
Network provider (NP) which operates Elaboration of the models and Q3 2019
(and typically owns) the active Publication of Guidelines
equipment (incumbent operators, new
independent operators, broadband
companies)
Service provider (SP), which delivers Elaboration of the models and Q3 2019
the digital services (e-health, elderly Publication of Guidelines
care, TV, Internet, phone, video-
conferencing, entertainment,
teleworking, smart monitoring, etc.)

3.7.5 Financing Broadband

Funding Broadband Access21. Inadequate financial resources have been identified as one of the
crucial factors affecting broadband development in Africa. Viable sources of funding that can be
pursued include structured public-private partnerships, liberalization of ICT to attract investors into the
broadband infrastructure space and privatization of state owned ICT corporations to improve
efficiency. Among the measures to implement broadband are government investment in basic
infrastructure e.g., for national fibre optic backbone networks such as the national optical broadband
infrastructure, NOFBI (Kenya) setting up special purpose vehicles (SPVs) for broadband (e.g., as was
the case for the East Africa Marine System [TEAMS] and the East African Submarine System [EASSy]
submarine cable systems). Additionally, fiscal incentives for broadband infrastructure, such as
reduction of taxes, could go a long way in stimulating broadband and are highly recommended for
wireless broadband access.
At the highest level, the financing model of broadband networks comprises three sources of funds,
namely private lenders (through a single institution or a syndicate), public funds (through grants or low
interest loans), and equity investors (governments, multilaterals or the private sector). The following
are some of the possible financing options for broadband: -
(i) Use structural funds to finance the rollout of high-speed broadband networks22. Use the
Structural and Rural Development Funds that are earmarked for investment in ICT
infrastructures and services. This can be achieved by designing projects that would
accelerate the deployment and use of broadband along all the broadband thematic
areas/pillars. In this case some of the funds will be directed to broadband ICTs.

20Proposed to be based on the Guidelines for Broadband Deployment in SADC prepared by Dr. Thomas Senaji /ITU in
collaboration with CRASA (2014). This action should be led by the Public Authority (such as the National Broadband
Council) charged with the delivery of broadband.

22 http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/pillar-iv-fast-and-ultra-fast-Internet-access/action-48-use-structural-funds-
finance-roll-out-high

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

(1) Financing national broadband infrastructure

National broadband infrastructure can be financed through mechanisms such as the following:

• National open access network: The network assets of operators are purchased; the
government remains a majority shareholder, at least temporarily, although the national
company can be opened to private investors. The network is open to all service providers at
regulated prices (e.g., National Broadband Network (NBN) in Australia, and Broadband Infraco
[BBI] of South Africa).

• National open access alternative carrier: A variance of the prior model, in this case the national
network remains an alternative carrier to the incumbent backbones. Its purpose is to break
down potential bottleneck prices that could be raised by incumbents (e.g., Telebras in Brazil,
Argentina Conectada in Argentina).

• Government financing of the national network. In this case, the government invests
temporarily in a network to be deployed by a private carrier. The purpose in this case is to
facilitate through funding, the deployment of a high capacity infrastructure (e.g., NGN network
in Singapore).
National government local networks (e.g., to Schools to facilitate the DLP and Laptop project). In
this case the Government acts more as a facilitator by dedicating a special fund to help financing
neutral open access models, most of the time being at a regional or municipality level (e.g.,
National Very High Speed Plan in France, Broadband Delivery UK Plan, Municipal Fibre to the Home
(FTTH) investment in Sweden, BB Delivery in the UK). In this case, the government is the project
sponsor

(2) County Governments Financing

In this case, the county government assumes ownership of a fiber optic network laid out to serve the
population in its county. The model is, in many cases, triggered by the concern of the county to be left
unserved by ultra-fast networks deployed by telecommunications carriers and cable TV operators to
serve high-density areas only (e.g., in the rural and marginalized areas). It can assume one of three
business models:

• County retail, whereby the county becomes the service provider offering triple play services to
the population under its purview;

• County wholesale service offering (or ‘Open Access’), where the county provides access to the
infrastructure to third parties (e.g. service providers) for a fee; or

• County financing of an infrastructure, which is owned, operated and maintained by a private

provider on a ‘lease’ model (based on a public private partnership model
A summary of the financing options is presented in Figure 13

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

.Figure 14: Financing Models

3.7.6 Partnerships

Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) could involve partnerships or joint ventures between e.g. utility
providers such as KPLC and telecommunication firms (and other infrastructure providers). The trend
towards increased demand for high speeds of Internet will drive investment partnerships between
Internet/telecom companies and public sector companies to invest in broadband. The rationale for
this comes from the fact that Kenya has the highest Internet speeds in Africa: Kenya (12.16 MBPs);
Rwanda (1.69); SA (6.74); Mauritius (5.71) and Morocco (5.1)23. A caution offered in this plan is that
the principal rule that public-sector players must not undertake commercial activity in competition with
private-sector players is to avoid the danger of distorting competition. Regional and local initiatives for
public-private collaboration that promote the deployment of infrastructure should also be sought
carefully.
Public private partnerships are an important means to bringing network infrastructure to high-cost
rural areas, especially if those partnerships facilitate infrastructure sharing. In rural areas that are
either unserved or underserved, the sharing of infrastructure can be critical to addressing the
challenge of deploying networks in high-cost areas that would otherwise be economically
unsustainable. The sharing of passive infrastructure (i.e., the sharing of physical space such as ducts
and towers, non-electric infrastructure at cell sites, as well as power supply) can lower upfront capital
expenditures, which reduces barriers to the investment in new deployments.
Investment in connectivity infrastructure. The government will promote partnerships with
private sector (PPPs) on investment in connectivity infrastructure to develop technologies and
platforms for use by Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to make
affordable Internet access possible in communities in Kenya including through the use of unmanned
aerial vehicles, lasers, satellites and terrestrial wireless systems.
PPPs will be implemented in line with the broadband business models along the broadband value
chain. Specifically PPPs will be utilized to develop broadband in at least three levels that constitute
the broadband business models; these are:
(i) Physical layer comprising physical infrastructure development such as ‘dark’ optical fibre
along the highways, towers for radio equipment among others.
(ii) Active layer which will comprise implementation of broadband networks over the physical
infrastructure; and lastly,

23
State of the Internet In Kenya, 2017. https://www.ifree.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/State-of-the-Internet-in-
Kenya-report-2017.pdf

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

(iii) The service layer where public and private sector will collaborate in the creation of services,
content and application for use across all sectors of the economy, including in the Big 4
Agenda.
These broadband investment and business models will be elaborated within the first six months of the
life of this NBS and policies/guidelines/regulations prepared to operationalize them. A comprehensive
study is recommended to be conducted within the first one year of NBS 2023 to determine the most
suitable business models in the Passive, Active and Service layers of broadband.

Further, other partnerships between MDAs that are aimed at promoting and developing broadband
infrastructure, services, content, and applications will be implemented such as those between the
MoICT and the Big 4 Agenda MDAs; and other MDAs.

Meanwhile, any drawbacks in the existing policy, legislation and regulations with regard to the effective
implementation of PPP programs and projects will be identified and addressed within the first 12
months of this NBS to pave way for smooth implementation of BB projects under this framework.
3.7.7 Private Sector Investment Opportunities in NBS 2023
There are various opportunities for investment in broadband in the rural areas where huge digital
divide between the urban and the rural areas exits.. Infrastructure and connectivity opportunities
include extending broadband to ward levels, and distributing broadband to local communities using
appropriate broadband last mile technologies
Other investment opportunities include broadband connectivity to housing units which will be
constructed as part of the Big Four Agenda and the second phase of the SGR project where optical
fibre can be integrated in the road and wireless access used to serve the population along the railway
and pipeline provides an opportunity for optical fibre to be integrated in the rail road and wireless
access used to serve the population along the railway and pipeline. Further, there is opportunity for
content and applications development through the constituency innovation hubs. Similarly,
broadband in universal health care delivery and smart agriculture to support food security in Kenya
are other opportunities for the private sector. There is also an opportunity to deploy and embed
broadband in the manufacturing sector to not only improve efficiency in this sector but also to
manufacture broadband devices and accessories.
The government will support the private sector by providing enabling environment comprising policy,
legislation and regulation to attract investments for the development of broadband by private
investors.
3.8 Integrated Broadband Projects
This NBS envisions various projects to be implemented as a means to achieve the vision of affordable,
accessible and secure broadband for all citizens. Implementation of these projects will be done
through collaborative mechanisms among the various stakeholders in the framework of integrated
broadband projects (IBP) where all inputs for the project are planned at the same time to avoid delays
arising from omitted components at implementation stage; specifically,
(i) The expansion of the NOFBI for instance will involve collaboration between the Ministry of
Transport and Infrastructure, KURA, KERRA, Kenya National Highways Authority (KENHA),
KPLC and Kenya Electricity Transmission Company (KETRACO).
(ii) County broadband infrastructure will be implemented through partnership between the private
sector county governments and Postal Corporation of Kenya (e.g., at the Huduma centres).
(iii) Connectivity to schools will be achieved through collaboration between the Ministry of
Education, Science and Technology (MoEST), KENET and the private sector. Further,
enhancing capacity building for and awareness of broadband requires extensive effort by the
MoEST, KICD, TVET colleges, Universities and the NBS delivery unit to work together to include
broadband in the curriculum as well as have national broadband awareness campaigns.

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(iv) Utility services providers including the Nairobi Water and Sewerage Company with a customer
base of over 250,000 will also be engaged in broadband connectivity to the homes this may
be done along with the installation of smart meters as is being implemented by the company.
In this regard, an integrated planning of broadband projects will be applied to ensure that all
stakeholders provide input, which will ensure that the projects are successfully implemented,

4. ROLES OF STAKEHOLDERS

4.1 Multi-stakeholder Approach to NBS 2023 Implementation

There are various stakeholders who will play important roles in the implementation of this Strategy.
The following are the key roles of stakeholders with regard to the implementation of the NBS (The
indicative roles of stakeholders is presented in Appendix II).
(i) Parliament (The Senate and the National Assembly) to enact necessary legislation necessary
fully operationalize the NBS
(ii) MoICT as the custodian of the NBS, will monitor its implementation through the NBC; be
responsible for the review of the NBS, champion public education on the NBS and set up the
broadband delivery unit (BDU) at the key implementing agencies which will have membership
in the NBC
(iii) Ministry of Infrastructure and the relevant authorities under it - KERRA, KURA, KeNHA
(iv) The regulator (CA) shall draft and ensure implementation of regulations regarding the NBS
(v) Service providers and licensees
(1) Provide consumer education
(2) Provide broadband services of acceptable quality and at affordable prices;
(3) Be part of the development of the demand side of the broadband ecosystem;
(4) Develop content and e-applications.
(vi) Consumer organizations
(1) Articulate consumer concerns
(2) Demand for acceptable quality of service and pay for it

(vii) Kenya National Education Network

Kenya National Education Network (KENET) is the National Research and Education Network
(NREN) of Kenya mandated to provide high speed connectivity and cloud services to the
education, research and government institutions affiliated to the education sector including
hospitals, aimed at transforming education and research using ICT. The NREN is thus a
specialized operator of a private educational and research broadband network and research
infrastructures offering services like identity federation, community cloud and research
computing, for the benefit of researchers, faculty, students and staff. It is a critical component
of the National Innovation System. It is also the vehicle for the government to increase the
penetration of broadband services in educational and research institutions. It will therefore
lead ICT/ broadband research and innovations in broadband; and develop ICT curricula.

(vii) Kenya Power and Lighting Company

KPLC is both a provider and an enabler of broadband. It is a provider because it has rolled out
an optical fibre infrastructure over the power lines, which can be used by broadband service
providers. Secondly, KPLC distributes power to various consumers where other providers of
broadband depend for supply power to their (other BB providers) network. It is anticipated that
the MoICT, Ministry of Energy and that of Infrastructure will closely collaborate in the
development of broadband. More specifically, the areas to which broadband needs to be
extended and where there is no power supply will be identified by the BDU under the auspices
of the NBC and shared with these lead MDAs for coordinated action.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

(viii) Kenya Electricity Transmission Company Ltd

Kenya Electricity Transmission Company Ltd (KETRACO) is wholly owned government company
incorporated with the mandate to plan, design, construct, own, operate and maintain high
voltage electricity transmission grid and regional power interconnectors that will form the
backbone of the National Transmission Grid. In the execution of this mandate, KETRACO will
be encouraged include fibre cable along with its power lines to cover areas not reached by
NOFBI; this infrastructure, where feasible, will also be utilized as a carrier of the NOFBI to
underserved areas.
(ix) Postal and Courier Subsector
Postal services can play a pivotal role in delivering services, lowering the costs associated with
access and providing inclusion to basic broadband services. By utilizing ICTs to improve
delivery of public services through one-stop-shop over the wide postal physical infrastructure
for example, the bottlenecks associated with digital divide can be addressed in part.
Post offices have a strong presence in rural areas. In Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA), it is estimated
that 82% of post offices are located outside the three largest cities of each country.24 This
means that post offices are located exactly where the population lives, not only in urban areas,
but also in peri-urban and rural areas; and have a lot to offer to rural populations in terms
socio-economic inclusion.
The role that the postal sector plays therefore include the following main areas, among other
things:-
(1) Facilitation of communication within the country and with the rest of the world;
(2) Facilitation of trade, through the movement of parcels and other goods within the
country and internationally;
(3) Bridging the digital divide, through provision of Internet cafes (the Public Access
Information Centres, PAICs) and other Information Communication Technologies (ICTs)
within the postal network;
(4) Contribution to Education and Literacy, through delivery of learning materials through
the postal network and access to online learning through the postal infrastructure; and,
(5) Contribution to GDP, through postal revenues;

Through broadband therefore, proper and well-managed e-Post services can leverage on the
efficiency and scope of opportunities available online and facilitate provision of other ancillary
services such as e-Finance services, e-Commerce services, e-Government services and e-
Learning services.

(x) Kenya Network Information Centre

Kenya Network Information Centre (KeNIC) will effectively administer the Kenyan ccTLD
market, setting the pace of the local domain market and increase the uptake of .ke
domains by ensuring affordability of this resource

It is reiterated that for avoidance of ambiguity, each of the stakeholders mentioned would play the
roles specified in their respective mandates and licenses; and collaborate with other stakeholders in
the broadband ecosystem to ensure its success.

24 UPU, 2008

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

4.2 Role of Private Sector and Development Partners

The private sector will play an important role in the implementation of broadband. To facilitate this,
the government will create conducive environment for ensuring the attraction of private investment
and competition between providers of broadband services. At least 70% of the financing is expected
to come from the private sector for the relevant national broadband projects. The strategies through
which the private sector will be involved in investment in broadband opportunities in NBS 2023
include:
(i) Cooperation between the public and private sector in developing networks in areas, which are
considered to be underdeveloped. These will include extending broadband to marginalized and
remote areas of the country. The collaboration will also cover priority projects for deployment
of fast Internet connections for the public institutions in rural areas.
(ii) Encouraging local, regional and international financing agencies to invest and/ or finance key
NBS 2023 projects. These agencies include the World Bank25, AfDB, and IFC. In order to
engage them, integrated broadband project proposals will be developed for consideration by
the financiers
(iii) The private sector will develop innovative financing options/instruments through which the
private sector will participate in financing broadband. Capital Market Authority and financial
institutions will facilitate this initiative. The instruments could be securities such as bonds and
development of a National Fibre Company in which the private sector companies (and
individuals) can invest. Such a fibre company would pool resources from various investors.
(iv) For financing of devices, the private sector will set up manufacturing plans for broadband
devices. Another approach is leasing model for equipment and accessories/devices–where
financing would be in in the form of provision of equipment or devices by a financial institution
or by a vendor at affordable periodic installments.

(v) Innovative investment arrangements attractive to the private sector investors in the Kenyan
markets will also be implemented. These will include the Design, Build and Operate (DBO)
where investors will be encouraged to invest in broadband projects and Build and Operate
under some arrangement with the Government recovering their investment. The DBO model is
will be used for public-private partnerships. The private DBO model, where the private partner
is responsible for the design as well as the building and operation of facilities will be
encouraged.

While the private sector and the development partners play their respective stated roles, the
Government will:-

(i) Make Build-out Requirements Effective: Motivate licensees to meet build-out milestones and
timeframes by making licenses contingent on build-out requirements.
(ii) Speed Network Deployment by determining spectrum auction: Award spectrum to bidders
committed to efficient allocation and maximal utilization by also incorporating speed of build
out when determining auction winners.
(iii) Keep Rural Deployment on Pace: To keep rural deployment on pace with urban deployment,
the Government of Kenya could make access to spectrum in urban areas contingent on
meeting build-out requirements in rural areas.

25
The World Bank can support governments in developing their broadband services. By information sharing, benchmarking,
technical assistance and support in regulation, the World Bank can help governments to improve the functioning of markets,
stimulate investment and learn from the experiences of other countries. The World Bank can also provide financing for
strategic investments to support the development of key parts of the infrastructure. International submarine cables, cross-
border connectivity and high capacity domestic backbone networks are all examples of areas in which World Bank
investments can play a catalytic role, crowding-in private sector investment and improving service delivery. The EASSy cable
along the East coast of Africa and the RCIP program throughout Eastern and Southern Africa are all examples of where the
World Bank is supporting the development of these key infrastructure bottlenecks through Public-Private-Partnerships (see
Tim Kelly et al, 2009 https://www.oecd.org/ict/4d/43631862.pdf )

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(iv) Increase spectrum available for innovative access and backhaul technologies: The
Government will continually identify and allocate frequency bands that can be utilized for high
capacity backhaul via solar powered aircraft, Wave terrestrial access and backhaul solutions,
and higher throughput satellite backhaul capacity.
Table 8: Strategic role of key stakeholders in Broadband Value chain
Stakeholder/V Devices Connectivity Capacity building Local business value created
alue chain
Private sector Provide service to Provide Internet ‘blankets’ in (i) Training of customers (i) Local communities and
include devices as towns and cities on new technologies private sector have set up
a package devices and services business with specific
(1) Mobile Devices (ii) Conducting BB products targeting BB use at
(2) Tablets awareness programs local levels e.g., at wards and
(3) Laptops- across the country village level.
(4) Clouding (ii) Private sector innovative
(5) Mobile Offices capabilities and production
of new services, products
and creation of tech
companies, including use of
modern mobile applications.
(iii) Establishment of variety
of ICT based
services/applications
utilizing the BB network to
continuously improve the
quality of people’s lives.
Counties (i) County (i) County BB plans and (i) Budgetary provision 1. Enhanced digital; literacy
governments to investment: County for regular sensitisation (bridge digital divide)
offer computer Governments should come training on BB at all 2. Employment resulting
purchase up with plans and targets levels of the county from emergence of new
assistance to staff and strongly implement BB government businesses which quickly
and youth to be policies for their population (ii) Development of adopt and diffuse new
able to access (Note: BB leading countries customised programs to 3. Technologies and
broadband like Japan, Sweden and facilitate Internet infrastructure suitable for
(ii) Counties to South Korea drove market education, computer their businesses
establish penetration by establishing use in schools, and 4. Improved health
partnerships with targets at various levels). homes. 5. Improved access to
service providers/ (ii) County governments BB (iii) Special programs to education
equipment provider projects including e- educate
for affordable BB government, digital-health, housewives, who tend
devices and e-learning or distant to control household
education in line with finances on use and
broadband infrastructure benefits of BB

(iii) Community access

networks: Rural broadband
expansion should be
undertaken by counties
through creation of
community access networks
to distribute services to the
communities (liaison with
the regulator).
(iv) Each County to establish
three (3) community network
hubs for rural penetration.
And in each hub establish
Digital Knowledge Centre
(DKC) and Digital Knowledge
Library ( (DKL)

(v) ICT cultural community:

Counties should Contribute
toward the creation of a

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 The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

Sustainable ICT-based
cultural community and
showcase county’s unique
knowledge assets.
(iv) Digitisation of
operations: Counties aim at
digitizing and
Designing knowledge
contents in their counties
(vi) Counties try to facilitate
the sharing of
Digital resources even within
counties particularly in the
county economic blocks
Communities 1. Pooling of 1. Ensure security of 1. Organize at least one 1. BB infrastructure is free
resources to infrastructure community meetings from vandalism hence
acquire BB 2. Mobilise resources to to sensitize members continuity of service
devices purchase broadband on broadband 2. Relevant local
2. Sharing of services 2. Share knowledge knowledge is created
existing 3. Generate content among community and commercialized
devices members through for hence generation of
3. Ensuring safe a and meetings income
disposal of 3. Increased digital literacy
obsolete 4. Enhanced access to
devices digital opportunity
National 1. Fiscal incentives (i) Expand broadband 1. Promote the 1. Countrywide access to
Government on importation backbone: Government to development of ICT/ BB on open access
and/ or promote a nationwide fiber- BB centres of basis
manufacture of optic expansion through excellence in the 2. Platform for
devices and formation of network hubs country entrepreneurs to deploy
related (47 in No.) in each county 2. Train all employees BB end user while riding
accessories HQ by the end of 2022 in government on BB on national BB
2. BB stimulus (extension of NOFBI). The services infrastructure
package across government to promote 3. Jump-starting the
the BB value provision of a combination of process by which
chain broadband wireless demand for new
3. Enabling policy, technology and/ or wired services reaches a
legal and communication as may be critical mass making it
regulatory feasible. The infrastructure possible for service
environment be accessed on open access providers to reduce their
(see appropriate principles by all service cost to rates a mass
chapter) providers26 market will support e.g.
4. Government through the promotion
subsidization, (iii) Knowledge sharing: The of on-line access,
demand national Government will developing ICT-intensive
aggregation, and build a sustainable “smart communities,”
sponsored pilot knowledge sharing creating incentives for
projects Network in Kenya and the creation of local
internationally with content for transmission
neighbouring countries in via the Internet,
East Africa in which expediting electronic
Enhanced online commerce and
applications and cyber delivering electronic
security government services.
National and The national and Direct underwriting, loans, Regular public education Affordable and widely
County county governments favorable tax treatment, and forums and awareness available broadband services
governments to sponsor science other types of financial creation being used by citizens for,

26
Examples of this model is the Korean Government and Swedish government. The Korean government has been very supportive in the
thrust toward making Korea advance in BB technology by encouraging a free market and actively policing the service providers through
effective regulatory framework. One of the main providers is a state owned Company where Government has shares just like Kenyan
Government has shares in Telkom and Safaricom. These companies pushed penetration in S Korea to point where S Korea leads the world
the global broadband leadership rankings The Country had a home Internet access of more than 88% of the population by 2016. In terms
of broadband users in Sweden, in the year 2016, 93% of the population in Sweden had Internet access at home (mobile broadband
services with over 100 Mbps speeds), with main dominant provider being a State-owned company.

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and technology support for construction of socio-economic

parks by forging new high capacity backbone activities/development
synergies among digital, broadband networks
research centers, at both the national and
educational county government levels
institutions and
technology-based
companies27
Stakeholder/V Finance and Policy, legislation and Services, Content and Privacy and Security
alue chain Investment Regulation application
Private sector Invest in broadband Participate in public policy Provide content, services Implement security measures
dialogues and applications that are in the equipment and services
affordable and of that are provided
acceptable quality and
suitable for socio-
economic development
Counties Provide incentives Enact enabling bylaws Provide public content, Ensure that BB infrastructure
for rollout of services and applications is not vandalized
Broadband in the that are affordable and
county up to the of acceptable quality and
ward levels suitable for socio-
economic development
such are permits,
registration of persons,
etc.
Communities Utilize and pay for Utilize Within the confines of Create and Adhere to acceptable security
BB services the law and contribute to commercialize local and privacy standards while
public policy development content and applications using broadband services
National Provide fiscal and Promulgate relevant policies, Provide public content, Implement the security
Government regulatory incentives enact laws and issue services and applications measures specified in the
for rollout of national regulations on BB that are affordable and NBS including strengthening
BB backbone to of acceptable quality and security infrastructure
each county suitable for socio- including the KE-CERT
economic development
such are permits,
registration of persons,
etc.
National and Collaborate in Collaborate in harmonization Collaborate in rolling out Collaborate on BB security
County organizing of laws and regulations that national data bases to issues including physical
governments investment forums govern BB such as those on support broadband security, cyber security, etc.
for BB annually wayleaves, passive BB
infrastructure

27
This synergy can be achieved primarily through investments, preferential policies and focused leadership programs designed to finance
research and development projects and to promote commercialization of applied research.

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5. GOVERNANCE AND DELIVERY STRUCTURE

5.1 National Broadband Strategy Coordination

Arising from the weaknesses observed in the implementation of the NBS 2017, a clear structure to
govern and deliver this NBS is recommended. The NBS coordination body shall ensure timely decision
making and implementation of projects including operations, maintenance of the broadband systems
and ensuring effective monitoring and evaluation. In this regard, and in line with best practice, a well-
coordinated implementation framework is required to ensure success of the NBS 2023. Coordination
mechanisms will be implemented for at least three fundamental reasons:

(i) For the provision of critical services such as power/electricity to schools, libraries, clinics, etc.
as well as the supply of ICT equipment to other facilities;
(ii) To ensure that the deployment of NBS is aligned with the implementation of e-government and
other government priorities/initiatives that require broadband; and,
(iii) To ensure that all aspects (supply side and demand side) of broadband are considered in the
framework of integrated broadband projects
To be able to accomplish this mandate, a National Broadband Council (NBC) to be headed by the
Cabinet Secretary in charge of MoICT will be formed with membership from relevant key institutions
e.g., ICTA, CA, V2030 Delivery Secretariat, and others28. The purpose of this intervention is to provide
strategic oversight for the effective implementation of NBS 2023. The NBC will achieve this objective
by coordinating all necessary inputs and resources necessary for effective delivery of broadband since
its membership will comprise key agencies that will be implementing various aspects of the Strategy.
The structure of the NBC is presented in Figure 15.
Figure 15: Governance and Delivery Structure

The coordination of the broadband strategy will be performed by the NBC, which will provide the
coordination is required for at least three fundamental reasons:

28
Utility providers such KPLC, CoG, Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development, and Service
providers (represented by TESPOK)

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

(1) For provision of critical services such as power/electricity to schools, libraries, clinics, broader
offices etc. as well as the supply of IT equipment to other facilities
(2) To ensure that the deployment of NBS is aligned with the implementation of e-government and
other government priorities/initiatives that require broadband
(3) To ensure that all aspects (supply side and demand side) of broadband and associated inputs
(such as power supply, access roads, ducts, towers etc.) are incorporated in the framework of
integrated broadband development

Under this governance and delivery structure, the typical functions of the MoICT will include:-
(i) Coordination of broadband requirements of all government ministries/departments;
(ii) Reporting NBS activities, progress, and challenges to the Government;
(iii)Seeking funding, directly from Government, funding institutions and private sector;
(iv) Negotiating and signing contracts with service providers and with other institutions on behalf
of the Government, or ensuring that the same is done by other government
ministries/institution as the case may be;
(v) Assisting the National Broadband Council (NBC) with whatever assistance they may require
from the government; and,
(vi) Provide secretarial services to the NBC

The functions of the NBC are primarily to elaborate and ensure delivery of projects under the NBS
2023 including by overseeing the work of the broadband delivery units (BDU), which will be
implementing the strategy on day-to-day basis. The composition and mandate of the NBC are
elaborated in Part 5.2.

5.2 National Broadband Council

In order to implement this strategy, a multi-stakeholder National Broadband Council (NBC) appointed
by the Cabinet Secretary in charge of ICT and mandated with overseeing the development of
broadband by various institutions with a clear coordination framework will be set up within one month
of the approval of this strategy. The NBC will be headed by the Cabinet Secretary in charge of the
Ministry of ICT of the Republic of Kenya and shall have membership from government comprising the
ICT regulator (CA) and representatives of key ICT stakeholders from the public and private sector.
Specifically, the NBC membership shall comprise MoICT, ICTA, CA, Ministry of Education, Science and
Technology, Council of Governors (CoG), Ministry of Energy, one representative of the ICT licensees
providing broadband services (TESPOK), Kenya Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KCCI), PCK, a
representative of the academia, Consumers’ organization and Civil Society. Once set up, the NBC shall
determine the mode of operation consistent with the objects of the NBS 2023 and the associated
Strategic Implementation Plan/Matrix in their first meeting, which should be held not later than one
month after the approval of this Strategy. The NBC shall also establish thematic task teams to deal
with and report to it on quarterly basis on each of the broadband strategy thematic area programs and
projects delivery through the Broadband Delivery Unity at the National Communication Secretariat
(NCS). The NBS 2023 will be implemented using a program approach (See Appendix I). The NBC
members will serve for a three- year term, which is renewable once.
5.3 Broadband Delivery Unit
A Broadband Delivery Unit (BDU) will be set up in each key-implementing agency within the first two
months of approval of the NBS 2023. The BDU will develop programmes and projects in the thematic
area pertinent to the implementing agency; for example, regulatory aspects of the strategy will be the
responsibility of CA. It will be staffed either through secondment or direct recruitment of persons with
expertise in the strategy’s thematic areas. The staff will ensure effective planning, programming,
scheduling and implementation and reporting of progress on projects in all designated thematic areas
to the NBC. It is emphasized that though some of the agencies represented in the NBC will not have
direct responsibility for projects in a specific thematic area, they will collaborate and provide necessary
input to these projects in the framework of integrated broadband projects (cf. Section 3.8).

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Typical roles29 of the NBC and working groups are presented in Box 1.
Box 1: Roles and activities of the NBC and Working Group

National Broadband Council Role and Activities30 Broadband Delivery Unit (Thematic Task Team) Roles
• Establish key principles and objectives and Activities
• Define responsibilities for implementation of • Key issues, questions for all Working Groups:
programmes and projects for each of the – Status: Current broadband investments, market,
NBS 2023 thematic areas policies
• Implement high-level targets – Trends: How has broadband been advancing in this
• Define and appoint BDUs area?
• Oversee and advise Working Group – Needs: Most critical gaps or needs to accelerate
deliberations broadband
• Host Public Forum and Consultations – Constraints: What inhibits broadband development?
• Develop a consensus agreement on – Stakeholders: Who can take responsibility?
harmonizing strategy inputs – Linkages: Key areas of interdependence and
• Prepare draft National Broadband cooperation
Implementation program document – Economics: Costs, demand, economic impacts
• Oversee creation of Action Plans to define – Recommendations
implementation steps
• Collaborate on establishing a follow-up regime

5.4 Compensation for National Broadband Council Members

The compensation for the NBC members will be honoraria according to the Salaries and Remuneration
Commission provisions for such functions and which will be paid when the Council meets to conduct
NBS 2023 business.
5.5 Collaboration
In its Global Internet Report31 2014, the Internet Society notes that “Internet ecosystem is
characterized by the involvement of a broad range of stakeholders and the use of services and
infrastructure with dispersed ownership and control and operates on the basis of openness,
transparency and collaborative process to guide the functionality and development of the technologies
and infrastructure that comprise the global Internet” In this regard, the spirit of collaboration,
consultation, stakeholder involvement, public participation and inter-disciplinary engagement will be
upheld at all times in order to ensure smooth realization of the broadband vision for Kenya. The NBC
will promote collaborations necessary for the implementation of NBS 2023
5.6 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework
5.6.1 Monitoring and Evaluation of Broadband Plan
Crucial to the implementation of this strategy is determining whether the stakeholders are
implementing the activities as planned and whether each project under each strategy pillar (thematic
area) is on track, determining the challenges experienced during the implementation phase and
proposing and implementing remedial actions. A robust monitoring, measurement and evaluation
(M&E) framework with clear timelines for deliverables will be prepared and publicized (by the NCS) to
all implementing agencies to ensure proper tracking of progress. Further, responsibility for this
function will be clearly defined and assigned in order to avoid ambiguity on whose responsibility for
results and outcomes is in this aspect of the strategy. The M&E function will be performed by the
National Communication Secretariat.
A template is provided for the monitoring of broadband deployment (Table 25). Each broadband task
team will be required to prepare a similar plan for each project.

29
Adapted from David N. Townsend (2014 August).
30 David N. Townsend (2014 August). Broadband Strategy development Overview and Framework. Proceedings of
Universalizing Broadband in SADC workshop. Lilongwe, Malawi. August 2014
31 https://www.Internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Global_Internet_Report_2014_0.pdf

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

Table 9: Monitoring and Evaluation for Broadband (An Example)

Thematic area Projects Supply Target Demand Target Timeline Outcome/Remark
E.g., Metro 100% to all Adoption by 2020 Broadband is
Infrastructure broadband citizens 60% of available for use by
wireless population all citizens
network
5.6.2 Frequency of Measurement and Reporting
The M&E framework will ensure successful delivery of the NBS by ensuring that the target outcomes
are achieved through:
- Monthly updates from the BDUs in the implementing agencies
- Quarterly projects implementation status
- Annual program implementation status and annual stakeholder forums
- Midterm review at the end of Year 2 for each thematic area achievements
- End term review which will be done at Year 5 where the complete NBS 2023 review will be
conducted and formulation of the strategy for the next five-year cycle initiated

An instituted performance management approach to broadband implementation will be

implemented.
5.7 Communication Strategy for the Broadband Strategy
Arising from consultations with stakeholders during the preparation of this NBS, limited awareness of
what broadband is, available broadband services and its potential impact on society was noted. This
points to the need to create awareness of the available and emerging broadband services and on the
potential benefits that broadband has for socio-economic development. In this regard, effective
stakeholder engagement and communication will be done to ensure that implementation of the NBS
2023 is successful. The purpose of the communications strategy will be to create awareness,
understanding and secure commitment to achievement of Kenya’s digital vision. In this regard, the
NBC, will formulate and implement an appropriate communication strategy for this NBS.

6. BUDGET, STRATEGIC MAPPING AND RISK MANAGEMENT

6.1 Budget Background, Rationale and Benchmarking

The NBS 2017 was meant to be implemented with a budget of Kenya Shillings two hundred and fifty
billion (Kshs. 250 billion). This amount was to be spent in the first five years for all the five strategic
areas identified, namely deployment of broadband infrastructure using fiber and broadband wireless
technologies, national capacity building and awareness, as well as content and innovations. Within
the five strategic themes, six projects were identified; these were Infrastructure (Long Term Evolution
(LTE), Fibre To The x (FTTx) and Backbone), Capacity Building and Awareness, Content Applications
and Innovations, and Devices. The total budget of Kshs. 250 billion was not allocated to each of the
projects identified under NBS 2017.
Though several projects were implemented in NBS 2017, statistics were not adequate to enable a
clear understanding of the level of implementation of some of the projects. Some of the projects such
as the national optical fibre backbone infrastructure (NOFBI) of which 12% (6,000 km) out of the
50,000km that were intended had been implemented. The percentage completion of the other
projects under NBS 2017 such as digitization of core government registries where several registries
have been digitized was not documented. For some other projects, there was no indication whether
they were undertaken or not; an example is the development of county management information
system.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

6.1.1 Budget Rationale for the NBS 2023 and Benchmarking

A review of expenditure patterns in many parts of the world show that countries spend varying
percentages of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on broadband and telecoms. In general, some
choose to be conservative while others choose to leapfrog their economic growth by spending higher
amounts in proportion to GDP (studies reveal that for faster economic growth, a country should not
spend less than 4% of GDP on ICTs). Countries in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region including
Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Tunisia for example invested on average 1%
of their GDP in broadband by 2008 per annum. It is noteworthy, that the rapid technological change
that the telecom/ICT sector is experiencing plays a major role in the economic growth, and the more
a country invests the more it gets.

In developing this NBS 2023 it was recognized that significant expenditure has been made particularly
in the rollout of infrastructure to the counties. Thus, the current budget is a zero budget that is, based
on estimated expenditure on remaining works and is estimated at Kshs. 111 billion spread over five
years. This translates to about 3.7% of the national annual budget on BB and 1.5% of GDP (2017). It
is proposed that the budget be increased since the contribution of ICTs to GDP (currently standing at
1%) increases with higher ICT investment.
6.1.2 Breakdown of the Budget
The proposed budget for NBS 2023 is allocated as follows:

Table 10: Summary of estimated budget for implementing NBS 2023

% percent of
Kshs. USD $
S/N Budget Item Infrastructure
(Million) (Million)
budget
Infrastructure (NOFBI up to the sub-county, and Ward base
1a 54,295 543
stations) plus services and contingency @30% of equipment
1 NOCb 5,430 54 10
2 Capacity Building, and Innovation 16,289 163 30
3 Service, Content Applications 10,859 109 20
4 Devices 13,574 136 25
5 Contingency 10,859 109 20
TOTAL 111,306 1,113

Assumptions:
a. Broadband backbone: NOFBI to sub-county (@ $15,000/km) for at least 2500km; Last mile: Base stations 2 per
ward (@ $30,000 per ward); Broadband connection to all class A, and B roads totaling to 16300 km (currently
14300Km32) and broadband for all government offices, schools, hospitals and health centres
b. Network operation centre (NOC) at 10% of infrastructure

6.2 Strategic Mapping

To ensure performance management of the deployment of this strategy, this framework, which clearly
demonstrates strategic mapping of the whole national broadband strategy is recommended. In this
mapping, strategic objectives are linked with the broadband strategy thematic areas and the
performance measures, which address each of the strategic objectives with clear measurable
performance indicators (see Table 14). This will guide the various stakeholders in the discharge of
their respective responsibilities under this NBS.
Table 11: Strategy Mapping of the National Broadband Strategy

Vision [for Strategic Action Target Outcome/ Timeline

each objective/strategie Remark
s

32
http://www.kenha.co.ke/index.php/road-network

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

Pillar/themati
c area]
Infrastructure To avail broadband Deploy broadband 100% The whole of Kenya is 2023
networks for all infrastructure for covered with
Kenyans international, broadband
national, provincial
and local loop (last
mile) access
Connectivity Access to Address barrier to 100% All Kenyans can access 2023
broadband connectivity at and use affordable
networks and international, broadband services
services, and use national and local locally and
by all Kenyans levels internationally

Broadband Avail broadband Ensure affordable 100% All Kenyans can afford 2023
devices devices to all devices to access broadband devices
citizens broadband services
Broadband Avail quality high Implement 100% Broadband is 2023
services speed services in broadband effectively delivering
all sectors of the innovation services the Big 4 agenda
economy for all sectors
including the Big 4
areas
Content, To ensure creation 1. Establish/ Continu 1.There is relevant 2023
Applications and availability of strengthen Research ous local content for all
and relevant content, e- and Development Technol Kenyans
Innovations- applications and (R&D) in these areas ogy 2. There are e-
innovative services 2. Set up a operatio applications in all
for all Kenyans technology park nal by sectors of the economy,
3. Create local 2019 such as e-education in
content to be 100% in all levels of education
accessed by users of all (100%),
broadband sectors 3. e-health in at least
90% of all health
facilities
Capacity To build adequate Build or enhance the Continu 1. All Kenyans have an 2019
Building and capacity to deploy capacity of existing ous; appreciation of the
Awareness; broadband and institutions to be potential of broadband
utilize broadband Broadband centres 2. All Kenyans are able
services in all of excellence 100% to use broadband for 2022
sectors by all socio-economic
Kenyans development
Policy, To ensure orderly 1. Approve the NBS 100% by 1. National 2019
legislative, deployment and and associated BB 2019 development policies
regulatory and use of broadband 2. Harmonize across all sectors are
institutional for socio-economic policies, 100% by harmonized with regard
environment development of legislation and 2019 to broadband strategy
Kenya regulation 2. Broadband is 2019
embedded in the
universal goals of all
sectors of the economy
Finance and To ensure 1. Implement fiscal 100% by There are adequate 2020
Investment adequate incentives for 2019 finances to implement
resources are broadband broadband
available for deployment
investment in 2. Implement PPP for
broadband broadband
deployment
Privacy and To ensure that all 1. Enact laws and 100% by There are laws that 2019
security of Kenyans are safe formulate 2019 support and safeguard

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 The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

networks and and secure while regulations with citizens while operating
services; using online regard to online
services electronic
transactions and
cyber security
Governance of To ensure 1. Set up the NBC 100% 1. National Broadband 2019
broadband adequate and 2. Set up the Council is set up
effective Broadband 100% 2. Broadband Delivery 2019
governance of all delivery unit unity is established
broadband matters 3. Set up task 3. program (thematic 2019
and delivery in teams (working 100% area) task teams
Kenya groups on each (working groups)
BB thematic with clear roles and
area) responsibilities for
broadband
development are in
place

6.3 Risks and Mitigation Strategies

Implementation of this strategy may be affected by various risks. In order to successfully implement
the strategy, these risks must be managed. Table 24 shows the risks, assessment of their seriousness
and mitigation strategies.

Table 12: Risks and mitigation strategies

Risk Details Risk Mitigation strategies Stakeholder

Assessment roles
Insufficient ▪ Lack of private sector High ▪ Provide incentives for investors e.g.
funding of Investment through fiscal and regulatory incentive
Broadband ▪ Competing Government
priorities ▪ Prioritize broadband
Poor ▪ Project planning and High ▪ Adopt program approach
implementation management ▪ Adopt project management discipline
of broadband ▪ Coordination and delivery ▪ Create and operationalize the
strategy National Broadband Council (NBC)
and the BDU (M&E) at the NCS
Lack of ▪ Delays in enacting High ▪ Government agencies to
supportive legislation operationalize legislation
▪ Government
policy and ▪ Delays in ▪ Enforcement of legislation
(Legislate
legal operationalizing ▪ Enhance international collaboration
and
framework ▪ enacted legislation
Enforce),
Spectrum ▪ Insufficient spectrum to Medium ▪ Expediting frequency re-farming
▪ Service
availability deploy last mile solutions exercise to optimize the utilization of
Providers
the already allocated spectrum for
(Implement),
deployment of mobile broadband
▪ Consumers
▪ Provide spectrum for 5G
(Benefit
High cost of ▪ Cost of infrastructure Medium ▪ Issuance of guidelines and
implementation ▪ Duplication of regulations for infrastructure sharing
infrastructure ▪ Provide tax incentives
▪ Lack of coordination of ▪ Use of alternative technologies such
civil works to ICT works as satellite
▪ Use of outdated
technologies
Slow uptake of ▪ Lack of relevant content Medium ▪ Development of relevant content
broadband ▪ unaffordable broadband ▪ Provision of tax incentives/subsidies
services devices and services for devices
▪ Low awareness ▪ Promotion competition

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 The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

Risk Details Risk Mitigation strategies Stakeholder

Assessment roles
▪ Low ICT literacy ▪ Implement capacity building
strategies including awareness
creation
Service ▪ -Maintenance of Medium ▪ Enforcement of Service Level
availability infrastructure Agreements (SLAs)
▪ -Vandalism ▪ Enactment of legislation for
broadband as a critical infrastructure
Governance ▪ Absence of an effective Medium Within the first quarter of the launch of
and delivery governance and delivery NBS 2023:
structure structure for the NBS ▪ Establish a National Broadband
Council (NBC)
▪ Establish a Broadband Delivery Unit
(BDU) at the NCS
Insecurity ▪ Northern frontier, which High Enhance security and patrols in the
also represents affected areas
broadband access gaps,
is faced with a lot of
insecurities. Without
enhancing security it will
be difficult to achieve the
targets of expanding
broadband to the
mashinani
DNS outages ▪ Unreliability of Internet High ▪ Ensure availability- have
services redundancies built into Internet
▪ Paralyzing critical infrastructure
infrastructure ▪ Restrict access
▪ Attacks on enterprise ▪ Hide primary servers
websites ▪ Think locally
▪ Ensure integrity of data by for
example implementing Domain Name
System Security Extensions
▪ Proactive monitoring of the DNS
Typosquatting ▪ Interference with normal High ▪ Educating users
operations ▪ Installation of SSL certificates
▪ Registration of trademarks
▪ Buying multiple variations of your
domain name

GLOSSARY

Backhaul – A portion of the network comprising the intermediate links between the core network and
the access network that connects to end user premises
Broadband - High-speed data transmission, such as cable, ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network),
and DSL (Digital Subscriber Line). It is generally taken to mean bandwidth higher than 2 Mbps.
Affordability: Entry-level Internet available for 2% or less of GNI per capita by 2022
Convergence - The integration of industries that up to now have largely operated separately from one
another, but meshing along a specific value chain or bundling from different services at the
applications end. Convergence is driven by the digitization of the presentation, transmission, storage,
processing and creation of information.
Electronic Commerce (e-commerce) - The conduct of business in goods and services, with the
assistance of telecommunications and telecommunications-based tools

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

Electronic Government (e-government) - Government’s use of technology, particularly web-based

applications, to enhance the access to and delivery of Government information and services to
citizens, business partners, employees, other agencies, and government entities.
Data Classification - The process of organizing data by relevant categories through tagging, so that it
may be used and protected more efficiently. The classification process makes data easier to
locate/search and retrieve, eliminates duplication of data and ensures data security.
Digital Literacy: Ability to use Internet for socioeconomic purposes upon training
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) - Any communication device or application,
encompassing radio, television, cellular phones, personal digital assistants, computer and network
hardware and software, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and applications
associated with them, such as video conferencing and distance learning. ICT refers to the
technologies, including computers, telecommunications and audio-visual systems that enable the
collection, processing, transportation and delivery of data, information and communications services
between users. The ICT can be viewed as a combination of electronics, telecommunications,
software, networks, and decentralized computer workstations, and the integration of information
media, all of which impact firms, industries, and the economy as a whole. ICT comprises various
“communication equipment” which include radio, TV, communication equipment and software
among others.
Information and Communications Technology Policy (ICT Policy) - is an official document /specifying
Kenya’s aspiration regarding broadband ICT and how these aspirations can be achieved;
Information Society - A term used to describe a modern population that is conversant with – and
actively using - information and communications technology. A society where the creation and
exchange of information is a predominant social and economic activity
Information Technology (IT) - The study, design, development, implementation, support or
management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and
computer hardware
Key performance Indicator (KPI) - A set of quantifiable measures used to measure or compare
performance
Latency – The time it takes, generally measured in milliseconds (ms), for a source to send a packet of
data to a receiver
Open access - The possibility for third parties to use an existing network infrastructure to provide
services on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms, rather than on encouraging infrastructure
competition

Open access network - A network that allows third parties to make use of the infrastructure owner’s
network assets

Passive - Refers to network elements without an active electronic component; typically comprising civil
engineering infrastructure, ducts, dark fire and street cabinets
Public Internet access point (PAP) - a location which dispenses free information in various forms;
and also offers users a PC based terminal for Internet access. Information kiosks form part of Multi-
Purpose Regional Community Centres.
Public Private Partnerships (PPP) - An approach to facilitate cooperation between the public and
private sectors in delivering important Government policy initiatives. PPPs can take various
forms.
Quality of Service (QOS) - A set of standards and mechanisms for ensuring a given quality of
performance of services provided over the network.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

Regulatory Authority - A public institution established by legislation to control, by using rules and
regulations, the provision of telecommunications, broadcasting and postal services.
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) - Smaller enterprises with an annual turnover of not exceeding
N$10 million; these enterprises are fully owned by Namibian citizens.
Telco-OTT (Over-The-Top) is a conceptual term that describes a scenario in which a
telecommunications service provider delivers one or more of its services across all IP networks,
predominantly the public Internet although sometimes telco-run cloud services delivered via a
corporation's existing IP-VPN from another provider, as opposed to the carrier's own access network.
It embraces a variety of telco services including communications (e.g. voice and messaging), content
(e.g. TV and music) and cloud-based (e.g. compute and storage) offerings
Universal Access - Accessibility of a telephone, not necessarily in one's home, but through some
means such as a public pay telephone or community resource centre providing telephone facilities.
The objectives underlying the concepts are the similar, to make available and maintain affordable
communications services.
Universal service - Service available, as far as possible, to all the people without discrimination on any
basis with adequate facilities at reasonable cost; a Universal Service Provider (USP) provides these
services.
Universal Service Obligation (USO) - Specific obligation imposed by postal law or license on the postal
operator to provide a defined set of postal services to a specified community and locality usually under
a regulated pricing system. In the event that such obligation results in financial loss of the postal
operator a transparent compensation mechanism has to be put in place.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

APPENDICES

Appendix I: Implementation Plans

Appendix I-1: Policy, Legal and Regulatory Environment
Table 13: Strategy for Policy, legal and Regulatory Environment
Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseline Target Responsibility
Broadband Promotion of Increased investment Formulate policies and Increase in N/A 50% increase CA;
market Competition in broadband enact of legislation that investment in by 2022 MoICT/NCS
and encourage investment broadband
Investment ecosystem areas
Revised and Implement technology Harmonized N/A 100% by 2019 County
harmonized charges and Service neutral rules deployment of government;
e.g. for licenses such infrastructure CA; Roads
as for NFP and way Policies/Regulations Authorities
leave /Laws
permits/business
permits
Fair competition in Proactive monitoring and - Implement an N/A 100% by 2019 CA/CAK/Adve
broadband addressing of anti- Advertising Code of rtising
competitive behaviour Conduct Continuous authorities
- Sanction unfair monitoring
Ensure fair competition competition
(Practices such as behaviour
market collusion,
predatory pricing,
punitive pricing at the
intermediate markets,
and infrastructure
hoarding in violation of
public interest should be
deterred and sanctioned)

Review of Advertising
Code for fairness so as
to avoid ambush
marketing and
strengthen rules on
comparative marketing.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseline Target Responsibility
Affordable broadband • Tax and licensing Finalization of the N/A Q2/2019 CA, TESPOK
incentives draft infrastructure
sharing regulation
• Infrastructure
sharing
Kenya as a Data Develop autochthonous Policies, legislation N/A Policy enacted CA/ MoICT
centre hub legislation that will make and regulations for by 2021
Kenya a haven e.g. as a content provision
data centre hub that make Kenya a
content/ data haven
e.g. as a data centre
hub
Review of KICA Fair N/A Review
Inter-platform Competition Regulations Inter-platform compete by CA/MoICT
competition 2010 to include Inter- competition is 2021
platform competition included in the Fair
Competition Policy
Institutional Integrated Adoption of common Review the NBC and BDU is in N/A Q2/2019 CA/ MoICT
framework deployment of technical standards Roads/Building Code place
broadband and for operation of etc. for Harmonization
delivery of telecommunications
broadband infrastructure to be
adopted by all
government entities
Harmonized Update Critical Enacted Critical N/A Enacted MoICT
legislation pertaining Infrastructure legislation Infrastructure Bill legislation by
to ICT infrastructure to include broadband as 2020
critical infrastructure
Incorporation of Collaborative -Amendment of N/A Q3/2019-20 County
broadband planning development of a Building Code to Government/
into cities integrated infrastructure include provision of CA/
planning/building master plan that ICT infrastructure MoICT/Lands/
plans/road plans etc. incorporates telecom within the building Urban
infrastructure code/KICA; Planning/Cou
ncil of
-Roads Act to cater Governors
for ducts when
building roads, and
damages for

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseline Target Responsibility
destructions of
operators’
infrastructure/

-Lands Act/Land's
Registration Act to
standardize the cost
of wayleaves/County
--Legislation for
deployment and
harmonization with
national legislation
Secure -Protection of maps, - Develop a -Critical Information N/A 100% of Ministry of
broadband plans, permits and all mechanism for Infrastructure necessary/en Transport/
related storage and regulation for ICT abling laws by National Land
documentation retention of critical broadband 2020 Commission/
pertaining to critical infrastructure MoICT
infrastructure information/data

-Adoption of common - Domesticate the -Collaboration and -At least two CA

technical standards Tampere Convention Cooperation on collaborations
and facilitation of the on deployment of International in 2019; then
development of resources during standards Continuous
international, regional emergencies
and national -100% by
backbone that are - Domesticate the -Having a set of laws 2021
secure Budapest that distinguish
Convention on Kenya from other
Cybercrime jurisdictions and
makes Kenya market
more attractive
Spectrum Effective Avail spectrum to Expedited deployment of Reviewing of Radio N/A 100% by CA/ MoICT
Allocation Allocation and licensees for services requiring Communication & Q4/2019
Assignment of bandwidth intensive spectrum Frequency Spectrum
Spectrum broadband services Regulations 2010
Develop a regulatory Spectrum recovery for Reviewed KICA Radio N/A 100% by 2019 CA/ MoICT
framework that non-usage and Frequency &
promotes optimal use reassignment of such Frequency Spectrum
of spectrum and spectrum Regulations 2010 to
make spectrum

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseline Target Responsibility
hoarding, idling (none allow for
utilization) and reassignment
warehousing
impossible.
Optimal Spectrum Re-farming, reassigning Effective N/A 2020 CA
Assignment and reallocation of enforcement of Re-
spectrum frequencies to farming, reassigning
facilitate the rollout of and reallocation of
new wireless broadband spectrum
technologies capable of frequencies to
delivering high speeds at facilitate the rollout
the access layer of of new wireless
broadband networks broadband
technologies as in
KICA Radio
Frequency &
Spectrum
Regulations 2010
Spectrum Maximize value Market based Finalized of ICT policy Revised National N/A Finalized and MoICT
management and use of spectrum allocations guidelines for spectrum Information and launched by
spectrum management to be Communication ICT 2020
reflected in the National policy 2006 to
Information and include spectrum
Communication ICT management
Policy which should planning to reflect
reflect KICA Radio KICA Radio
Frequency and Spectrum Frequency &
Regulations Spectrum
Regulations 2010
Offering tax Incentivize rollout of fiber Single policy dealing N/A 100% by 2019 MoICT
incentives to reduce infrastructure; with all matters ICT
the cost of addressing the
deployment of Encourage the complete broadband
telecommunications deployment of services ecosystem
infrastructure; in rural areas through
licensing the CBOs and
Lower licensing fees harmonization of policies
for the first entrant dealing with spectrum
i.e. wireless broadband
spectrum policy with

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseline Target Responsibility
Subsidized payment National Broadband
of spectrum license Policy
and usage fees for
public protection and
relief services and
research and
development
initiatives;

Open Access Facilitate Expedited issuance of Develop policies that -Amendment of N/A 100% by 2020 Parliament,
Framework access to right way leaves to provide open access to Building Code /KICA; Ministry of
of way rights facilitate fast government sponsored Roads Act/Lands Transport/
deployment of projects and for CBOs Act/Land's National Land
infrastructure Registration Act to Commission/
particularly for cater for access of MoICT
housing projects right of ways

-Open access
regulations
Ease of doing Facilitate ease Simplification of Review timelines in Average time taken N/A Half the time CA, Council of
business of doing infrastructure statutes pertaining to to obtain taken by 2019 Governors/
business deployment approval deployment of authorization County
processes infrastructure Reduce Government/
the number of Ministry of
procedures and Lands/
documentation to Ministry of
obtained before Roads
approvals
Broadband Increase Increased BB Encourage infrastructure % coverage N/A 50% by 2022 CA/MoICT
coverage in broadband coverage sharing in the unserved
rural and coverage in and underserved areas
Underserved Kenya
areas e.g. slums
Fiscal incentive plans Issuance of special Finance Bill Inclusion N/A Amended by National and
for enhancement and incentives by in National and 2021 County
improvement of any government such as tax County Budget Treasuries
layer within the rebates/subsidies
broadband

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseline Target Responsibility
infrastructure value
chain
Network Facilitate the Enactment of legislation -Review of N/A 100% by 2019 MoICT,
Security protection and that focuses on security Information Security Parliament
safeguard of cyber and advocates for data Policy and Cyber
space and data privacy and protection, Security Regulations
transmitted through hence requiring upgrade
this avenue of laws to cover new -Enactment of Data
(networks) areas such as electronic Protection legislation
transactions, e-
commerce and cyber
security etc.
Telecommunic Broadband is a Include broadband as a Finalization of Critical N/A 100% by 2019 MoICT/AG
ations to be critical infrastructure critical infrastructure in Infrastructure Bill
considered as appropriate laws and
critical regulations
infrastructure
Incorporation of Existing Taskforce Cyber cooperation to N/A 100% by 2019 MoICT/AG
telecommunications (2018) in place for be addressed in
in critical review of Critical Infrastructure
infrastructure plan/distributed ledger Plan/Distributed
plan/distributed to finalize the review of Ledger policy
ledger critical infrastructure framework
plan for broadband
Cross-border Enhanced and Effective cooperation Signing and Reciprocity N/A Continuous National
cooperation on effective cross- on cross border and operationalization of agreement/Bilateral Cyber
cyber security border transnational nature treaties that facilitate Investment Coordination
cooperation on of the cyber space cross border cooperation Agreements/ Authority
cyber security on cyber threats Multilateral
issues Agreements
Maintenance of a Enact Cyber Security Reviewed N/A 100% by 2019 MoICT/Parlia
cyber-environment Law, Regulations, and Cybersecurity ment
that encourages Policies to protect and regulations/ National
economic prosperity secure the cyberspace ICT Policy
and certainty of and telecom
transaction execution infrastructure
while promoting
efficiency, innovation,
safety, security,

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseline Target Responsibility
privacy and business
confidentiality.
Capacity Establishment Broadened -Enforcement of Mutual Adoption/Ratification N/A 100% by 2019 AG/Ministries,
Building on of a team of knowledge on cyber Legal Assistance of the AU convention Presidency
Cyber local experts security/ ICT in the on cyber security and
Cybersecurity with country -Review and ratify the AU personal data
competence in convention on Cyber protection; local data
the prevention, security and personal protection legislation
detection and data protection
proactive
interdiction of
cyber threats
and attacks, as
well as, in
forensic
recovery of
systems after
attacks.
Harmonized Effective exchange of Ensure visibility of the Implementation of N/A 100% by 2019 CID; CA;
legislation on information/best work carried out by Section 6 of the National
cyber security practice/ reciprocal existing bodies such Computer Misuse Computer and
to facilitate enforcement of computer emergency and Cyber Crime Act Cyber Crimes
cross border judgments to avoid response team (CERT) Coordination
cooperation in double criminality Committee
the fight
against
cybercrime
Carbon To strengthen Effective monitoring Development of national Launch of National N/A 100% by 2020 Ministry of
Footprint approaches for of carbon footprint by climate change action Climate change Environment/
Measurement climate change the telecom sector plan action plan NEMA
for ICT Sector management
To promote Policy and regulations Finalization of E- waste Implementation of N/A 100% by 2020 Ministry of
sustainable on electronic waste Management EMCA-E-waste Environment/
development menace Regulations for management NEMA
facilitation of sustainable Regulations
environment

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Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseline Target Responsibility
Monitoring and To facilitate Timely Regular meetings of Quarterly meetings, N/A Four meetings Thematic area
evaluation accountability implementation of technical working groups at least 80% of per annum task working
and provide the action points for monitoring and quarterly targets met groups
expertise on evaluation of progress in (TWGs)
deliverables enforcement of strategy
Infrastructure Inclusion of Ease of access of ICT Incorporation of ICT Regulations for N/A Enactment of CA/ National
specifically PWDs in the services to PWDs regulations catering for PWDs Act/regulation Council for
catering for National PWDs within KICA; by 2020 PWDs
Persons with Broadband Customized telecom
Disabilities Strategy Solutions for PWDS
Data Protection To ensure data Data Protection Act Multi-stakeholder Increased online No Act Enactment of Parliament/
integrity and involvement in drafting uptake operations Act by 2020 Stakeholders
legal protection of the Bill
during
processing and Adoption of Convention
use of data for the Protection of
Individuals with regard to Signatory of the
Automatic Processing of Budapest Convention
Personal Data
Broadband as a To elevate Broadband as a Enactment of enabling -Installation of Critical Enact with MoICT/
utility broadband critical Infrastructure Laws, Amendment of broadband Infrastru necessary Parliament
status to that Laws (Road Act, Critical infrastructure as part cture Bill adjustments
of utilities such Infrastructure Bill) of the construction of Tabled as necessary
as electricity Building Code roads, buildings by 2019
and water
Coordinated No
broadband Harmonization of existing -Uniform way leave standard Have a
governance and legislation to facilitate fees across counties way standard
deployment integrated BB leave schedule of
development -Inclusion of charges fees
broadband in
National and county
integrated
Digital Inclusion development plans
-Review of tax policies for -Investment in
broadband (e.g. Tax broadband at
exemption for national and county
levels

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Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseline Target Responsibility
Broadband Devices) to
improve affordability -Broadband solutions
for all
-Affirmative legislation
and regulation targeting
special interest groups
such as PWDs
Infrastructure To promote Collaboration Regulations on Reduced duplicity of N/A 80% reduction CA, TESPOK
sharing infrastructure infrastructure sharing resources of duplicity by
sharing 2022
Development of master Reduction in
plan for integrated infrastructure 30% reduction
infrastructure deployment costs on deployment
Migration to new costs by 2021
technologies
Continuous

Cyber Security To ensure -Protection/safeguard Cyber (Information) -Increased cyber N/A Sensitization CA
security online of users online security regulations security awareness of populace on
and offline the
(infrastructure) -Protection of -Reduction in Cybercrimes
broadband financial losses Act 2018
infrastructure attributed to cyber
security breaches
-Reduction in user
cybercrime
Enabling Ensure an Spectrum Allocation Finalization of Spectrum Spectrum policy N/A 100% by 2019 CA/ MoICT
Environment enabling, for Broadband Policy Framework issued
responsive,
progressive Harmonization of the Relevant policies,
legal legislative, regulatory legislations and
environment and policy landscape regulations
harmonized

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Appendix I-2: Infrastructure and Connectivity

Table 14: Strategy for Infrastructure and Connectivity
Sub-Issue Objectives Outcomes Strategies KPI Target Responsible

Broadband Increase Access Improved quality •MNOs to accelerate nationwide ▪ % 3G/4G Coverage ▪ 3G coverage by 2020, to MoICT
Coverage to broadband of life in the way 3G and 4G rollout - 94% of population CA & MNO
coverage to citizens work, live Safaricom,
everyone and learn. Service providers and ▪ Broadband ▪ Tertiary institutions—100% Airtel,
Reduce the Government to accelerate fixed connectivity to connected by 2020 KENET, Liquid
Digital (Fiber) Connectivity tertiary institutions, ▪ Primary schools: 50% by Telekom,
broadband divide health and schools 2022 Zuku, JTL,
▪ Public Health facilities Telkom Kenya
100% by 2020; KPLC other
▪ public sector organizations- providers
100%
Spectrum review on allocation ▪ Spectrum allocation ▪ Reviewed spectrum
and pricing to support broadband review allocation
voice centric spectrum modeling
e.g., 450 MHz, 700 MHz, 2.6 GHz,
3.5 GHz
• 5G development workgroup in ▪ 5G Trials. ▪ 5G trial by 2022
place
Security of Increase Reduce - Increase surveillance ▪ Number of ▪ Secure 100% of all BB National police
broadband surveillance to vandalism, infrastructure- locations (including service (NPS)
infrastructure secure BB ensure related vandalisms counties) by 2020
infrastructure in consistent Government to enact legislation ▪ BB safeguard ▪ Enacted legislation by
urban and rural availability and to safeguard Broadband as legislation 2020
areas reliable use
critical infrastructure

Engage Police to provide security ▪ Number of Counties ▪ 47 counties by 2023

for the facilities and Sub Counties
Covered with NPS County
surveillance System Governments
Sensitize communities and work ▪ % of communities ▪ 50% countrywide by 2023
with them to guard BB sensitized on CA
infrastructure security of BB

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Sub-Issue Objectives Outcomes Strategies KPI Target Responsible
Include county Government in the ▪ Number of counties ▪ 25 counties by 2025
security of BB in their areas with BB surveillance

Government to develop national ▪ Number of Counties ▪ 47 counties by 2023

strategies for reducing risks to with BB surveillance
Broadband as a Critical
Infrastructure
Coordination - Provide a Reduced cost of •Enactment of the broadband ▪ Broadband ▪ Laws enacted by 2020 Parliament
and harmonized and deploying and Infrastructure legislation (Way Infrastructure
complementa enabling operating leaves & Building Code Review) enabling laws
ry services environment for broadband enacted ICTA and Survey
infrastructure networks Integrated Infrastructure global ▪ Inclusion of BB as ▪ Integrated GIS data by of Kenya to fully
deployment information system (GIS) ( the critical 2022 Implement
KNSDI- Kenya National Spatial infrastructure in KNSDI
- Avoid Data Infrastructure) legislation
duplication of BB MoICT/ Ministry
infrastructure Integration of BB infrastructure in ▪ % increase in access ▪ 30 % increase in access in of Transport,
road and power connection of BB to underserved and unserved Infrastructure,
underserved areas areas through integrated Housing and
road and power projects Urban
Synchronized planning of civil and ▪ Harmonized way ▪ National policy and Development
ICT data projects leaves in counties regulations on wayleaves collaboration

Promote and ensure operators ▪ Infrastructure ▪ 100% infrastructure KENHA, KURA

share common infrastructure. sharing regulations sharing by 2020 KERRA, NCA
Government to provide ▪ Number of ▪ An incentive mechanisms CA, National
rebates/tax incentives for incentives for complementary Broadband
operators providing infrastructure Council
complimentary services (utilities)
in marginalized areas
Demand Provide Increased • Promote local production of ▪ No of local ▪ 1 by 2023 Government
Stimulation accessible and demand for and access devices producers for Agencies/Public
affordable use of access devices Sector
broadband broadband Government to provide subsidies ▪ Tax subsidy policy ▪ Enacted tax subsidy law by
services for access devices for access devices 2023

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Sub-Issue Objectives Outcomes Strategies KPI Target Responsible
services to all Promote and avail online local ▪ Number of online ▪ 20 by 2023 County
citizens content (e.g. e-Government local content Governments
information, eLearning, Online available
county services) to spur demand.

Public Wi-Fi/ Hotspot access ▪ % of wards covered ▪ 100% by 2023

(affordable Wi-Fi) in every ward
Policy, law Safeguard Reliable and high Review of The Kenya Road Act ▪ % increase in ▪ 100% by 2023 MoICT
and regulation infrastructure availability connectivity to
assets and infrastructure NOFBI Ministry of
assist in ▪ Review Building Codes to include ▪ Building code in ▪ Reviewed building codes Transport,
accelerating An enabling broadband ICT provision place by 2023 Infrastructure,
rollout regulatory and Housing and
administrative Urban
environment that Development, CA
facilitates
broadband
rollout

People Promote social Stimulate uptake • promote a social culture of ▪ Level of awareness ▪ 100% by 2019 MoEST (TSC)
goodwill of of services on protecting infrastructure of broadband
broadband the broadband MoICT
project ICT Training at primary and ▪ Broadband ▪ Broadband curriculum in
secondary schools curriculum for place by 2020 County
primary and ▪ government
secondary school NBC (and BDU)
ICT Training at constituency ▪ Number of training ▪ 2 trainings per county by
Innovation hubs conducted 2023
NBS Strategy and implementation ▪ NBS ICT Forum in ▪ 2019 (continuous)
review meetings to be held per every County
county with government and ▪
stakeholders
Enablers Enablers to Increased • CDNs for local Content Hosting ▪ % increase in CDNs ▪ 50% by 2020 KICD,
enhance digital broadband
broadband uptake and • Build and increase cache for ▪ % increase in local ▪ 50% by 2022 ICTA
consumption international Content (Facebook, content caches ▪
Google, Netflix), Service providers

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Sub-Issue Objectives Outcomes Strategies KPI Target Responsible
uptake and Multiple diversity in undersea ▪ No of Increased ▪ 1 by 2023
experience cable International Fiber
connectivity
Connections
Fiber connectivity for cross border ▪ No of ▪ 2 by 2022
connectivity (Ethiopia, Uganda, Regional/cross
Tanzania, South Sudan, Somalia border BB
connectivity
Utility Companies e.g., KPLC to ▪ % coverage of power ▪ 90% by 2020
assist in provision of diverse grid supply nationwide ▪
supply to assist towards data
center resilience.
Publication of Data Center ▪ No of certified and ▪ 2 by 2022
standards standardized data
centers
Open Access Provide coverage Increased access - Build facilities and BB ▪ % of duct coverage ▪ 50% by 2022 MoICT
to National and connectivity to all citizens Installation roads, rails and ducts on all roads/rails
broadband to all citizens for fiber Ministry of
Transport,
Provide Open - Enactment of National ▪ Enacted National Broadband Infrastructure Infrastructure,
Access Fiber on Broadband Infrastructure Act. Broadband Act BY 2020 Housing and
major roads Infrastructure Act Urban
National Broadband Council to ▪ NBC in place ▪ NBC in place after 2 Development
coordinate broadband months
County and National Government ▪ Policy and ▪ Open Access Regulations
to lay infrastructure on Open regulations on Open
Access (4P= Pervasive public access to BB
pipes in-perpetuity) backbone
infrastructure

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Appendix I-3: Broadband Services Application and innovation
Table 15: Strategies for Broadband Services Application and innovation

Objectives Outcome Strategy KPI Target Responsibility

Quality of - Enforce SLAs Level of SLAs enforcement 100% enforcement CA and Service Providers
service - Enforce the critical level by 2019
infrastructure law to curb % Reduction in cases of BB
vandalism vandalism Less than 5%
vandalism by 2022
Accessibility Affordable BB Subsidize content provision Reduced/limited entry barrier of Enacted Regulatory Treasury, CA,
and for all citizens Create an enabling competitive service providers policy for Telco sector MOICT,NCSC
Affordability environment to attract competitors
Ensure broadband connectivity
in every sub-county
Demand for Increased Reduce taxes on broadband • % of tax reduction to BB service • 5% tax reduction by Multi stakeholder
broadband demand for BB provision service providers 2023
services services
Build capacity (education) to • No. of campaigns and • 2 public awareness
enhance demand awareness creation campaigns campaigns by 2022
on BB
Cost and Incentives for Concessions on universal • % of rebates/tax incentives for • Zero rating for National Treasury, CA
sustainability in service service obligation rebates operators providing complementary service and related agencies
delivery of provision in complementary services provision by 2023
services underserved (utilities) in marginalized areas.
areas • % proportion of private projects • 30% of all projects
supported by government
Several Automation of All county and government % of National government 100% by 2023 Government
services still all services services digitized services online Agencies/Public Sector
manual Introduction of a carbon tax for ▪ % of County Services 100% by 2022
those still transacting on paper County Governments
% reduction in paper transaction 80% by 2022
Consumer Confidence Enact legislation for consumer ▪ Consumer protection Policy Policy in place by 2023 Multi stakeholder
protection and and privacy protection ▪ Awareness creation on
security online Enforce consumer protection consumer protection guidelines 2 campaigns by 2020
guidelines
Use of ICT Widespread % use of ICT in financial sectors 100% by 2022 National Treasury and
financial utilization of Service providers

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services and ICTs in the -Promote and expand the use of % increase in financial systems 100% by 2022
application delivery of ICTs in government related security
financial financial transactions
% sharing of ICT financial 100% by 2023
services -Tighten security of financial
application
systems through cyber related
legislation and enforcement
-Promote the use of shared ICT
financial application amongst
MFIs/SACCOS/SMEs
-Promote collaboration among
service providers within the
Financial sector
e-transaction related legislation Legislation to protect e- MoICT, National Treasury
Ease the process and simplify commerce and increase its use 1 policy enacted by and parliament
the understanding of financial amongst Kenyans 2022
services
Support for Operational ICT Create and implement a seed • Number of innovations 100 innovations by
research and broadband funding model for the funded 2022
innovation research and innovations hubs • The number of funding
innovation sources 10 sources by 2023
centres Create an enabling policy and • National Intellectual and
regulatory framework to support Industrial Property Right
research and innovation. policy and legislations Policy enacted by 2023
enacted
Support IPRs • COM
Strengthen the existing
innovation hubs and research
centers

Information sharing across 1 per quarter

research centres

Commercialization of the
innovations within the country

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Appendix I-4: Content and innovation
Table 16: Strategy for Content and innovation

I Issue Objectives Outcome Strategy KPI Target Responsibility

Creation of To have 5% of total At least 5% of the total Establish No. of incubation 1 per county by MoICT
employment workforce employed workforce employed in the incubation/empowerment centers 2022
in digital content and development of content driven centers in counties and County
application services in 5 years develop an ICT-centric Governments
development innovation framework

Develop an ICT-Centric Innovation 1 by 2019 CA

Innovation Framework framework in place
MOICT

Put in place incentives for Policy to incentivize 100% by 2019 CA

innovation and content innovation

Digital content for To 100% customization of school Prioritize implementation of N/A 100% by 2021 KICD
all Kenyans develop/customize content for at risk groups solutions for universal
content for within 3 years accessibility Ministry of
disadvantaged Education, Science
groups and Technology

Quality of local To ensure 20% of Increased global access to Private sector support No. of successful At least 4 per year MoICT
content local content local content within 5 years through incentives for business
(broadcast) is of business partnerships partnerships
international quality supported

Promotions of local content No. of local content At least 100 by Kenya Tourism
internationally pages available 2020 Board, MoICT
online
Kenya yearbook

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Sectoral content To have Sector increase the availability of Establish and utilize an % Utilization of the 100% by 2019 Kenya National
specific (e- digital local platforms innovation fund fund Innovation Agency
government, e-
commerce, e- The National
learning, e-health, Treasury
IoT and Robotics in
Manufacturing) local Develop Private Partnerships No. of Successful At least 1 per year MoICT
digital or digitally for empowerment PPPs
enabled work
platforms available Develop digital broadcast for No. of digital 4 programs per year CA, Kenya News
youth and heritage channels broadcast media Agency
created

Local content and Local content fintech Increased global access to Engage with the private Policy to support Policy enacted and MoICT, IBM, SAP,
application APIs/platforms with local applications within 5 sector through incentives for incentives implemented by Oracle,
international aspects years business partnerships 2020

Authentication To have a Content Management System Develop local Content Developed CMS Developed and in MoICT
management Management System (CMS) Management System use by 2022
system for authenticated
content with digital
rights

Local heritage To have language At least 10 local language used Certification of language No. of certified local At least 10 by 2022 CA
packs for 10 Kenyan in applications packs languages
local languages for MoICT
various content,
services and Training and up scaling No. of trainings 4 carried out each MoEST
To be the Swahili learning conducted year
solutions
international certifying body
Swahili learning certification Modality of Modality identified MoEST
certification; by 2020 and in top
placement globally in 2 in global
Swahili certification placement by 2020

Digitization of improve efficiency of Government services with Digitize Government % of government 60% by 2022 MoICT
government government service more than 100,000 services services digitized
services provision transactions per annum ICTA
digitized

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Content haven To encourage local - Increase big data available to Attract investment in Local No. of data centers 3 MoICT
hosting33 Kenyans for analysis that is Data Centres
sector specific - education,
health, agriculture, Enhance and promote Data KDAR Law Law communicated MoICT
manufacturing housing Sovereignty laws - KDAR law to stakeholders
amongst others makes Kenyan data held CA Media council
internationally accessible to
- Increase data centre capacity Kenyans
in Kenya
- 100% of government, Interoperability of all citizen % of interoperability 50% by 2022 MoICT
education and research data data sets
digitized and hosted in Kenya
Encourage utilization of % of local data set 100% by 2022 MoICT
- To develop standards for all existing local Data Centre utilized
citizen data Capacity

Exploit opportunities in GDPR Domestication of Completed by 2022 CA

refugee data - (Develop 3rd GDPR obligations
party verification to ensure MoICT
compliance to GDPR and
other laws)

All Kenyan languages To have all Kenyan content in Ratification of the language N/A Programmes in all MoICT, CA, KBS
have content multilingual formats policy (Multilingual contact local languages by
centers for public service 2023
Availability of local language delivery)
content

Digital certification Digital certification Digital certification policy Develop the digital Digital certification Policy developed CA, MoICT
centers for academic certification policy policy and rolled out
credentials nationally by 2022

To Enforce IP - IP rights enforcement Enhance and promote IP Policy Policy enforcement CA, MoICT , Kenya
Intellectual Property protection of Intellectual and sensitization film classification
Rights – Visibility, Property rights ongoing annually

33 This will enable attraction of GDPR refugee data centres in Kenya which will have public data fields (e.g., name, ID, gender), standard keys. It also involves adopting of
appropriate format standards accompanied by development of Data Sovereignty Laws and Kenya Data Access Regulation (KDAR); and ensuring that any data about Kenya
is open for use by Kenyans and that certified checks of foreigners (background checks) are done

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Registration, board, Kenya Film

Protection Commission,

To develop Policy for Content Policy for Development for standards No of standards At least 2 by 2022 CA
content for content development developed
- Full digitization of national
archives
Certification of language No. of certified local Develop 4 by 2022 KICD
- promotion of open data packs language packs

- content and data protection

Develop and Enforce an open Open Data Policy To have in place a CA, MoICT
(IP, privacy and security)
Data Policy policy and
- registration, publication and implement it by
automatic protection of all 2021
Kenyan content

Initiatives and Activities

Table 17: Broadband Service initiatives and Activities

Issue Objective Outcome Strategies

Quality broadband - Ensure high availability Improved quality • Use of Universal Service Fund to extend broadband network
Services - Ensure reliability of of life in the way penetration.
broadband services citizens work, live • Enhance regulatory oversight with respect to quality of service.
- Ensure relevance of and learn •Encourage and promote creation of relevant and quality content
broadband services • Regulatory oversight through use of management of service level
A rich, agreements.
interruption free • Enforce the critical infrastructure law to curb vandalism of
broadband broadband infrastructure
experience • Measure quality of service
Accessibility and Provide accessible and - Increased demand for • Government to provide subsidies for access devices
Affordability of affordable broadband and use of broadband • Government to source funding and develop infrastructure
broadband services services to all citizens services • Government to enhance fair competition by creating a level
- Affordable and playing field
accessible broadband • Promote local production of devices.
services/content are •Government/counties to open information hubs at constituency
available to all level

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- Broadband services are •Establish mechanisms to deliver services e.g. Cell on Wheels
available to all nomadic,
unserved and
underserved
communities
Low demand and -Encourage consumption of There is sustainable • Provide affordable devices and digital content
awareness of digital services demand and uptake for •Digital literacy programs
Broadband services -Create awareness of digital products •Create awareness/publicity on available digital services
available broadband • Create relevant and affordable broadband content
services
Cost and Harmonize costing between Affordable services are • Ensure cost effective spectrum for Wireless Broadband
sustainability in national & county available to all citizens Networks.
delivery of services government Coordinate • Government to provide rebates/tax incentives for operators
infrastructure rollout with providing complementary services (utilities) in marginalized areas.
other activities i.e. (power) • Cost sharing between government and private sector
Continuous review of
spectrum pricing
Several services Digitize all government Efficient and convenient • Promote and avail online local content (e.g. e-Govt. information
still manual services delivery of e-services and services) to spur demand across the country
Prioritize rolling of • incentivize creation of digital content and services
broadband services
Encourage service providers
to create and promote digital
content
Consumer Protect and enhance Secure broadband • regulations for consumer protection
protection and consumer security and experience • innovation for improved security
security protect consumers from • investment in secure technology
exploitation • consumer education

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Appendix I-5: Capacity Building and Innovation
Table 18: Strategy for Capacity Building and Innovation

Sub-Issue Outcome Strategies/Activities KPI Target Responsibility

Digital literacy Digital literate citizens Conduct a nationwide survey on the Percentage of schools and 85% of all schools PPP’s, KICD, learning
levels in the across all ages, gender to status of the level of digital literacy of teachers trained institutions, NGO’s,
country participate in a the country At least 1 in each KENET, M.O.E,
knowledgeable society Expand the digital literacy program for Number of ICT training county by 2022 CA
schools to include upper classes and centers
secondary schools.
Implement a transformational digital Coordinated effort for All tertiary PPP’s, KICD, learning
literacy program for tertiary institutions. capacity building for institutions by 2022 institutions, NGO’s,
tertiary institutions KENET, M.O.E/CA
Extend the services of the Huduma Number of digital Huduma All Huduma centers PPP’s, learning
centers to include informal training to centers offering training by 2020 institutions, NGO’s,
the general public on digital literacy and services KENET,M.O.E/CA/1IC
e-government services. TA
Design and Implement Mobile ICT No. of implemented All sub counties by PPP’s, KICD, learning
centers at the sub-county levels to working digital mobile 2023 institutions, NGO’s,
include informal digital literacy training. centers KENET,
M.O.E/C.A/ICTA
Design and implement Multi-level digital Number of champions 20,000 champions PPP’s, MDA’s,
champions’ capacity building program trained by 2023 Ministry of devolution
for informal digital literacy training.
Delivery of the informal digital literacy Number of programs -10 by 2023 MoICT, ICTA
programs in local languages delivered through the local
language
Implement a transformational digital Number of government Trainers trained in PPP’s, ICTA learning
literacy program into practice by officials trained 100% of public institutions, NGO’s,
government officials. institutions by 2023 M.O.E/CA
e-Government Improved access and Implement a nationwide e-Government Number of people All Kenyans with an ICTA, ministry of
programs – efficiency in delivery of e- awareness and training programs accessing the government e-Citizen account by devolution, ministry of
Creating Government services. services 2023 ICT,
capacity for the Increase availability and use of e- Number of awareness and Reach all counties
uptake of Government services training programs by 2021

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government Number of e-government At least 4 in the key
services. services that have been services provided
accessed online. by 2022

e-Learning Incorporation of e- Develop the hosting infrastructure and Percentage of relevant 50% y 2023 Universities, ICTA,
programs learning approaches in online content for e-Learning. courses and curriculum KICD, KENET,
curriculum delivery at all Realign the curriculum for e-Learning - developed Research and
levels. (digitization and instructional design). innovations centers.
Percentage growth in 25% by 2022
Design targeted e-Learning programs for KFC
users of e-Learners (male
marginalized regions and groups
and female)
Develop open shared national e-
No. of counties reached 47 counties by
Learning platforms
with e-Learning 2021
Review current curriculum to include
No. of sensitization 8 programs held by
digital literacy training
programs held 2023

Judiciary and More informed judiciary Implement a broadband sensitization No. of people trained 5,000 trained CA, ICTA, PPP’s
law and law enforcers program people
enforcement
sensitization
ICT Cyber A cyber security – aware Expand the national child protection Number of agencies All child focused CA, KENET, KE-CIRT,
security population. campaign to include PP’s stakeholder involved government Universities, Security
awareness Run nation- wide cyber security agencies agencies, Research
awareness campaigns Number of nation-wide At least 1 annually institutions
campaigns
Development of Increased number of Collaborations to develop the technical % of graduates benefiting 50% of all Universities,
hands-on technically skilled skills from the attachment graduates Research institutions,
technical skills personnel in the country. Strengthen the internship programs program KENET, ICTA, PPP’s
Develop workshops/boot camps to Number of industrial All counties
develop the technical skills collaborations implement the
Retrain management on technical skills program by 2023
Develop a program for skills transfer for Number of technical 4 Bootcamps
government workforce and experts. workshops held /Workshops
Annually
Number of successful 100% of all
programs and programs by 2023

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Number of personnel who 47000 annually
have completed programs

Emerging Innovations that leverage Creation of Training programs on Number of innovations At least 4 out of ICTA, Universities and
technologies on emerging emerging technologies leveraging on emerging Universities and Research Centers,
technologies Conduct a skills gap analysis on technologies Research Centres CA, NI 3C,
A dynamic tech-savvy emerging technologies Testing within ICTA Innovations hubs
ecosystem Encouraging research on emerging By 2023
technologies

The level of adoption of At least 1 annually

emerging technologies
Number of researches
conducted on emerging
technologies
Sensitization on Informed citizenry on Develop sensitization programs and Number of sensitization At least 1 annually CA, ICTA, KFC,
the legal policy existing legal policies campaigns programs and campaigns System online by TESPOK, ERB, NBS
and regulatory and regulatory Develop an online central repository for An implemented online 2022 steering committee
environment frameworks all thematic areas for the NBS central repository system (SC)

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Appendix I-6: Broadband Devices
Table 19: Strategies for Broadband Devices
Objectives Initiative Outcome KPI Target Responsible
Affordability Zero-rate smart devices Increased ownership of devices % VAT on smart devices 0% by 2019 KRA, MoF
Low-interest loans for Increased ownership of devices m KES fund 500m by 2020 National Treasury
smartphones
Cost of data Affordable data bundles % of reduction in unit cost 1KES-2MBs by CA
of data 2019
Expiration of data Renewable data bundles No, of available All data bundle CA
renewable data bundle options
options By 2019
Access Increase devices in libraries Increased access to broadband Number of devices per 20 by 2020 KNLS,
library
Establish Public Access Points at Increased access to broadband % of sub-counties with At least 25% of sub County Government,
Sub-County offices PAPs counties by 2022 Service Providers
Establish Public Access Points Increased access to broadband Number of PAPs 290 by 2022 MoICT, CA, County
(PAP) at each constituency Government
Government Devices in schools Broadband to improve Number of devices/1,000 30 by 2022 CFSK, National
use education students Treasury
Devices for health facilities Broadband to improve health % facilities with devices 100% by 2022 MoH, MoF, MoICT
Devices in police stations and for Broadband to improve safety % officers with handsets 100% by 2022 NPS, MoF MoICT
police officers % stations with devices
100% by 2022
Adoption Training and awareness raising in Increase ownership/use of Number of people 50k/yr by 2022 MoICT, CA
villages devices reached
Research health impacts of device Increase ownership/use of Number of research 3 by 2020 NEMA, CA
usage devices completed
E-Waste Establish local recycling facilities Reduced e-waste % components that can 80% by 2022 NEMA, CA,
in PPP be recycled locally
Provide incentives for take-back of Reduced e-waste Number of devices taken- 200k/yr by 2019 NEMA, CA
devices back
Counterfeit Use rebates to reimburse Reduced counterfeit devices No of counterfeit devices 90% reduction in KRA, CA, KEBS, ACA,
legitimate devices counterfeit by Ministry of Industry,
2022 trade and
Cooperatives
Establish certifications for retailers Reduced counterfeit devices Number of certified All retailers by KEBS,
retailers 2022

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Objectives Initiative Outcome KPI Target Responsible
Local Develop feasibility study to attract Strategy for local ICT Number of studies 1 by 2022 MoICT, NEMA, CA
Assembly contract manufacturers manufacturing completed
New Devices Drive IoT through government Increase in IoT devices Number of IoT devices At least 10 by 2022 MoF, Ministry of
procurement procured Industry, trade and
Cooperatives
Support of local IoT device Number of local IoT devices Number of local IoT Every local National Treasury,
manufacturers made devices made manufacturer to Ministry of Industry,
produce at least trade and
1IoT device by Cooperatives
2020
Drive the use of customized Increase in IoT devices Number of customized Demand driven National Treasury,
devices devices sold Ministry of Industry,
trade and
Cooperatives

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Appendix I-7: Privacy and Security

Benchmark on Trust and Security

Digital Belgium, an action plan that outlines the long-term digital vision of the country has identified
digital confidence and security as one of its five priorities. It defines this to include “respecting digital
rights and strategically and effectively tackling illegal practices”. The focus under this head includes;
• Enactment and harmonization of Laws
• International cooperation
• Sensitization campaigns
• Protection of critical public infrastructure
• Online resolution of consumer disputes (ODR)

Cyber Security in Kenya

In its report titled ‘Kenya Cyber Security Report,’ Serianu notes that one of the most critical challenges
facing Kenyan organizations is the lack of awareness among technology users with many of these
users having little knowledge of the level of risk to which they are exposing themselves and their
organizations.34
And while Kenya has for a long time lacked proper mechanisms to counter cybercrime, recent
legislative interventions point towards a more secure cyberspace. A cybercrime countermeasure has
been defined as an action, process, technology, device or system that serves to prevent or mitigate
the effects of a cyber-attack against a computer, server, network or associated device. It can either be
technical or regulatory; technical in the sense that computer and network users are advised to use
Internet protection such as strong, unique passwords to protect themselves from hackers while
regulatory measures include legal frameworks that define and detail the conditions for prosecution of
cybercrime.35
The findings of studies on broadband strategies and plans such as those in the SADC member states
and literature from other regions such as the European Union (EU) suggest that a national broadband
strategy should address at least six key areas/themes which are important for its successful
implementation and which should be supported by a platform comprising confidence in and security
of networks, services, and users; and governance which also includes a monitoring and evaluation
framework. At the core of confidence and security of networks and services, is information security
and privacy, which form the support platforms upon which a solid digital economy can thrive.
The Kenya Information and Communication Act defines cybersecurity as the collection of tools,
policies, security concepts, security safeguards, guidelines, risk management approaches, actions,
training, best practices, assurance and technologies that can be used to protect the cyber
environment.
Towards a Secure Cyberspace

In the wake of recent and rapid digitization, including digitization of government services, and the
constant need for a robust, responsive and effective cybersecurity environment, a Cybersecurity Policy
should therefore address ICT security concerns as bad experiences may limit the Internet/online
experience and curtail the contribution of the sector to the country’s socio-economic development.

34 Serianu, Kenya Cybersecurity Report, USIU, Nairobi, 2016

35 Dache Joash, The State of Cybercrime: Current Issues and Counter Measures pp. 27-31

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Lack of adequate skills relating to computer/data and identity protection while online may compromise
usage and participation, and as such represent important policy concerns, which also need to be
addressed. The ITU guide on cybersecurity is presented in Figure 13

ITU Cybersecurity Guide

The ITU, in its guide titled the ITU National Cybersecurity Strategy Guide identifies 10 elements which
they consider as constituting the main features of a holistic, multi-stakeholder and strategy led
Cybersecurity Program. These are;
1. Top Government Cybersecurity Accountability;
2. National Cybersecurity Coordination;
3. National Cybersecurity Focal Points;
4. Legal Measures;
5. National Cybersecurity Framework;
6. Computer Incident Response Teams;
7. Cybersecurity Awareness and Education;
8. Public-Private Sector Cybersecurity Partnerships;
9. Cybersecurity Skills and Training Programmes; and,
10. International Cooperation
Figure 16: ITU Cybersecurity Guide

The EU identifies one of its key objectives as making the Union a strong player in cybersecurity by being
more ambitious in nurturing its competitive advantage in the field of cybersecurity to ensure that its
citizens, enterprises and public administrations have access to the latest digital security technology
which is interoperable, competitive, trustworthy and respects fundamental rights including the right
to privacy.36
These practices provide experiences and aspirations upon which the Privacy, Trust and Security of
the Kenyan Broadband can be hinged.

36EU, EU cybersecurity initiatives: Working towards a more Secure Online Environment, January 2017
https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/eu-cybersecurity-initiatives-working-towards-more-secureonline-
environment (accessed on 28 December 2017

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Table 20: Strategy for Privacy and Security

Sub-Issue Objectives Outcomes Strategies KPI Baseline Target Time Responsible

Data Protection To ensure Comprehensive Offer recommendations to Data Protection N/A 100% by 2022 Parliament/
protection of Data Protection the Data Protection Task Act 2019
personal data Act force on privacy and data Stakeholders
protection issues that
touch on broadband

Child Online To guarantee Secure online Include online safety and Reduction in N/A 100% by 2022 Parliament/CA/
Protection safety of space for security in the education number of child- 2019 Service
children while children online curriculum related cyber Providers
online incidents
Create mechanisms to
deal with underage users

Parental Control

Awareness on To make users Affordable Research in Information Reduced online N/A Continuous at 2022 Stakeholders/
Information aware of the security solutions Security and Privacy security breaches least one
Security online security collaboration
Practices and risks Availability of up- Collaborate with existing Statistics on cyber per year
Data Protection to-date data on research centres and give security incidents
Procedures To ensure cyber security incentives to tertiary
security- incidents institutions to do more
conscious research on information
users online security and privacy
Educational
Periodic countrywide Institutions/Priv
research to study attitudes ate Sector
towards these
technologies and their
uptake

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Cybersecurity To ensure Prosecution of Establish a cybercrime Prosecution for 100% by 2022 NPS/Ministry of
accountability and coordinated forensic unit within the security breaches 2020 ICT
and redress to cyber Directorate of criminal
prosecution of breaches investigation (DCI)
perpetrators of Availability of
cyber security Availability of Establish Independent
independent cybercrime forensic independent
breaches forensic reports Stakeholders
forensic reports organizations

Enforcement To ensure Utilization of Negotiate, ratify and adopt Number on bi- Continuous 2022 National
cooperation in available mutually beneficial cyber lateral and Government/Re
the international incident-enforcement multilateral levant
enforcement of channels to laws/best practices agreements on Ministries
cyber laws combat cyber- cyber-enforcement
related breaches
and crimes

Research, To promote Embracing Create research centres Number of Continuous 2022 KENET, MoEST,
Capacity progressive available information MoICT,
Building and research, exchange Participate in talent security research Universities
Talent capacity channels and exchange and capacity centres
Exchange building and opportunities to building programs
talent increase and Number of trained
exchange in improve capacity experts
cybersecurity in information Number of trained
security users

1. Further research, capacity building and talent exchange in Internet governance and regulation best practices within the borderless
cyberspace

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Appendix I-8: Finance and Investment
Table 21: Strategy for Finance and Investment
Sub-Issue Objectives Outcomes Strategies KPI Target Responsibility
Financing for To stimulate Increase -Develop innovative financial funding At least one innovative 1 by MoICT, service
ICT projects private investments mechanisms (e.g. Broadband financing for BB 2019 providers, The
investments in ICT sector infrastructure Bonds, Government National Treasury,
and promote Supported Broadband Venture CA
PPPs within Capital fund)
the ICT sector Use USF to extend broadband % use of USF for BB 40% of MoICT and CA
coverage USF

Enhance the role of Government in No of enacted 3 by CA, National

promoting broadband related Incentive fiscal policies 2023 treasury
investments
Develop linkages between the No of collaborations 2 by CA, Service
financial and the ICT sector established between 2019 providers, MoICT
ICT and financial
services sectors
Develop ICT-related Insurance No of ICT related 2 by
schemes Insurance schemes 2023
Financing of ICT Increased % increase in Incentivize the private sector with % increase in 10% per Ministry of Trade,
projects investment in private ICT financing models that show a positive investment annum State department
the ICT sector investment and attractive return on investment or (IPC), CA
low interest financing
% government Increase in budgetary provision for % of budget 5% National Treasury
funding ICT contribution to ICT National & MoICT
directed Budget
towards ICTs
% County Motivate county governments to Allocation of County 5% County
government increase funding to ICT Resources to ICT County Government
funding Budget
directed
towards ICTs

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
Sub-Issue Objectives Outcomes Strategies KPI Target Responsibility
Number of Mobilize funds through national and Number of forums At least 1 MoICT & CA
investment international forums held every 2
forums linking years
ICT to
financial
sector
Financing of a To source Attract an international investor to Receipt of Ksh 20B to NOFBI II MoICT
national sufficient build a national backbone build a backbone
backbone funds for BB infrastructure infrastructure
infrastructure
Elaboration of An investment Study on best business model Conduct of study 1 study CA
investment and business within 6
and business plan within six months
models months of of NBS
NBS life

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

Appendix II: Role of Stakeholders

The deployment of broadband requires the concerted effort of various stakeholders including
governments which play a key role. Governments at various levels have a critical role to play in the
drive to have pervasive broadband infrastructure across the country. It is recognized that some
governments have taken steps to partner with telecommunications/ICT service providers to deploy
necessary fibre and other electronic infrastructure for the benefit of their citizens. Governments have
necessary roles to play in removing many bureaucratic difficulties and obstacles that hinder faster
broadband rollout. The Government efforts are complemented by those of the private sector and civil
society.
Table 22: Roles of Government and other stakeholders

Stakeholder Responsibility
National/Government 1. Policy and Regulation
2. Administration of Right of Way
County government 1. Removing barriers such as right of way cost and multiple taxation;
2. Participating in local government level negotiations and advocacy in
communicating the positive economic impacts of broadband
3. Enabling and promoting the spread of metro networks
4. Providing funding for network build and broadband infrastructure development
through Public Private Partnership programs including for rural and unserved/
underserved areas
Sub-county 1. Working with communities to reduce disruption to infrastructure build and
operation
2. Educating communities on the benefits and importance of broadband
3. Driving community based public services such as community access
centres/points (CAPs)
4. Migrating local government services (e.g. salaries, health services civic
registrations, levy and fees collections etc.) online
5. Eliminating delayed or unduly long permitting processes such as those for right
of way (ROW)
National Assembly/ 1. Reviewing existing Communications Law
Parliament 2. Enacting new and relevant legislations that support the policy goals, plans and
incentives for growing broadband
Private Sector 3. Improving the quality of existing broadband service, extending coverage to new
areas and connecting new users to the broadband experience.
4. Work with the government, consumer groups and other stakeholders, in a
collaborative manner, the private sector will also work to fill the gap between
advertised broadband services and the actual experience that users have.
5. Attracting and providing required financing for the investments
Civil Society 1. Raising awareness about the benefits of broadband services to improve
adoption.
2. Work with consumers to educate them on their rights as subscribers to
broadband services
3. Provide capacity building opportunities as part of their work with
disadvantaged groups
Local communities 1. Ensuring the security of broadband infrastructure
2. Investing in broadband through bottom-up initiatives with support of
Government
KENET 1. Provide high speed connectivity and cloud services to the education, research
and government institutions affiliated to the education sector including
hospitals, in order to transform education and research using broadband ICT.

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2. Nurture broadband innovation as part of the National Innovation System
3. Lead in ICT/ broadband research and training; and develop ICT
curricula.

Roles of National Government on Broadband37

1. Providing funding for network build and broadband infrastructure development through Public
Private Partnership programs and the deployment of Universal Service Funds for rural and unserved
areas.

2. Participating in state level negotiations and advocacy in communicating the economic impacts of
broadband
3. Facilitating the enactment of new building codes and standards requiring the installation of
telecoms/ICT infrastructure as a basic requirement for new buildings and estates;

4. Developing a national broadband availability Map and other databases for use in the planning and
deployment of broadband;

5. Promoting green energy ICT initiatives;

6. Fast tracking current efforts to provide stable electricity supply;

7. Moving government services and processes online to stimulate broadband adoption and demand;

8. Generating Nationwide Awareness of the benefits of broadband;

9. Enacting laws where necessary to support the National ICT policy; and,

10. Engaging the Governors/authorities and positioning broadband as a recurring agenda item

Therefore the role for the MoICT with respect to broadband is one of accelerating penetration and access to
broadband.

Source: Presidential Committee on broadband (2013). Nigeria's National Broadband Plan. Accessed July 07,
2014 from
http://commtech.gov.ng/images/docs/The%20Nigerian%20National%20Broadband%20Plan%202013_19
May2013%20FINAL.pdf

Appendix III: Broadband Implemented through Programs and Projects

In this appendix, a checklist for the effective delivery of the strategy and a program approach to the
implementation of the strategy are presented.
Checklist on Delivery of the NBS

In order to realize an effective delivery of the Strategy, the following should be ensured:
(i) Technical capability (with special focus on interfacing and integration capabilities) for
implementation otherwise delivery will be delayed;
(ii) Contract management which is crucial because 40% to 50% of cost increases are due to poor
contract management;

37
For details of this example, see
http://commtech.gov.ng/images/docs/The%20Nigerian%20National%20Broadband%20Plan%202013_19May2013
%20FINAL.pdf

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
(iii) Success criteria should be developed and a measurement framework created otherwise it will
be impossible to track the progress of broadband delivery;
(iv) Information and data which should include a repository of data across the program in the form
of a dashboard which can be checked transparently by all stakeholders – at least the steering
committee and program/project management teams; and
(v) Coordinating authority for delivery of broadband

The NBS 2018-2023 projects will only succeed if there is an effective delivery framework comprising:
(i) Governing structure with adequate capacity;
(ii) Alignment of projects to the national and County development plans (MTP III) and County
Integrated Development Plan II (CIDPs), the Big 4 Agenda and Vision 2030;
(iii) Focus on both demand and supply sides of broadband with a clear understanding of the drivers
of both the demand and supply sides;
(iv) Funding of broadband which can be public, private, public-private partnership (PPP), and/or
bottom-up initiatives;
(v) Delivery model with the right incentives for everybody but that also includes timelines,
penalties etc.; and
(vi) Tracking and measurement of progress on/of the NBS projects through definition of targets
and key performance indicators for each of the project objectives; and deployment of an
aligned monitoring and evaluation framework.
Program management perspective
This perspective is necessary because each program under the NBS (e.g., e-health program) will have
specific projects, which need to be coordinated. This perspective is lacking in a number of national BB
plans with the resulting confusion in governance leading to delays, frustration and cost overrun. The
deployment of broadband through projects with a focus on the services that will be delivered (starting
with the user) is crucial. Some of the priority areas to be addressed in the NBS 2023 implementation
can be the following depending on the particular national priorities:
(i) Universal education; e.g. implementation of virtual classrooms project;
(ii) Delivering universal healthcare to all such as via mobile health, telemedicine etc.;
(iii) Food security;
(iv) Transportation, such as provision of smart transport to deal with traffic congestion; and
(v) Promotion of broadband usage to target various segments’ needs such as household,
business, and government
Focus on Projects
Broadband should be implemented through specific projects with clear targets; and a monitoring and
implementation framework. In this regard, concrete broadband implementation projects should be
defined. They should be relevant to one or more identified objectives/strategies/focus areas and aim
to achieve specific target outcomes in the plan.
The project elements to be defined include:
(i) project scope, objectives, targets;
(ii) institutional/stakeholder responsibility (both primary and secondary);
(iii) budget requirements and source(s);
(iv) time frame, and key milestones; and
(v) linkage and mutual interdependence with other projects.

Broadband Targets (HYPOTHETICAL EXAMPLE – TO BE REFINED)

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In order to track the implementation of broadband, it is necessary that targets be set and monitored
at regular intervals to ascertain the progress being made. Kenya’s broadband targets for the year
2030 are presented in Table I-1.
Table I-1: Kenya’s Broadband Targets to 2030

Target Penetration Baseline By 2020 By 2022 By 2030

measure (Year 2017)
Broadband access in % of population 39.7% 50% at 90% at 3Mbps 50% 100% at 10Mbps
Mbps (user 2Mbps at 100Mbps 80% at 100Mbps
experience)
Schools % of schools 50% at 10 100% at 10Mbps 100% at 1Gbps
Mbps 80% at 100Mbps

Health facilities % of health 50% at 100% at 10Mbps 100% at 1Gbps

facilities 10Mbps 80% at 100Mbps

Public sector facilities % of government 50% at 100% at 10Mbps 100% at 100Mbps

offices 10Mbps

These targets are to be reviewed periodically and supplemented by pricing and quality of service
targets as well as speed of installation and fault repair. The QoS regulations for Kenya are already in
place where no distinction is made between rural and urban because every Kenyan should access the
same quality of service wherever they are.
Example of Broadband Plan Elements Together
In order to implement BB through projects, we need projects targeting specific BB components, and
focus areas with clear objectives and strategy; and specific project name/description. An example is
as follows (Table I-2):
Table I-2: Broadband Project
Broadband project - An example
Component: Infrastructure
Focus Area: Rural Broadband Access
• Objective 1: Community broadband access points (CAPs)
• Target Outcome: 50% of communities with access points by 2018
– KPIs = Functioning CAPs with minimum 1 Mbps, usage measures
• Strategy: Develop public-private partnerships with national operators, local stakeholders; coordinate
with other rural broadband initiatives; ensure local community participation, capacity building, effective
management and monitoring
• Project 1: Broadband CAP rollout Pilot Project
– 100 communities in 2019
– Ministry responsible, USAF funding; collaborate with operators, local stakeholders

Example of Summary Broadband Plan segment

A typical broadband plan segment showing focus area/thematic area, outcome, strategy, responsibility
and project is presented in Table I-3.

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
Table I-3: Sample Summary of Broadband Plan Segment for the Ministry of Education, Science and
Technology
Focus Area/ Outcome Strategy Responsibility Projects
Objective
Education Target
1.Broadband 50% of Bottom Up Ministry of 1. Local BB access
connections in schools by networks, linked to Education, networks
schools 2018 schools Science and 2. School connectivity
Technology

2. ICT Curriculum Customized National and local Ministry of 1. Collaborative ICT

classroom tools collaboration on Education, curriculum
curriculum Science and 2. ICT Apps Initiative
development Technology

3. School 1.2 million Discounted bulk Ministry of 1. School ICT devices

Devices laptops, tablets purchases, Education, project
by 2018 customized Science and
devices Technology,
Private supplier

Appendix IV: Specific Constitutional Aspirations for ICTS under the Bill of Rights
Implementation of rights and fundamental freedoms under Article 21 (3) in the Bill of Rights. All State
organs and all public officers have the duty to address the needs of vulnerable groups within society.
The needs include access to ICT.

Article 27 (1) on equality and freedom from discrimination provides that: “Every person is equal before
the law and has the right to equal protection and equal benefit of the law.” The benefits of the law
include benefits arising out of ICT regulation.

Article 31 on privacy provides that: “Every person has the right to privacy, which includes the right not
to have— (c) information relating to their family or private affairs unnecessarily required or revealed;
or (d) the privacy of their communications infringed.” These provide constitutional limitations in the
use of information and communications.

Article 33 (1) on the freedom of expression provides that: “Every person has the right to freedom of
expression, which includes— (a) freedom to seek, receive or impart information or ideas; (b) freedom
of artistic creativity; and (c) academic freedom and freedom of scientific research”. This is useful in
regulating ICTs especially in terms of content.

Article 34 (1) on freedom of the media provides that: Freedom and independence of electronic, print
and all other types of media is guaranteed. The provision lays a constitutional foundation for regulating
both infrastructure especially the frequency spectrum and content in relation to broadcasting and
proposes governance principles for regulating the ICTs especially regulatory independence.

Article 35 (1) on access to information provides that “Every citizen has the right of access to— (a)
information held by the State; and (b) information held by another person and required for the exercise
or protection of any right or fundamental freedom….(3) The State shall publish and publicize any
important information affecting the nation.”

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Article 46 (1) on Consumers rights applies to goods and services offered by public entities or private
persons. The right applies to all goods and services including ICT related goods and services.

Article 54 (1) states that: “A person with any disability is entitled–– (c) to reasonable access to all
places, public transport and information; (d) to use Sign language, Braille or other appropriate means
of communication; and (e) to access materials and devices to overcome constraints arising from the
person’s disability.” This provision prescribes access to ICTs by PWDs.

Article 56 on minorities and marginalized groups provides that: “The State shall put in place affirmative
action programs designed to ensure that minorities and marginalized groups— (e) have reasonable
access to water, health services and infrastructure.” Infrastructure includes ICT related infrastructure.

The Constitutional aspirations for ICTs on Governance principles and structures have focused on the
following:

Article 10 on national values and principles of governance binding the State and all persons when
enacting, interpreting and implementing the Constitution, any law and public thematic area. Values
and principles relevant to ICT governance include sharing and devolution of power, equity, human
rights, public participation and sustainable development among others.

Article 11 (2) on culture providing that: “The State shall— (c) promote the intellectual property rights of
the people of Kenya.” Intellectual property promotion and protection is key to ICT governance
especially through enhancing innovation in ICTs.

Fourth Schedule on distribution of functions between the National Government and the County
Governments, Section 18 (i), (j) and (k) gives National Government the function of postal services;
telecommunications; and radio and television broadcasting. However, in order to adhere to devolution
requirements, cooperation/intergovernmental relationship between the National and County
Governments is necessary and is addressed by the Devolution Laws.

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Appendix V. ICT Summary Statistics

Report on Desk Review of CA Annual Report FY 2016/2017 and CA Second Quarter Sector Statistics
Report for the Financial Year 2017/2018 (1st Oct 17-31st Dec 17)

Summary of Findings
In 2016, the ICT sector’s growth expanded by 9.7% compared to the 7.4% growth recorded in FY
2015/2016.38 (see Table III-1)
Table III-1: Summary of Findings
Indicator 2015 2016
Population (Millions) 44.2 45.4
GDP at Market Prices (in KES Millions) 6,260,646 7,158,695
Growth of GDP at Constant Prices (% 5.7 5.8
GDP Per Capita at Constant Prices (KES) 91,890 94,757
Transport and Storage sub-sector GDP at Current Prices (KES. 518,043 563,684
Millions)
Information and Communication sub-sector GDP (KES. Millions) 60,485 68,853
Source: Communication Authority of Kenya
The estimated number of people with access to the Internet rose to 40.5 million during the year up
from 37.7 million reported in FY 2015/2016.39
Management of Scarce Resources
Frequency Management
During the year, the Authority issued a frequency license in the 800MHz band to one Mobile Operator
with the other two MNOs operating on trial licenses in the same band resulting to:
i. Increased rollout of 4G services
ii. 121% increase in 3G Transceivers
iii. 53% increase in 2G Transceivers40
Fixed Links
The authority assigned 1,043 links bringing the total number of installed fixed links to 8,423
representing a 14.1% increase.41
Fixed Wireless Access Systems
A 3.8% decrease in the utilization of frequencies for this service was recorded. This was attributed to
the availability of competing technology in the unprotected bands and the preference for robust fiber
connectivity in provision of integrated services of voice, video and telephony.42
Maritime Mobile Service Identity (MMSI)

38
CA Annual Report, p4
39 Ibid, p5
40 P8
41 ibid
42
ibid

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
During the period under review, 4 MMSI numbers were issued to ships flagged by Kenya.43
Assignment of Numbering Resources
The Authority assigned 13 mobile National Designation Codes (NDCs) to mobile service providers to
facilitate mobile telephony services and 4G services trials. They attributed the increase in demand to
assignment to new Application Service Providers (ASPs) and growth in the provision of triple-play
services.44
Promoting competition
The Authority enforced the Kenya the Kenya Information and Communications Regulations, 2010 on
Tariff, Interconnection and Provision of Fixed Links, Access and Facilities; and Fair Competition and
Equality of Treatment.45
Mobile Network Services
During the period under review, the mobile penetration rate stood at 88.7% down from the 90%
penetration recorded in the preceding financial year.46
Internet Services
Data Internet subscriptions increased by 7.9% to stand at 29,419,164. Terrestrial Wireless, satellite
and fiber optic data/Internet subscriptions increased by 251.2%, 147.5% and 98.4% respectively
during FY 2016/2017.
Terrestrial mobile and fixed cable modem data/Internet subscriptions also rose by 9.1% and 29.3%
respectively.
There was however a decrease of 11.4% in fixed DSL data/Internet subscriptions.47
Table III-2: Internet subscriptions and users
Table III-2: Internet Subscription and Users
Subscriptions/Users 2015/2016 2016/2017
Terrestrial mobile data/ Internet subscriptions 26,758,789 29,419,164
Terrestrial wireless data/ Internet subscriptions 13,449 47,231
Satellite data/Internet 280 693
subscriptions
Fixed Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) data/Internet 3063 2,715
subscriptions
Fixed fire optic data/Internet 27,571 54,700
subscriptions
Fixed cable modem (Dial Up) data/Internet subscriptions 77,319 99,971
Total Internet Subscriptions 26,880,471 29,624,474
Total Number of Agents 158,777 180,657*
Source: Communication Authority of Kenya
The sector statistics Q2 Report

43 P10
44 ibid
45 P14
46 P17
47 P18

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Total data/Internet subscriptions stood at 33.3 million. Growth attributed to increased rollout of 3G
and 4G mobile networks across the country.48
Number of terrestrial wireless subscriptions grew by 29.2% to stand at 82,362 subscriptions.
Satellite subscriptions registered 8% growth to stand at 769 subscriptions.
Fixed digital subscriber line (DSL) subscriptions dropped to 1,953 from 2,106 recorded in the previous
quarter
Fibre Optic data subscriptions increased to 99,643 from 90,548 marking a growth of 10% from the
previous quarter.
During the quarter under review, the number of fixed cable modem subscriptions declined by 2.7 per
cent to stand at 96,876 from 99,564 subscriptions reported in the previous quarter while other fixed
data subscriptions rose by 9.4 per cent to reach 6,700 from 6,127 subscriptions recorded during the
previous quarter. 49
Table III-3: Data/Internet Subscriptions
Data/Internet subscriptions Jul-Sep 2017 Oct-Dec 2017 Quarterly Variance (%)
Mobile Data Subscriptions 30,628,340 33,076,894 8
Terrestrial Wireless Data 63,749 82,362 29.2
Subscriptions
Satellite Data Subscriptions 712 769 8
Fixed DSL Data Subscriptions 2,106 1,953 -7.2
Fixed Fibre Optic Data 90,548 99,643 10
Subscriptions
Fixed Cable Modem 99,564 96,876 -2.7
Subscriptions
Other Fixed Data Subscriptions 6,127 6,700 9.4
Total Internet Subscriptions 30,891,132 33,365,197 8.0
Source: CA, Operators’ Returns
Broadband Services
During FY 2016/2017, the total number of broadband subscriptions increased by 42.1% an increase
attributed to the growth in WIMAX and mobile broadband subscriptions.
The total available international bandwidth capacity increased from 1,730.74 Gbps to 2,906.87 Gbps
representing an increase of 68%.
International leased bandwidth and international leased undersea bandwidth increased by 0.2% and
0.3% respectively while international leased satellite bandwidth reduced by 42.9%.50
During Quarter 2 2017/2018, the total number of broadband subscriptions stood at 18.0 million up
from 17.6 million subscriptions registered in the previous quarter with speeds of less than or equal to
256Kbps recording the least number of subscriptions whereas speeds greater than 2Mbps registered
the highest number of subscriptions.
The total international Internet bandwidth available in the country (Lit/equip capacity) increased to
3,182.592 Gbps.

48
CA Second Quarter Statistics Report for the Financial Year 2017/2018 (1st October-31st December 2017) p19
49 Ibid, p20
50
Above n 1, p19

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023
The increase to 148.6 Gbps from 83.0 is attributed to the expansion of capacity by Lion 2, a submarine
cable landing company, in order to meet the increasing demand for bandwidth in the country.
During the period under review, Satellite Internet Bandwidth also increased by 79.7 per cent to stand
at 5.592 Gbps from 3.112Gbps recorded during the previous quarter.51
Table III-4: International Internet Available Bandwidth (Gbps)
International Connectivity Bandwidth Jul-Sep 17 Oct-Dec 17 Quarterly Variation (%)
SEACOM 2,020.0 2,020.0 0
TEAMS 702.0 702.0 0
EASSY 101.4 106.4 4.9
Lion 2 83.0 148.6 79.0
Satellite Internet Bandwidth 3.112 5.592 79.7
Total International Internet Bandwidth (Gbps) 2,909.512 3,182.592 9.4
Source: CA, Operators’ Returns
The total international used Internet bandwidth rose to 916.287 Gbps during the quarter under review
from 887.187 Gbps recorded in the preceding quarter marking a growth of 3.3 per cent. This
translates to 28.8 per cent of the total International available bandwidth being used in the country.
The undersea cable bandwidth used during the quarter under review stood at 911.80Gbps up from
884.50Gbps recorded in the preceding quarter.
Similarly, used satellite bandwidth increased by 67.0 per cent to stand at 4.487Gbps. The trend in
international used bandwidth is illustrated in Table III-5.52
Table III-5: International Internet Used Bandwidth (Gbps)
International Leased (Used) Bandwidth Jul-Sep 17 Oct-Dec 17 Quarterly Variation
(%)
International Undersea Internet Connectivity Bandwidth 884.50 911.80 3.1
(Gbps)
International Satellite Internet Connectivity Bandwidth 2.687 4.487 67.0
Total International Internet Connectivity Bandwidth 887.187 916.287 3.3
(Gbps)
Source: CA, Operators’ Returns
National Cyber Threat Landscape
The National KE-CIRT/CC analyzed and validated the 4,589 cyber threats. It also identified 539 cyber
threats that were critical and required immediate response.53
The various categories of the cyber threats handled during this period is indicated in Table
Table III-6: Cyber Threats Validated and Respondent To
Cyber Attack Vector Oct - 17 Nov - 17 Dec - 17 Total
DDOS 1 0 2 3
Domain Impersonation 0 2 2 4
Fake News 3 3 0 6
Malware 10 9 121 140
Online Fraud 8 9 7 24

51 Above n 11, p 24-25

52 Ibid p25
53
p26-27

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Online Hate Speech 30 26 6 62
Online Impersonation 26 45 33 104
Phishing 3 2 1 6
Spam 0 1 0 1
System Misconfiguration 14 28 145 187
Website defacement 1 1 0 2
Total 96 126 317 539
Source: National KE-CIRT/CC
Notes-
The indicators used in the NBS are not the same as those used in the CA Annual Reports and Sector
Statistics. (These could be provided as annexures in the FY Reports)

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Appendix VI: NBS Review Technical Working Groups Participants

Table IV-1: TWG Participants
No. Name Organization
1. Jennifer Gitiri Office of the Attorney General
2. Emily Muthoni EACC
3. Francis Monyango Strathmore University Law School
4. Patrick Mungai Showmax Multichoice
5. Leonard Mabele Strathmore University
6. Kennedy Kamau CoG
7. James Kioli Commcarier Satellite
8. Dianna Mbugua NEMA Kenya
9 Peter Mwawa Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government
10. Misare Njaga Jamii Telecommunications Limited
11. Adam Lane Huawei Technologies Limited
12. Michael Maina Wananch Group
13. Benjamin Kamicha KENET
14. Dr. G. Mugeni CA
15. George Adeka SAFARICOM
16. Dan Kwach EADC
17. Stanley Ochiobi Telkom Kenya
18. Sammy Itemere MoICT
19. Johnstone Ketuturi MoICT
20. Limacar Daniel MoICT
21. Harrison Mwaniki MoA&I
22. Victor Maina CA
23. Ruth Gitonga Techinovar
24. Nasubo Ongoma IHUB
25. Eng. Vincent Adul NCS
26. Francis Waithaka Finserve
27. Maureen Chepng’etich CA
28. Victor Anyanje Sigmund Peak International Ltd – Legal Expert
29. Paul Kiage CA and Chairman of the National Broadband Strategy Steering
Committee
30. Lawrence Lubanga MTN
31. Dr. (Eng.) Thomas Senaji Sigmund Peak International Ltd - Lead consultant
32. Francis Kagunza DCI
33. Dr. Tobias M. Mwalili JKUAT
34. Eliud Kibor Sigmund Peak International Ltd
35. Meriem Slimani ATU
36. Francisca Omunga Private Consultant
37. Eng. Vitalis Olunga Vital Networks Limited
38. Dr. Kennedy Ombuki Sigmund Peak International Ltd
39. Wilfred Waithaka LIQUID Telecom
40 Peter Muia KENET
41 Eric Sifuna KENET
42 Alex Ombong’ KNLS
43 Edwin Ombega CA
44 David Muasya CA
45 Mboya Kiweu Sigmund Peak International Ltd
46 Ruth Kariuki CA
47 Christine Ngigi VISION 2030 Delivery Secretariat
48 Brenda Kairima CA
49 Ben Oduor LIQUID TELECOM

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50 Cleopa Otieno Kenya Telecommunications
51 Waudo Siganga Computex Society
52 Zipporah Msagha Safaricom
53 Fredrick Okello Liquid Telecom
54 Dr. Joe Kamau EMC
55 Zachary Mokua Safaricom
57 Leonard Mobele Strathmore University
58 Carde Njoroge KFC
59 Fiona Asonga TESPOK
60 Ronald Ng’eno CMA
61 Phillip Malinda CSK
62 Mwaura Peter Interior SDI
63 Lorna Nyandat Internet solutions
64 Andrew Masila SAFARICOM
65 Ruth Gitonga Techinova
66 Robin Busalo CA
67 Dr. K Getao MOICT
68 Daniel Obam NCS
69. Stanley Ochiobi Telkom Kenya
70. Robin Busolo CA
71. Bornface Mamboleo NEMA

Figure 17: TWG Chairs and Co-Chairs

Thematic Area Chairperson
Infrastructure and Connectivity Eng. Vitalis Olunga
Broadband Devices Adam Lane
Application content and Innovation Dan Kwach
Capacity building and awareness Dr. Tobius Mwalili
Broadband Services Zachary Mokua
Policy, legal and regulatory environment Eng. Obam
Privacy and Security Francis Monyango
Finance and Investment Francisca Omunga

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Appendix VII: Benchmarking

The following is a brief comparison of the Kenyan NBS and those of selected countries: Morocco, Mauritius, South Africa, Nigeria, and Lesotho

A. MOROCCO
At the heart of Morocco’s modern-day ICT vision is Digital Morocco 2013 which is the National Strategy for Information and Digital Economy 2009-2013 (better
known as Maroc Numeric) released by the Ministry of Industry, Trade, and New Technologies. The strategy focuses on umbrella areas – the governance structure,
the beneficiaries and program, and the budget allocation to fund proposed strategies and recommendations. The Digital Morocco stands out from earlier e-
Morocco strategies primarily for two reasons:
➢ The first is its emphasis on broadband, which for the first time is not only explicitly articulated but also is the first pillar in the strategy.
➢ The second is the country’s demonstrated commitment - endorsed by His Majesty King Mohammed VI - to advance the sector and engage cross-sectoral
governance bodies to support - l’agence nationale de réglementation des télécommunications (ANRT) – the National Telecommunications Regulatory
Agency - its regulatory mandate and oversee implementation of planned activities.

Table 1. Comparison of the Content of Various Broadband Policies, Strategies and Plans

SOUTH
NIGERIA (Broadband KENYA (Thematic AFRICA(Complementary LESOTHO (Six
COUNTRY MOROCCO (Broadband priority areas) strategies for Nigeria) areas of the NBS) Strategies for SANBS) Key Issues)

1. Incentives that encourage a well- 1. Develop clear policy, Key Issue 1:

balanced, broadband infrastructure and regulation and roles for the 1. Infrastructure 1. Digital Readiness What is
greater investments in both fiber backhaul government broadband?
and local access networks;
2. The prioritization of broadband in
STRATEGIES/ universal access policies including 2. Ensure resilient submarine 2. Connectivity Key Issue 2:
2. Digital Development
concrete efforts for dealing with cables and Devices Affordability
THEMES
affordability and awareness issues; and

Key Issue 3:
3. Content Competition and
3. Promote enabling national 3. Building the digital
Applications and Private
3. Programs to develop digital literacy Infrastructure future
Innovations
among the older and rural population in Investment
addition to those that can effectively
The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

cultivate a next generation of e-content 4. Realizing Digital Key Issue 4:

and software producers and developers. 4. Capacity opportunity
4. Provide required Building and The Role of
Investment Awareness Government
Key Issue 5:
Ownership and
5. Critical National Coordination for
Infrastructure and Cyber 5. Policy, Legal Broadband
Security and Regulatory Outcomes

6. Optimize Spectrum
Utilization.
7. Employ an Open Access
Model for Network
infrastructure
8. Provide Transparent Costs Key Issue 6:
6. Finance and
and Capped Pricing Demand side
Investment
facilitator
9. Development of a National
Fibre and Wireless
Broadband Coverage Map
10. Drive demand through
digital advocacy, literacy and
inclusion

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Legal and Regulatory Framework
Unified Licensing Framework
The Kenya Unified licensing framework comprises three categories: Network Facility Provider (NFP),
Application Service Provider (ASP), and Content Service Provider (CSP)54. In addition, it has terminal
equipment contractor license and Technical Personnel License This is comparable to that of Tanzania
which four authorization categories, three of which are the same as Kenya: Network Facility Provider,
Network Service Provider (included in NFP in Kenya), Application Service Provider, and Content Service
provider. The preparation of ICT harmonized converged/ unified licensing framework was mandated
by the 18th Congress of the East African Communications Organization (EACO) held in Kigali, Rwanda
on 27th May 2011 where a task force was established and which held its meeting from 1 st to 5th
December 2012 in Nairobi, Kenya55. On the whole, the Kenya market structure as defined through
license authorizations is comparable to those in the EAC and to best practice in a converged ICT market
space. There may be unique variations but the principles are the same.
Mauritius
Policy formulation has been accompanied by the definition and adoption of clear legal and regulatory
measures aimed at implementing policy and creating the environment necessary to promote
investment and use of ICTs in Mauritius. The Institutional Framework was defined in 2001, with the
creation of ICTA through the Information and Communication Technologies Act. A new licensing
framework was introduced in July 2003 (2004 by the defunct CCK in Kenya), and applications from
prospective operators were invited by ICTA for the following three categories.

The ICT (Amendment of Schedule) Regulations 2003 structures the licensing framework into;
Commercial, Private Network and Engineering.
The Commercial license category defines three types of licenses namely;
▪ Infrastructure provider- authorized to set up the physical infrastructure for operators and
service providers,
▪ Networking Services Provider- allowed to offer networking services that includes provision of
network capacity (e.g. leased circuits) to service providers , and
▪ Network Application Provider.

Similar to the 2003 ICTA licensing regime, Kenya’s 2004 licensing strategy which has Network
facilities provider (NFP), Network service provider (NSP), Application service provider (ASP) and content
service provider (CSP) categories of licenses has been a major driver for development of the sector.
Institutional Framework
Mauritius
As an initial step, key institutional decisions were made in 1989 by Mauritius with the creation of the
National Computer Board, the Central Informatics Bureau, the State Informatics Limited, and the State
Informatics Training Centre Limited. Similar to Kenya, regulation and operation were also separated,
with the Ministry of Information Technology and Communication Technology dealing with the
formulation and implementation of government policies in the ICT sector, and Mauritius Telecom being
created in 1992. Kenya undertook similar reforms in 1998 with the splitting of the defunct Kenya
Posts and Telecommunication Corporation (KPTC) into three entities (the regulator – Communication
Commission of Kenya, National postal operator – Postal Corporation of Kenya and Telkom Kenya
Limited – Telecom operator), and various changes have taken place since then.

54
For details see: http://ca.go.ke/index.php/licensing-fliers/93-general/256-
unifiedlicensingframeworkandnewmarketstructure
55http://www.eaco.int/admin/docs/reports/Harmonized_Converged_Unified_Licensing_Framework_Taskforce_Report_20

12_13.pdf

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More recently, the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology has also been mandated
with the responsibility for the elaboration of policies to circumvent challenges facing ICT businesses
as a whole, and has taken the lead in elaborating the National Broadband Policy of January 2012. This
is in line with the Government‘s recognition of the importance of continuously monitoring policies and
the value of the national ICT assets in linking to the sector reform programs as clearly enshrined in the
Government Program 2010-2015 and emphasized in the National Information and Communication
Technology Strategic Plan 2011-2014. . It is noted that Kenya is yet to promulgate a broadband policy.

Recognizing the need to bring regulation up-to-date in light of the convergence of ICTs and to promote
affordable and adequate access to quality ICT services through functional market-driven competition
and regulatory principles in a trouble-free Networked Information and Knowledge Society, The
Mauritius Parliament passed the Information and Communication Technologies Authority (ICTA) Act in
2001, effectively creating the ICTA which has the status of a body corporate. This is similar to the
Kenya ICT Authority (KICTA) which is driving digital villages and other ICT initiatives throughout Kenya.

The ICT Act 2001 (as amended), ICTA has actively pursued key objectives, including “to create a level
playing-field for all operators in the interest of consumers” and “to ensure that telecommunication
services are reasonably accessible at affordable cost nationwide and are supplied as efficiently and
economically as practicable and at performance standards that reasonably meet the social,
educational, industrial, commercial and other needs of Mauritius.” The Kenya Information and
Communication Act (as amended) has comparable focus albeit with some differences specific to
Kenyan context.

The Mauritian Competition Act 2007 also established the Competition Commission of Mauritius to
promote competition and to deter anti-competitive or restrictive business practices. Similar to the CA,
the ICTA of Mauritius is tasked with the promotion of the interests of the ICT sector, including the
fostering of competition and the maintenance of a level playing field.

There is presently a statutory MOU which recognizes that in certain aspects of information and
communication technologies regulation, the Competition Commission of Mauritius (CCM) and the
Information and Communication Technologies Authority (ICTA) have overlapping powers, and in which
the scope of intervention of both institutions is clearly described. In addition, there is the general
agreement that ICTA acts ex-ante while CCM acts ex-post. Amendments made to sections 30 and 31
of the ICT Act in December 2011 established a statutory joint Working Group established between the
ICTA and CCM in relation to market definition and significant market power (SMP) regulation. The
equivalent of this arrangement is the Communications Authority of Kenya (CA) and the Competitions
Authority of Kenya (CAK) whose complementary roles need strengthening through appropriate
statutory joint working groups.

B. COMPARISON WITH MAURITIUS

Infrastructure

Mauritius was the first market in the greater Africa region to launch mobile telecom networks (in 1989),
the first to provide a 3G service (2004), the first in the world to develop a nationwide Wi-MAX wireless
broadband network (2005), and one of the first to launch IPTV services (2006). Long term evolution
(LTE) services are now widely available, while the government has also supported the building of a
national Wi-Fi network, with additional funds set aside in the 2017-18 Budget. This financial support
demonstrates deliberate action by the government to support broadband development by providing
funding.

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All sectors of the ICT market are open to competition. The country is a hub for submarine cables
providing international connectivity, with the IOX Cable expected to be ready for service in 2019 and
the LION3 cable providing additional capacity. Mauritius is successfully pursuing a policy to make
telecommunications a pillar of economic growth, and to have a fully digital-based infrastructure.

International Access

Mauritius Telecom is a member of the South Africa Far East (SAFE) submarine fibre optic cable project
linking South Africa with Malaysia and India via Mauritius and Reunion Island. Mauritius Telecom-
Orange has been connected to the SAFE submarine cable since 2002. A second connection point was
installed in 2009 via the Lower Indian Ocean Network (LION) cable, a 1,800km submarine fibre optic
cable connecting Mauritius, Reunion and Madagascar with a capacity of 1.3Tb/s. Mauritius Telecom
and Emtel have invested in Lower Indian Ocean Network (LION) in a joint venture with France Telecom
and Orange Madagascar. Mauritius Telecom is also a partner in the ACE submarine cable which runs
from France to South Africa along the continent’s west coast.

Through its NBS, Kenya has made strides in ensuring international connectivity and supply of
bandwidth that enables Kenyans to communicate at high speeds with the rest of the world; Kenya has
the following international submarine cables landing at the port of Mombasa; The Eastern Africa
Submarine Cable System (EASSy), The East African Marine System (TEAMS) and SEACOM cables.
Similar to Mauritius, the Kenya ICT network operators and service providers have also co-invested with
the government in broadband infrastructure such as in the EASSy and the TEAMS.
Spectrum management
Since its creation in July 2002, ICTA has achieved several significant milestones pertaining to spectrum
management which have greatly helped the development of the ICT sector by enabling new
technologies to be deployed and rollout of novel services in Mauritius. The CA has similarly addressed
spectrum management with a view to ensuring that there is sufficient spectrum for use to deploy
broadband.

Recognizing the potential of 4G to offer a solution to operators to deliver a range of data services, at
much higher speeds with the added advantages of mobility and flexibility, ICTA adopted a Decision on
5 June 2012 on Additional Spectrum for the Terrestrial Component of the International Mobile
Telecommunications (IMT) in the 1800 MHz Band to release additional spectrum for operators in
Mauritius to provide high-speed mobile Broadband services such as 4G and beyond (LTE).

This Decision is in line with the Government’s National Broadband Policy (Kenya is yet to elaborate a
National Broadband Policy) to gear Mauritius towards greater broadband uptake and penetration so
Mauritian citizens can benefit from the full range that Broadband connectivity can provide in terms of
innovative services. Additional spectrum is already being made available for the deployment of the
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) for the terrestrial Component of International Mobile
Telecommunications (IMT) in the 1800 MHz band.
Interconnection
Landmark decisions were made by the CA (and its predecessors) in dealing with interconnection
charges such as the Interconnection Determination No. 2 of 2010 on mobile termination rates. In
terms of major decisions taken by Mauritius in respect of interconnection, a number of key decisions
have affected both the wholesale and retail level, including:

➢ Carrier pre-selection for international calls (2004),

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➢ Calling Part Pays (CPP) regime & cost based interconnection charges to mobile operators
(2004),
➢ Minimum termination charges for international calls terminated in Mauritius (2006), and cost-
based interconnection charges to fixed line operators & no provision for Access Deficit Charges
(2006 and 2008).

These decisions have not only assisted interconnected operators in terms of their business case, but
have also ensured competitive voice call tariffs to end users within various markets.
Kenya has implemented similar and more other regulatory decisions to ensure affordability of ICT
services and to spur the development of the ICT sector. However, more will need to be done to address
areas that represent gaps such as with regard to regulations on cyber security which are needed.

Pricing: addressing affordability

Another example of effective regulation concerns the regulatory interventions regarding the pricing of
international access. The Kenya regulator (and its predecessor, the defunct CCK) have progressively
addressed the demand side of the ICT (and by extension broadband prices) through evidence based
price regulation such as through empirical cost studies that led to the regulation on interconnection
charges. In Mauritius, much has been accomplished in terms of falling prices for international
connectivity, especially from 2002 to 2012, when various determinations were made by the ICTA
pursuant to applications made by Mauritius Telecom Ltd (MT) in accordance with section 31 of the ICT
Act.

One of the price determinations, for example, addressed the issue of the high costs of monopoly
international bandwidth on the SAT3/SAFE Cable, spurring the incumbent to lower prices. A similar
picture is applicable in terms of bilateral half circuits also between 2002 and 2012, with an average
reduction of up to 77% over the selected routes. In Kenya, the international band width costs have
significantly dropped since the implementation of submarine cable systems landing at the port of
Mombasa with customers have alternative providers hence benefitting from the competition on the
international connectivity segment.

Price determinations measures such as those by Mauritius, and the effective reduction in international
bandwidth prices have effectively spurred the development of economic opportunities, including in the
ICT sector, with call centres and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) gaining significant growth in the
years following such price reductions as is also the case in Kenya. For example, between 2002 and
2012, the price of a full circuit E1s (a 2Mbps capacity), from Mauritius to Paris, on SAFE fell by as
much as 84%. Tariffs for half circuit E1s on selected routes were also affected, with on average a 65%
decrease over the period 2005 to 2009. Kenya has experienced similar price phenomena, thanks to
the development of international connectivity. The CA has implemented similar decisions as those by
its Mauritius counterpart, ICTA, which have as well had an impact on the price of the ICT services
though more needs to be done to increase affordability of the ICT services in general and broadband
in general. Specifically, According to Interconnection Determination No. 2 of 2010 dated August 16,
2010, the CA reduced mobile interconnection rates from Kshs4.42 per minute to Kshs2.21,
representing a 50 per cent drop. “The rates will progressively decline by 35%, 20% and 15% annually
in 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively to stand at Kshs0.87 by 201456”, reads the Determination.

Content, capacity building and investment

56
https://www.kenyaengineer.co.ke/determination-on-interconnect-rates-for-fixed-and-mobile-phone-services-as-issued-by-
cck/

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The other area of comparison concern Content applications and innovations (CAI), Capacity building
and awareness (CBA), and Financing and investment. The general observation is that these thematic
areas need more focus because the first two are demand side issues while the third thematic area is
a supply side issue. While finance and investment is being addressed by the PPPs across the reviewed
countries, there is still need for more innovations in the financing and business models to fur promote
broadband development. Government (including the regulator) and other organizations such as
consumer organizations, learning organizations (and centres of excellence) and service provider are
also well placed to drive the CAI and CBA.

In summary, Kenya through the CA is employing best practice with regard to regulation of the ICT sector
though more will need to be done moving forward pertaining emerging issues around broadband
including more precision on cybersecurity and infrastructure sharing, among other areas that
constitute gaps and need attention. Further, the Kenya ICT market operates in a manner consistent
with best practice though there are areas that need further improvement and which should be
addressed in the reviews of the NBS.

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Appendix VIII: Investment and Business Model

1. Investment models
There are several investment models that this strategy can use for the various projects enlisted:
S/ Comment/Issue Project Proposed solutions
N /Investment
model
1 Investment/financin Infrastructure Although most of the financing should come from the private sector, funding for the relevant
g models Investment- national projects for network roll-out also
comes both from national public funds and from the USF. The following models of investment
apply to several projects
• Government funding: Increase Government spending in terms of budget allocation. The
planned expenditure could be increased to 5% up from 0.05%. The principal role of the
national government is to make the market work efficiently and provide the operators with
good conditions. For example, it is cost-effective for broadband to be jointly laid or for duct
for broadband (e.g. empty pipes) to be buried when electricity networks, water and sewerage,
or other infrastructure are expanded or upgraded.
• PPPs: This could involve partnerships or joint ventures between e.g. KPLC and Safaricom PLC
or SGR and say ZUKU. The trend towards increased demand for high speeds of Internet will
drive investment partnerships between Internet/Telkom companies and public sector
finically liquid companies to invest in BB. The rationale for this comes from the fact that
Kenya has the highest Internet speeds in Africa: Kenya (12.16 MBPs); Rwanda (1.69); SA
(6.74); Mauritius (5.71) and Morocco (5.1). A caution offered in this plan is, the principal rule
that public-sector players must not undertake commercial activity in competition with private-
sector players is to avoid the danger of distorting competition. Regional and local initiative
for public-private collaboration that promote the deployment of infrastructure should also be
sought carefully.
The Government will promote cooperation between the public and private
sector in developing networks in areas which are considered as underdeveloped.
Enabling fair conditions for ensuring competition between network providers for broadband
Internet. This can be done by enacting necessary laws to protect investment
• Build Operate and Own: This model is recommended especially to County governments-
where they can develop BB infrastructure and deploy fibre network to residents in these
regions. This is because they own, control access to land and grant licenses to operators to
deploy networks. The county would own the networks, have a fibre-based infrastructure
locally, which networks may cover township service points, businesses and residents. Such
county investment would facilitate enterprise and use of Internet for businesses, educational
institutions, and government offices. These County broadband investments needs to be
regulated by policy so that some counties do not overcharge.

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• Incentives for private investors; Tax incentives and holidays to investors to enable recover
their investment would be helpful in attracting new investors in BB. Other forms of incentives
could be in form of Home improvement tax allowance for connection of broadband cables.
The Government can introduce possibility of a tax allowance for household work and for work
on the repair, maintenance and refurbishment and extension of homes that require
broadband services. The purpose being to reduce the level of undeclared work and to
increase the labour supply. A home improvement tax allowance can be available for certain
types of groundwork, e.g. on cables for electricity or electronic communication directly
adjoining the building. The allowances reduce the cost of and promote upgrading of access
networks for high-speed connectivity. Thus, it is both an investment driver and promotes
enterprise
• Awareness of regional financiers; Increased awareness of available financiers in the region
can help in gaining access to investment funds. Financing agencies like, ITU, World Bank,
AFDB can be explored particularly because they have interest in investment in BB and IT
infrastructure.
2 Business Models Business • Unbundling; i.e. Segregation of services so that one provider provides infrastructure and
models another connectivity or have different SPs to conduct last mile connectivity etc. The
unbundling can be into three layers Passive layer, Active layer and Service layer. This however
is dependent on the licensing regime.

In some cases, especially if the vertically integrated actor is deemed to have significant market
power (SMP), regulation imposes that network access be opened to competitors, either at the
passive or the active layer. In that case, the network owner designs the network to deliver its own
services and gives access to its competitors in forms compatible with the network design.
Although sometimes incumbents refer to this model as “open access”, this is in reality a vertically
integrated model with unbundling (either at physical layer, called local loop unbundling (LLU), or
at the active layer, called bit stream access unbundling. These business models should be
operationalized through licenses for various actors. If, on the other hand, the roles are separated,
we talk of an open network model. In an open network the infrastructure that is available to all
market participants is at equal conditions. With regard to Investment and Business models, the
actions are presented in Table 6.

• Market players: Current and new market players or providers drive technical development
and should be encouraged and enabled to develop new broadband-based services and
business models and make investments in infrastructure for broadband. A case in point is
where housing companies deploy fibre networks to offer the residents Internet services, raise
the value of the property and gain control of the infrastructure. Several residential developers
are doing this in urban cities in Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu, particularly in gated
communities. Faiba Homes is an example, providing high speed Internet at home.

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• Business outsourcing: For example, in cloud computing companies can outsource software,
computer capacity, storage space and other IT to a third party. This is the case of LIQUID
Africa a South Africa company that outsources. The services then become available to the
users through the Internet, generally as a subscription service, contributing to new ways of
working and increased and availability for the users.
• Next generation networks (NGN): NGNs are an ongoing technological development in which
the networks are upgraded with fibre optic cables closer to the end-user so that higher
speeds can be offered. Fibre and Wireless technologies are being developed in parallel to
provide higher speeds and better utilization of spectrum. An example is Fibre, replacement
of present-day GSM and 3G technology to 4G/5G. Terms such as Faiba Home (high speed
Internet at home), 4G (Faiba4G) and Faiba Connect (Jamii Telecom Internet) are used.
Safaricom Fibre to home coverage, POA WI-FI Internet include NGN base on high speed
Internet targeting urban users. Citizens’ need to be educated
about the next generation access networks and their offered opportunities. This awareness
will increase uptake and use of broadband
3. Demand side Creating • Increased e-government services: e.g. e-health on the big 4. For example, to cancel and re-
broadband Business book appointments, renew prescriptions and ask questions. With high speed connection
connectivity. demand patients can also take a picture, for example of a tick bite or rash, or swollen leg (already
happening) and send it by MMS message/WhatsApp to a skin specialist. E-Medical
- How to increase information about a possible diagnosis and treatment can be done 24 hours
demand side on
• New Businesses: Broadband access is required in most businesses for contacts with
connectivity on BB
customers, suppliers and authorities, especially in rural and remote areas in Kenyan
devolved environment. More and more businesses are choosing mobile office solutions.
Example is a company that manufactures electronic support functions industrial use as in
Konza silicon savannah city. A high capacity connection is essential as large files are sent.
Production relating to devices for example for monitoring, remote control, programming and
control systems can be done.

2. Case studies on financing of broadband

(i) Case Study of France PPP:
France’s biggest optical fiber PPP contract is worth over US$1b for private financing.
► The THD Grand Estimate PPP project is France’s biggest optical fiber PPP contract and one of the largest in Europe
► To connect one million households and businesses across over 3,600 cities
► Construction of the project is due to be completed in 2022, with a total term of 35 years
(ii) India PPP Case Study:
The Government of India has planned current NDCP 2018 to be funded through Public Private Partnerships where:
► BharatNet: Providing 1 Gbps to Gram Panchayats upgradeable to 10 Gbps
► GramNet : Connecting all key rural development institutions with 10 Mbps upgradeable to 100 Mbps

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This does indicate that there can be many forms of partnerships as in the case of India.

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Appendix IX: Communication Strategy
Purpose
Effective stakeholder engagement and communication will be essential for successful implementation
of the NBS 2023. The purpose of this communications strategy is to create awareness, understanding
and commitment to achievement of Kenya’s digital vision.

Objectives
• To engage and communicate to create awareness on broadband;
• To collaborate by facilitating reflection, sharing of knowledge and key lessons as well as
engage all relevant stakeholders in the implementation of the strategy;
• To monitor and act by creating opportunities to identify and address gaps to achieve
broadband vision for Kenya.
• To create awareness through public consultations regarding major aspects of broadband
development

Target Audience
The intended audience includes Parliament, the Cabinet, Investors, Service providers, consumers of
broadband, learning institutions and the general public comprising adults, youth and children. Specific
messages will be customized to these audiences and communicated to them on regular basis

Principles
The following principles will guide the approach to stakeholder engagement and communications in
this strategy.
1) Clarity: make the purpose and benefits of this NBS clear to all stakeholders by using appropriately
tailored messages and methods.
2) Consistency: use agreed key messages and techniques to build awareness of broadband
3) Efficiency and effectiveness: use existing communications channels and mechanisms known to be
effective in reaching target audiences.
5) Engagement: genuinely involve and collaborate with key stakeholders through multiple and two-way
communications

Roles and Responsibilities

National Broadband Council: The NBC will responsible for facilitating targeted and harmonized
communication. They will also implement the communication strategy and policy and take lead and
responsibility for facilitating and promoting good internal and external communications, as well as
providing professional advice and support to the Cabinet Secretary.
Broadband Delivery Unit: The BDD will work with the NBC to coordinate and track the progress of all
communication activities on a day-to-day basis
NBS Program managers: Each of the eight thematic areas in this strategy will form a program headed
by a program manager. Theses managers will work with the BDD to agree on messages and the
methods of appropriate communication and respond to requests by the Unit (BDD) to enhance
communication at their programs level and assist in the timely delivery of all the NBS 2023 actions
and targets. They will also work in partnership with staff and their representatives in the implementing
agencies to ensure the Communications Strategy succeeds.
All implementing agencies: These agencies will communicate appropriately with NBS program
managers to notify them (program managers) of any communications issues raised by service
providers and the general public.

Communications methods

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This strategy will adopt both external and internal communication media below

Further, the following related aspects to communication would also be ensured

• Periodicity of communication- the periodicity of the communication to target audiences e.g.,
Quarterly, Annually, etc. For this NBS, the communication will coincide with the M&E program,
which will specify the intervals at which various milestones are expected. This notwithstanding,
the whole strategy will be communicated at the launch and then periodic communications
according to the M&E will follow.
• Budget for the communication activities
• Being on Brand – which means being consistent with the various attributes of the
communication such as logo, typefaces, slogan, colours, and key messages and the way words
and images are used on all applications.
• Promotion; e.g., promoting the website containing the intended communication such as
providing pop-ups of the link in other websites

Review
The strategy will be reviewed annually through clear and measurable criteria for both internal and
external communication to determine the level of success in meeting objectives the objectives; and
using these reviews to improve on the strategy.
External perspective Internal perspective
❑ Have you achieved your objectives (i.e. raise funds, ❑ Did you reach the right people within the
create awareness etc.) organization?
❑ Did you reach the right audience? ❑ Did they understand what the message was
❑ Did you use the right tools? - did they do what had to be done?
❑ Were decisions taken as a result? ❑ Did you use the right tools?
❑ Did you come in on budget? If you did not, why?

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Communication Plan
Strategy Activity Indicator Responsible Timelines
Enactment of Sensitize National Assembly and the Senate on the need for Relevant legislations and amendment to Cabinet 2018/2019
appropriate laws to appropriate laws that promote Broadband existing legislation enacted Secretary
spur broadband Cross border cooperation in the enforcement of privacy Cooperation agreements/ MoU with other Cabinet 2018/2019
laws- governments must possess the capabilities to enforce countries Secretary
cyber laws, which in many cases requires cross-border No. of Law enforcement agencies with
cooperation necessary education, knowledge and skills
to enforce cyber laws
Draft new laws and regulations to address some of the supply Broadband enabling regulation including NBS Council 2018/2019
and demand issues associated with developing broadband those on spectrum allocation are in place
networks and services
Protection of Sensitization on standards set by international humanitarian NBS Council 2018/2019
intellectual property law on content regulation including surveillance and
rights monitoring and advocacy regarding intellectual property rights
in cyberspace (advocacy)
Ensure `effective Examine existing laws and advise on institutional MDA advised on the institutional NBC 2018/2019
institutional responsibilities arrangement to govern and deliver NBS BDU
framework to deliver 2023
on broadband Create adequate awareness to implement laws and Implementing agencies are aware of and NBS Program 2018/2019
regulations that give rise to an enabling environment implementing their respective mandates managers
on the NBS 2023
Promote broadband Sensitize MDA on the need to allocate funds for funding for Increased BB funding by the government NBS Council 2018/2019
funding broadband initiatives in those departments
Sensitisation of investors on the opportunities to invest in Increased awareness of investors on NBS Council 2018/2019
broadband and on the incentives that government will provide opportunities in BB development
Broadband security Sensitize the general public on security while using broadband Awareness creation on broadband security NBS Program 2018/2019
and privacy Build global alliances and promote the application of Increased collaboration on ensuring NBS Council 2018/2019
international law in cyberspace cybersecurity
Broadband services Create awareness of BB services and their potential to all (i) Customers are aware of the available Service 2018
of good quality consumers broadband service providers (continuous)
(ii) Customers are able to utilize BB services
for socio-economic empowerment
Broadband Business To create awareness of the possible BB business models: Physical infrastructure, active network
Models Passive layer, Active layer and Service layer and opportunities providers and service providers are aware
for PPP in each layer of the existence of partnership
opportunities and the guideline,
regulations or policies that apply

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The National Broadband Strategy 2018-2023

Appendix X: NBS 2023 Projects

NBS 2023 Projects
Table 23: Proposed NBS 2023 Projects
Thematic Area Project Proposed Target
Devices Design and manufacture broadband devices in At least 1 device by 2020
Kenya At least 1 programme y 2020
Device leasing programme (e.g., refurbish and
lease devices)
Capacity National public education on broadband One awareness campaign every
Building and Digital Literacy program (DLP) and skills-based quarter
Innovation curriculum for imparting broadband skills at all 100% implementation by 2023
levels of society– adult programs, tertiary programs
and primary/secondary focused programs
ICT curriculum at all levels of education: Develop All programmes implemented by
competency-based ICT degrees, engineering 2022
degrees, and applied ICT degrees, which graduate
at least 10,000 persons every year Certified programmes
Development of professional certification programs implemented by 2021
meeting the needs of an Integrated digital Continuous
education system. Integrated industrial attachment
Capacity building for research on broadband programme by 2020
Integrated industrial attachment (attached to some Continuous
industry and tied to manufacturing)
Strengthen the presidential digital talent
programme (PDTP) by creating capacity at the Continuous
strategic level; e.g., a PDTP to be trained to co- Increase by 10% yearly
create content with a professor and co-own the
content and the proceeds, E-learning Expanded by 2021
Capacity building of citizens on freedom of
information and responsibilities with regard to
broadband
BPO and ITES capacity expansion
Expansion of Kenya Institute of Mass
communication (KIMC),
Infrastructure Supporting physical infrastructure 50% on all roads by 2022
and • Duct construction - National Project for provision
Connectivity of ducts (on public roads) as an open access
infrastructure to be used by all but owned by the
national government.
• The duct physical infrastructure construction to 100% connectivity by 2023
be done on the cabinet (public road) by the
national government and private investors 100%^coverage
allowed to offer services to the end user
National broadband infrastructure (NOFBI): 50% of all sub counties by 2022
Extension of the National broadband infrastructure and 100% at constituency HQs
(NOFBI) to the sub-county level-an estimated 2500
Km 100% connectivity by 2023
Deployment of access network using multiple
technologies including expansion of 3G and 4G 100% by 2023
coverage and introduction of 5G. 100% by 2023
Setting up of public Internet access points and
Bottom-up citizen networks 290 by 2023
Last mile connectivity by extending broadband to 100% in all constituencies by
the Ward level- entails construction of Ward base 2023

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stations at least 2 stations for each of the 1,450
wards in the country. Extend BB to all learning
Government Common Core Network (GCCN) linking institutions by 2023
all MDAs and Counties
County connectivity project (CCP) 1 national and 100 % county
Constituency innovation hubs (CIH) centers by 2021
Bottom up citizen networks to supply broadband
services to the users in all counties.
Broadband for Digital Education by providing
Internet connectivity to all secondary schools,
TIVET and other tertiary learning institutions
through KENET.
National and constituency data centers

Policy, legal Enact data Protection law (Article 31 of the Enactment of Act by 2020
and regulatory Constitution) Enacted legislation by 2020
framework Enact law declaring broadband as critical Enacted legislation by 2021
Infrastructure Finalized and launched by 2020
Create laws and regulations on PWDs access to Enacted by 2021
broadband
Finalization of the revised National ICT policy for Issuance by 2020
Kenya
Enactment of relevant legislations (cf. Table 2: Issued by 2021
Pending legal instruments and Fundamental
Freedoms)
Issuance of regulations to promote broadband
deployment and use
Develop regulations to operationalize the various
laws related to broadband e.g. on data protection
and cyber security policy
Services, Digitization of all Government content, registries, 100% by 2022
Content and programmes and services Services and content standards
applications Creation of standards for services and content, by 2021
Capacity building in Digitization technology, Constituency
Establishment of Media city/ park e.g. Studio 1 by 2021
Mashinani Programmes in all local
Multilingual edutainment programmes including languages by 2023
subtitles eg.Y254, heritage channel 1 promotion campaign bi-
Content, applications and innovations promotion annually
project Local language content
Project on local language content developed for all languages by
2023
Big 4 and BB Connect all hospital to broadband to provide 100% by 2020
universal healthcare services delivery at level 1-6 2 systems by 2022
heath facilities.
Develop e-agriculture systems to improve food Embed in all smart housing
security projects
Embed broadband in the government affordable 100% of all manufacturing
housing project and in other housing projects to
realize smart housing
Promote broadband in the manufacturing sector to
improve efficiency
Privacy and Establishment of a cyber security operations centre 1 security operation by 2021
security and International collaboration on cybersecurity. 1 study by 2021
Study on levels of privacy and security breaches to At least 1 awareness campaign
inform further policy, legislation and regulation every quarter
Awareness creation on cyber security

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Child online protection 80% reduction in number of
child-related cyber incidents by
2020

Finance and Creation of conducive environment for Broadband Fiscal and regulatory incentives
Investment investment through fiscal and regulatory incentives implemented
PPP projects across the NBS value chain BB funded at over 70% by the
private sector

Broadband for Deployment of broadband to meet the needs of the

PWDs PWDs e.g.,
1. Project to avail adequate devices for PWDs
that have visual, audio or locomotive
features
2. Innovative services for PWDs by service
providers
3. Project for IoT to provide multiplicity of
services for PWDs
Governance 1. Establish the National Broadband Council
and Delivery 2. Establish the Broadband Delivery Unit
(Institutional
framework)

County Broadband infrastructure: The County Government should prioritize the County broadband/ IT
infrastructure and encourage investment partnerships, joint installations for works in excavations, and
other broadband infrastructure. Such collaborative programs will reveal the overall status (baseline)
of the county regarding access to broadband in the county, the needs of businesses, individuals and
the public sector and have, the need for action and how public-sector and private-sector players can
collaborate.
More effective coordination on planned Infrastructure & excavation works. The Government through
the CA can task an Agency with reviewing/auditing the present-day forms of broadband infrastructure
works and submitting proposals for improved coordination, development and information
management. The aim is to facilitate collaboration between different players in the expansion of
broadband infrastructure and to increase opportunities for competition at physical infrastructure level
in digital communication in connection with the deployment of high-speed networks. Effective
coordination will reduce the lead time that service providers/ operators may be facing in concluding
agreements with the government agencies and in obtaining necessary permits for the deployment of
infrastructure for broadband. The government can consider creating a company that would own and
manage a nationwide fibre network under the broadband infrastructure.
Coordinate IT-based development projects in government agencies: This project would target
finalization of e-government services and coordination of IT standardization in Government offices,
Huduma centres, and county government service areas. This includes an effort to increase use of IT
and paperless operations in public sector, tertiary educational institutions, healthcare centres, and
research institutions.

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