Lecture

12: FE Modeling – 2D and 3D

APL705 Finite Element Method

25000lb
40in
3
4
30in
1 2
20000lb
 2D Truss Problem

•  Nodal coordinates table Node x y

1 0 0
2 40 0
•  Element ConnecPvity 3 40 30
4 0 30
Element 1 2
1 1 2
2 3 2
3 1 3
4 4 3
25000lb
•  DirecPon cosines 40in
3
Element le l m 4
1 40 1 0 30in
2 30 0 -1 1 2
3 50 0.8 0.6 20000lb
4 40 1 0
2D Truss Problem
2D Truss Problem-Assembled K
 Truss Problem (contd.)

•  We will now apply the BCs using the eliminaPon approach.

•  The rows and columns corresponding to dof 1,2,4,7 and 8
which belong to the supports as shown will be removed from
the system equaPon

25000lb
40in
3
4
30in
1 2
20000lb
 3D Trusses


•  Three dimensional truss is a general form of truss and 2D
truss is a special case of it. For considering these orientaPons,
we define local and global coordinates as in the case of 2D
truss. A 3-D truss element is shown here in both local and
global coordinates.

y X’
2

j 1

x
k i

z
 3D Truss Element


•  Displacement in local coordinates
q' = [q1' , q'2 ]T
•  The element displacement vector
in global coordinates is
j

q = [q1, q2 , q3, q4, q5, q6 ]T qy

i
qx
•  Using this definiPons we express the equaPons of
displacements in a matrix form as follows
⎡ l m n 0 0 0 ⎤
q' = Lq where L = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 0 l m n ⎦
 Truss Element SPffness Matrix


•  As we know the truss element is an one-dimensional element
when viewed from local coordinate system. Therefore from
our discussion of 1D elements, we write the element sPffness
matrix as E A ⎡ 1 −1 ⎤
ke = e e
⎢ ⎥
le ⎣ −1 1 ⎦

•  To derive the element sPffness matrix in global coordinates,
we start from the element strain energy in local coordinates
as U = 1 q'T k 'q'
subsPtuPng for q’=Lq, we get
e
1 T T 2
Ue = q' [L k 'L]q'
2
 Truss Element SPffness Matrix


•  The strain energy in global coordinates is
1 T

Ue = q kq
2
•  Comparing the two equaPons we have k = LT k 'L
•  SubsPtuPng for L and k, we have
⎡ ⎤
⎢ l2 lm ln −l 2 −lm −ln ⎥
⎢ lm m 2 mn −lm −m 2 −mn ⎥
Ee Ae ⎢ lm mn n 2 −ln −mn −n 2 ⎥
k= ⎢ 2 2
⎥
le ⎢ −l −lm −ln l lm ln ⎥
⎢ −lm −m 2 −mn lm m 2 mn ⎥
⎢ 2 2
⎥
⎢⎣ −ln −mn −n ln mn n ⎥⎦
 CalculaPon of DirecPon cosines


•  The direcPon cosines can be calculated from the element
geometry
x2 − x1
l=
le
y2 − y1
m=
le
z2 − z1
n=
le
le = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2
 CalculaPon of Element Stresses


•  Since truss element is a two-force member, we have in local
coordinates q'2 − q'1

σ = Eeε = Ee
le

⎡ q' ⎤
Ee ⎡
= ⎣ −1 1 ⎤⎦⎢
1

⎥
SubsPtuPng q’=Lq
le ⎢⎣ q'2 ⎥⎦
Ee ⎡
σ = ⎣ −1 1 ⎤⎦ Lq
Now subsPtuPng for L
le

Ee ⎡ ⎤
σ = ⎢ −l −m −n l m n ⎥q
le ⎣ ⎦