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Os ME y “077 <7 HOE! aud oy poysoubox ur “40Spuolsy pu ssywartmo) Au 0} ‘apap ur uAKaH[UD 1 poms OM exoysNOy OME] Sex [Te jousos “jun Stadt puro eprsor sts 0% 240m paed{Jo onqea 9yp pure Heer Jo syuotarpns oxy Out MysTOY oa "sionouea Hy Ar zomg ofesary UO| PP IAswU OP aLE, ‘siuaied posdsoop puw poaoqeq mt 027M PENT Pee Es BULL ‘Teewora PuvTOH“ustosey “UONPHYD puD “BION, “ag Act Of, Nowwolaaave --soSeurog pire ming, uoperacong spounteg japodg “= snoneangQ pue O smog soa TENOR) o “6yadong rag ony, “ofereyy Jo exo pa yhooue. vn suosieg, suaysuodsong peucesseyosct jo 2p0q, “07 0 o0p}PAg 817 Oy KoNSTIUDY 49jdanpooaig Ban maoTyeAUTEN) yy pure UoTSSOFOAg [OFT OT, “uoneonddy sry pa sep srrmnnngeayadg 12807] BHO YA ‘uoRnaypsinig pure ydaou0; sy “ay S1NaINOD someon yeoes pau a] A0QHr| — TAX Joya : z eT rpaweN — TAX sory omer your) — AX aandoy9 Ax saxdey Mix sexdey Tx sede) Tx sede xaedoug xredeyg TTA s4e49 AIH Taste Asordoyg A-erdong Im serdeng Toxde9 era) jChapter | LAW, ITS CONCEPT AND CLASSIFICATION DEFINITION OF LAW ‘The term “lau” in its broadest sonse, moans any rule of aetion ‘or norm of conduct applicable to sll kinds of aetion and to all abjects of creation. In this sense therefore, it includes all laws, whether they refer to atate law, physical law, divine law, and others, Ina strict ogal sonce, Jaw is efned ns a rule ofeonduet, ust and obligatory, laid down by legitimate euthority for common observance and benefit. Sanchez Roman, 23) Based on this definition, law has the following elements: 1 It ia a rile of conduct ~ Laws sorve as guides of an individual! in relation to his follovmen and to his community; Law must be just — Tho chapter on human relations is now precisely embedded in the New Civil Cade in order to obtain stability of the social order. Laws, a2 guides Zor hbuman conduct, “should run as golden threads throug’ Society, to the end that; law may approach its supreme ideal whieh is the sway and dominance of justice” Uteport of the Code Commission, p. 39%; It muat be obligatory — If lows are not enforced, the purpose for which thoy aro intended will not be served Lawe must be prescribed by legitimate authority — If laws aro not proseribed by legitimate authority, the people could not be expected to observe them. Authority to make lays is conforrod upon those duly ehosen by the sovereign ‘will of the pooplo. This is in consonance ‘with Section 1, Article Il of the Philippine Constitution Which says that “sovereignty resides in tho people and all govornment authority emanates from them”,CLASSIFICATION OF LAW INTRODUCTION 1OLAW 5. Lawce must be ordained for the common beneftt — ‘This recognizos the famous Latin maxim of Salus Populi Est Suprema Lex” — the welfare of the people shall be tho supreme law. Lays should he applied not only to 2 particuler group of citizens, They are supposed to be (applied equally to all citizone regardless of their religion, political persuasion, and status in Life, Physical Late — Universal rule ri of action that governs the conduct ‘URAL = Dea deahacl iinafiaedinnremente tkign sak oe force ‘and. aaliority | Rovlres snd material fromGod.Itissuperior | Moral Law — Set of rules which to other laws. It is | establishes what is right and what Dinding to the whole | is wrong as dictated by the human ‘world, in all ecuntries ] conscience tnd as inspired by the ‘and af all times, eternal lave POSITIVE LAW Dirine Law 8. Divine Positive Law, ie, Ten Commandments b. Diving Human Positive Law, i.e, Commandments of the ‘ Chien Ps Public Law 2. Constitutional Law — the finéamental law of the Jand which defines the powors ‘of the government. b. Administrative Law ‘that law which fies he corgunization and determines the compotenco of the administrative authorities fand which regulates "tho methods by which the functions of the government ‘re performed. & International Lato — body of rules which regulates the community of nations. ‘cuapran a LAW. IS CONGSPT AND CLASSIFICATION “ 00 Private ‘Law — Body: of rules which: creates duties, rights) and obligations, and the means and ‘maothods of setting courts in motion 4 Tor tho cnforcoment of a right or i of rodress of wrong. (Words and Phrases, Vol, 24,937) 4.9 Substantive “Private” Law — those rales which declare legal relations of" litigants when the courts have been properly ‘moved to action upon facts duly presented to thom. (24 Words f ‘and Phrases, 337) i” Procedural or Adjective Private Low — refers to the means and methods of setting the courts in motion, making the facts ‘ known to them andeffectuating heir judgments, SOURCES OF LAW ‘Law is derived from different sources, namely: (1) legislation; ©) precedents (3) custom; and (4) eoart decision, (o) LEGISLATION ~ Before the declaration of Martial Law in the Philippines on Sopicmber 21, 1972, the power to lopllaye Taye e-yested in the Congress ofthe Palippines which consists ef the Sonate andthe Toso of Representatives, Upon te snpsiton of Martial Law and aller Use daselution of the old Congress, Che Dower to legislate nw ic vosted in the President ofthe Pillopinos, Tinie the reason wy the Present eswat presticatel dears aad letters ofistructions When theBatasang Pambansa wasongnized, legislative powor ls piaepully vested in this bedy althongh the President, under and by virtue of what is known t= Amoneiment No. 6contnved tae decrees when tho exigency he sition routes, nd Jn ice of other emergencies Among many others Up is dno of tho dictatorial acto that was severely questioned by several lawyers and erties of fae pace rocime. Now after the People’s ‘Revolt: on February 22-26. 1986, and in accordance with the istion nnd the mil the sovereign pine peopl th Unto Iblis of giverement operating under the decane of separation ct powors are restored, wilh each department being committed to de4 INTRODUCTION TO LAW its utmost share in bringing about a more democratic and effciont system of government that is responsive to the needs of the people. (b) PRECEDENT ‘— This means that the decisions or principles enunciated hy’a court of competent jurisdietion om n guestion of law do not only serve as guides but also as authority be followed by all other courts of equal ar inferior jurisdiction in all casos involving the eame question until the same is overruled ar ‘reversed by a superior cour!. In tho Philippines, this doctrine oftare decisis js not applied and recognized in the same manner that it is applied and recognized in common law countries. However, our New Civil Code provides us follows: “x x x Judicial decisions applying or interpreting the laws or the Constitution shall form a part of the legal system of the Philippines. xxx" (Art. 8, NCC) (©) CUSTOM — Customs have the force of law only whon they are acknowledged and approved by seciety through long and unintecrupted usage, In the Philippines, there are several roquisites before the court considers custom. They are as follows: 1a. A.custom must be proved as a fact according to the rules of evidence (Art. 12, NOC b, The custom must not be contrary to law (Art. 11, NCC}; @ Thore must hea number of repeated acts and these repeated acts must havo beon uniformly performed; 4.” There must he a judicial intention to make a rule of social conduct; and fe. custom must bo acknowledged and approved by socioty ‘through long and uninterrupted usage (@) COURT DECISION — Judicial decisions whieh apply oor interpret the Constitution and the laws are part of the legal system in the Philippines but they are not laws, However, although Jodicial decisions are not laws, they are evidenes of tho meuning and interpretations of the laws. In the Philippines, wo adhere to the doctrine of STARE DECISIS which means that once a case hes been decided one way, then another ease involving exaetly the same question or point of Jaw should be decided in the same manner. Tals prineiple, however, does not necessarily mean that erroneous decisions, oF those found to be contrary to law must he perpetuated. On the contrary, they should bo abandoned. Chapter It WORLD'S LEGAL SYSTEMS ‘THE THREE PREVAILING LEGAL SYSTEMS ‘Thore are many legal systems that have existed in different ‘countries ofthe world, namely: (1) The Mesopotamian Lejgal System; ©) The Anglican Logal System; (3) Tae Egyptian Legal System: (4) ‘The Romanesque Legal System; (6) The Hebrew Legal System; (6) ‘The Keclesiastical Legal Systan; (7) The Chinoso Logal System; (8) The Maritime Legal System; (8) The Grook Logal System; (19) ‘The Slavic Legal System; (11) The Roman Legal System; (12) The Keltic Legal System; (13)'The Japanese Legal System; and (14) Tho Mohammedan Legal System, (OF the said systems, however, there are three lexal systems ‘that have exerted influence to oar laves in the past several centuries ‘and which are stil eantinuously affecting our jurisprudence. The Uhre are: (1) Roman Law; (2) Angtican,or Common Law; and (3) Mohammedan Law. Of the three legal systems, Roman Law has greatly influenced Philippine laws. 1b therefore deserves more extensive diseassion; ROMAN LAW Roman Law is the body of rules and principles adopted to guido the Romans if the condact or observance of their personal and official affairs without nécessarily specifying the period or the time when those rules were adopted or promulgated. Raman Lav, while in ite fret etago of growth, was dominated hy rituabam and sirong religious tenor. It waa thon roferred to oa JUS QUIRITIUM. ‘Later, it was referred to as tho evil law of the Romans, then known aa JUS CIVILE. |6 INTRODUCTION TOLAW \VALUE AND IMPORTANCE OF ROMAN LAW Many law students often osk why Roman Lew was’ then included in the law curriculum and why it was a three-unit subject for many years.” ‘Our New Civil Code is basically Roman in origin. Numerous ‘maxims and legal principlesstill found in law books aro continuously being used and eitod by law prafeacora and students and evan by Law: practitioners in their ploadings. It is worthwhile to mention and Lo remember some of them, thus: legis non exewsat — Ignorance of the law 2 Dura lex sect lex — The law may bo harsh, but it is till the law; 8. Cessante ratione cessat ipsa lex — When the réason for the law coases, the law also ceases to exist; 4. Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas — The owier of 8 thing cannot make use thereof in stich manner as to injure the rights of third person (Art. 431, NCC); 5. Patria potesta ~ Parental authority; 6. Negotiorum gestio — Unnuthorized management 7. Res perit domino ~ The thing perishes with the owner 8. Jus possidendi — The right to possess, r 9. Jus abutendi — The right to abuse; 10, Jus utendi — The right to use; 11, Jus fruendi — The right to the fruits; 12, Jus disponendi — The right to dispose; 18. Jus vendicandi — The right to recover; 14, Nulla poena sine lage — There is no erime when there ia no law punishing it; rman La ie nolonguriuded in he camila, but the wie naka that itis oa ngperiant net which pronxa' eso fndotion fr In rats Toro Fs mon avantay to lnlud Ue nit gain tne In car-eahos oun ths Aliferent Latin masz and preps hat ov oiling wand and ad Ine Se and in many deans ofthe Supreme Goi en inet dna cuaereR 1 7 WORLDS LEGAL S¥smioMs bo 15. Salus populi est aupreme tex — Tho welfare of the people shall be the suprome law; © 16, Caveat emptor — Buyers beware; [| 11. Solutio indebiti — Unjust enrichment; | 18, Aedificum soto credit — The building fellows the land; 19. Aecessorium siquitur principale — Land is always prineipal; and, 20) Nutlum tempus ocoerit regi — Timo runs not against the sovereign, <- Modem. laws and concepts of persons and family relations, paternal authority, marriage, civorce, concubinage, legitimation, emancipation, adoption, guardianship, propery, avulsion, alluvion, ‘raditiobrevi manu, trait Langa mana, conslitutum possessorium, abligations and contracts, nominate and innominate contracts, sale, lease, agency, pledge, deposits, wills and sicoeasions, quasi-dolicts, quasi-eontracis, egotiorum ges, selutio mdebiti and many others are Roman in origin. Notwithstanding the modifications and the tenormons improvements that have been made, the Philippines and its citizens eannot remove the great influence that Roman lava stil fxert in our day-to-day life, whether i sin the city or in the remote Barrio. The same thing s true tothe rest ofthe world affected by the Roman legal system Roman law is of enormous value to modern nations. It is at hhond, ready for use and able te shed light in the salution of the numerous complex problems which eonfront the modern civilized world (Sherman, Se. 6) oman legal htcrature is alsa nated for originality. The style of Roman jurists is simple, clear beet, and precise. Hance, ita study helps students of law in acquiring acarrectatple of legal expression POLITICAL HISTORY OF ROME (a) INTRODUCTION ‘Tho ovelution of Roman Law is better understood and appreciated by associating it with the political history of Rome. For ‘around 13 centaries from the founding of Rome, there were changes in the government af well as in the mode and the needs of the5 vTRODUCTION TO LAW people. Neoossarily, each period has its own extent of political and legal development. ‘The importance of associating the political history of people with its laws was recognized by Gaius, a Roman jurist, when he seid “Being about to take up an interpretation of our ancient statutes, 1 have thought it essential that the law of the Reman people should be traced from the foundation of the city, not because I want to write verbose commentaries, but because in afl matter, I perceive a thing is completo only when all parts are assembled, and surely the most important part of a thing is its beginning.” (Burdick, Principles of Roman Law and Their Relation to Modern Laue, p. 57) (6) THREE PERIODS OF ROME'S POLITICAL HISTORY Roman political history is divided into three periods: Monarchy (753-509 B.C); Republle (609-11 B.C); and the Empire (91 B.C.-1453 A.D) ‘The first period starts from the earliest times to the abolition of the kingship. The second period staris from the abolition of the monarchy to the unification of Italy. The third poried is marked by the breakdown of the old republican form and is characicrized by fierce political strife, * 1) Monarehy (783-509 B.C) Romulus, from whom the name of the city was derived, {s the foundor of Rome. The kings who immediately auceceded him are Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilus and Ancus Marita: Numa Fompilius was doscribed as a wise and pious ruler fund is known to have established the Roman religion and the adding of two months to tho 10 soath ealendar, During tho reign of Tallus Hostilus, the Romans conquered Alba Lanya, ‘ho religious conter of the:Latin people. Under Ancus Maritus, ‘a number of troublescme Letin cities werv eonquered and their ‘mhabitants wore brought: to Rome, Shortly before 600 B.C., Rome was conquered by Etrusean, princess from across tho Tiber. Tarquinus Priscus (616 B.C), the first of the Btrusean linge, drained the city’s marshes and improved the Warum, whieh was the commercial and political centor of the town. He carriod on many wars with many neighboring people, | % cHAPrER ® ‘YORLD'S LEAL SYSTEMS ‘Under Servias Tullius, the second Kurusean king, a treaty was mede with the Latin eities which acknowledged Rome as ‘the head ofall Italy: r ‘The last of the’ Kings of Rome, Tarquinus Superbus (Tarquin, The Proud), was a tyrant who opposed the people. A rebollion of the aristocracy against him was led by Junius ‘Brutus at about 609 B.C. Asa result, the Etruseans were driven from the city and the rest of the Latium, and Rome became a Republic (b2) Republic (60931 B.C.) In this period, constant warfare and eonquest prevailed. ‘The reins of government. was in the hands of the aristocratic Citizens called patricians. Ai first, tho” plebians (common citizens) had little odo with the administration of government. Gradually, however, they ramoved the harrier between them due to their continuing demands for roform. In the arly days ofthe Republic, tho ruling power was ad bet aii trina re er ‘were caledwonsuls whith worochnson by an anseubly tal Covatie‘Coltorisel Was ase ey ot dein apportioned im such way that tho votes of tho patriciana counted more than the voto ofthe plobeians, ‘The Senne ‘omit Curate, the mort portant body eaaieted of 00 ‘men who were chosen by the corals rom tne patietans- Fence {epleiant wre pnemead burrd from ic, polite! poe and sieved fom jst debt laws and unfair distebution ot temitary wim hy conquest, To eek redrusth ploblane Sn AOLD.C morehed ot come ead UnrealeneW uae ae sity. "The patrician noone to tha damande ofthe plcbtans ‘The plebeane wore ardor rated the right obo Foprosonted by now ofa called Tribunws, which hud the right vo vote om any act of ny mgstralgwaigh was unjust ony eae ‘The plebeians continued to gain, other rights and an ‘assembly of their own, called ecraitium plebis, was recognized. ‘They appointed « 10-man commizaion called Docemvirs to put state laws into writing and have them engraved an 12 bronze {tablets in 450 B.C. In 445 B.C, the ploboians won the right to ‘marry patriciaas by virtue of Lax Canuletn,10 IYTRODUCTION TOLAW Sometime in 367 B.C., Licensian laws are passed which revised debt laws, limited holdings to 300 acres of land. and ‘compelled the large landownors to employ a certatin proportion of the laborers. In 260 B.C,, tho plobeians were udmitted to the Gictatorship and extraordinary magistracy whereby supreme ower at critical times wore given to gne man ‘The growing power of the plebos was marked by the seradual rise of a new voting body, the Comitia TriButa, where ‘one man’s vote counted as much 2s another man’s vote. While the equalization between the plebsians and tho patrieiana was being realized, Romo was gradually extending ite power to the leadership of tho Tialian people. The lands that wore conquered by the Romans wore welded into one single nation, It did not exploit ue corquered cities of Italy far its own, inierosta. Instead, it granted many of thom the privileges uf ‘human citizenship. Mast of this people wore given the status of allies. They had selfgovernmont sind the right to trade and intermarry in Rome. They did not, however, have tho right 40 vote. All of Healy was doited with colonies of Roman eitizens. Moat of the colonies retained their full civie rights and nearly one-sixth ofall Italy were annexed and distributed among these Roman citizens. Thus, a common interest in the wellare of Rome spread throughout the Italian Peninsula. The struggles ‘with-Carthago ended with Rome's victory. One conquest ied to another. Upper Italy, Sicily, Spain, Macedonia, Grovce and Asia Minor were subdued and inade Roman provinces, Intoxicated by their sudden rise to power, the new generation of states departed from the wise policies of their great predecessors. They fought ruthlessly Gnd ruined the countries they conquered.) Mest of the conquored Tanda were administered by governors. The governors committed abuses while administering the government and tried to amass wealti while in office. Tho exorbitant taxes enriched the, grocdy collectors and the ancient simplicity of Roman life gave way ‘to Tuxury and pomp. Morals wore undermined end view wad corruption floarished. Tho|peasants were oppressed nd were deprived of their landholdings. Those events led to « bitter hostility between the aristecratie few and the poor segments ‘of society. A fow patriotic statesmen tried in vain to avert the climax, The Gracchi brothers came forward to the people. They CHAPTER H a (WORLDS LEGAL SYSTEMS proposed laws to redistribute the publie lands and to Hmit the Powers of the corrupt Senate. Both men fell victims to their ‘oes, Tiberius in 193 B.C. and Gaius 12 years later. ‘The death of Tiberias marked the beginning of a century ‘of revolution and civil war that ended in the establishment of “the Roman Empire. Great men of action reorganized the state, Among them were Sulla, Pompey, Cieoro, and Gacsar. They ‘made themselves masters of tho disrupted state, scmetimes uniting to make their position secure and sometimes waging savage civil warfare, ‘The thing that saved the ultimate destruction of Rome jwas the emorgonce of three brilliant statesmen, Gaius, Julius ‘Ccear und hie nephew, Augustus. Scrapping the old ropublican framework, they remolded the structure into ap empire, ATI power ‘was gradually concentrated in the hands ofa singio rulor, who was backed by the Roman Army. 3) Empire @i B.C.-1438. A.D) ‘The reign of Augustus marked the end of the revolutionary period. The establishment of the empiro was followed by two centuries of profound peace, and in the provinees responsible ‘men held power. Roman citizenship was extended tall freo ‘mon throughout the Empire and Roman law was administered in every court. Augustus was followed hy his stepson, Tiberius (AD. 14.37). Hia'roign wor followed by that of Caligula, Claudius, and Noro, tho ust ruler ofthe line of Augustie upon ‘whose death ended the first eontary of pesee, Alter another century, the passion for a lify of luxury existed in all elaases, Selfishness ond self-indulgence had become the first law uf life. Slave labor had degraded the once sturdy peasantry 42 the status of serfs or beggars. The middle class, which ones hhad been the backhone of the nation, had almost disappeared. In Roman society, there were then only the rich and the very poor. For two years, aflor the two eonturios of pence, there ‘were struggles for Une Unroneamang (ho military commanders. ‘The long centuries of the Kmpire fall naturally into two pporiads. In the earlier period, usually known as the Principato,” ‘though the emperor isin fact supreme, its power is disguised ‘under republican forma, This xisted in the period oftime stated2 INTRODUCTION TO LAW ‘above. Ao the disguise vanished in the third century A.D., the pried was then called the "Dominate" because the emperor 's no longer in theory, merely the prineaps, or “first citizen": he isdominus — “master” — of his subjects, This undisguised ‘autocracy took place at about 214 A.D. Diocletian aseonded the ‘throne. This emperor introduced important refurms amounting toa change in the Constitution. The Senate was leveled down ‘to that ofthe city council of Rome, thereby having practically no control over the Emperor himself: From Diocletian's time until its end, the Roman Empire remained an absolute monarchy. He also instituted an administrative division botween the Western and Eastern halves of the Empire. This cleavage was accentuated when Emporor Constantine transferred his capital to Constantinople (Grok City of Byzantium on the Black Sea) in 390 A.D. ‘This marked tho gradual disintegration of the ‘Westorn Empire, and in the Sth century, when the last Roman Emporor of the West, Romulus Augustue, was deposed, the Western Empire finally collapsed with tho Teutonic snvavions (476 A.D.) The Eastern Empire, on the other hand, has a long future still before it, which was only to end with the eapture of Constantine by the Turks in 1453 A.D. (Comparative Study: Roman Law ane Philippine Law, pp. 3-8, Rolando A. Suares) COMMON LAW Common law is derived from ease law and books of authority, It is an unwritten law which docs not emanate trum the express vill of the legislature. Rather, it is founded on maxima, rales and principles derived from Lime-honored usages and custome which roopived acceptance from the eourts of law. ‘This legal system has prevailed and is still prevailing in England, Ireland, Australia, Wales, New Zealand, Canada and in the United States, MOHAMMEDAN LAW ‘Mohammedan taw is uot strange in the Philippines for it haz boen und is stil being observed by Muslims in Mindanao provided it dove nos;consfict with the goneral law cf the land. It is derived Drlaeipaliy trom the Koran and from writings of Islamic jurista, The teachings of Mohammed also serve us source of this legal system, Islamic countries who believe in Allah and his prophet Mohammed cuapraR n 13 WORLDS LEGAL SYSTEMS still observe this logal system. Some of those countries are Iran, Afghanistan, Malaysia, Iadoneiia, Turkey, those in Africa and others, i BLENDING OF LEGAL SYSTEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES ‘The three legal systems have met and blended into one legal system in the Philippines. Our New Civil Code is basically Roman in origin. Our proceclural laws ere still being, obgerved by Pilipino Muslims insofar as they do not conflict with the general laws of tho Jana,Chapter it LAW AND ITS APPLICATION ‘COURT'S DUTY TO DECIDE EVERY CASE A judge eannot decline to rendor judgment by reason of the silence, obscurity or insuficieney of the inws (Art 9, NCO) la athe yronds, he must decide the case assigned to him whether or not he knows what law shall be applied. In ease of silence, abscurty oe ‘insufficiency of thelaws,a judge may ail be guided bythe following: 1. Customs which are not contrary to law, public order o public policy; 2. Court decisions, foreign or local, in similar eases; 98. Legal opinions of qualified writers and professors; 4. General principles of justice and equity; and 5, Rules of statutory construction. in no igiminal cases, however, tio an established rule dat there is no erime when there is no law puniching it — Nulla Poona Sine Lege. Irthere is no law, therefore, whieh punishes an aet complained of the judge must dismiss the ease, INTERPRETATION OF LAWS Jeisthe daty ofthe dg to apply the ln without fare favor tec a eb nh irreaton appr he aw is preva 32 Tawmaking body intended right snd jus prevail (Ar. 10, NCC) * pe ete ‘There are many rules of statutory construction but in order not { saddle and confuse tho beginner in the study of law, it ia enough in the meantime to know tho most basic rules, namely 1, Whon the law and its meoning is clear and unnalstakable, there isino need to interpret it any farther; “ (CHARTER ttt w ‘LAW AND ITS APPLICATION 2, When construction or interpretation is necessary, the court should interpret the law aevording to the mening the legislature intended to give it; 3 If there arvitwo possible interpretations of a law, that ‘which will achieve the ends desired by Congress should 4 be adopted; ® 4, Laws of pleading, practico and procedure are likely liberally construed jin order to. promoto. their object ‘and to assist tho pertics in obiaining just, speedy and inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding: and In case of doubt in the interpretation and application of laws and when all otber rules of statutory construction foil, it is presumed that the lawmaking body intended + tight and justice to prevail APPLICATION OF LAWS In applying the Inve, the court should discover the real intent ‘and purpose of the legislature. I that intent and purpose can be discovered within the law, itis the duty of the court to carry out that intention, Ifthe same cannot be discovered within the law, the court shall ‘be guided by extrinsic aids STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION, ITS CONCEPT, PURPOSE, AND EFFECT ‘Statutory Construction, Defined Statutory construction is the act or process of discovering and ‘expounding the meaning and intention of the authors of tbe law ‘with respect tata application to a given ease, where that intention is rendered doubtful, among others, by reason of the fact that the given ‘eaze is not explicitly provided for in the law. (Caltex (Philippines), Ine. v, Palomar, L-19650, Sept. 25, 1966, 18 SCRA 247) ‘CONSTRUCTION DISTINGUISHED FROM INTERPRETATION Construction and interpretation have the, same purpose sand that is to ascertain and giveelfect to the legislative intent. A dintinetion, however, bas been drawn between construction and Interpretation. One who interprets makes ase of intrinwie wide oF6 INTRODUCTION 10 LAW, those found in the statute itself, while'one'who constructs makes ‘use of extrinsic aids or thoso found outside of the written language of the law. Based on this distinetion, the basic rule therefore is — ‘ONE MUST INTERPRET FIRST BEFORE HE CONSTRUES, MEANING OF THE RULE: “ONE MUST INTERPRET FIRST BEFORE HE CONSTRUES” In trying to ascertain the legislative intent, courts should first bo guided by intrinsic aids, or those found in the law itself If the legislative intent could be ascertained by merely making ‘use of intrinsic aids, there is no need to make use of extrinsic aids, or those found outside of the writtan language of the law. ‘This is the consistent ruling of the Supreme Court in a Tong line of eases. (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Limpan Investment Corporation, 12857 1 and 1-28644, July 31, 1970: United Christian Missionary Society v. Social Security System, L-26712-16, Dec. 17, 1969; Hidalgo v. Hidalgo, [-25326, May 29, 1970; Casela v. Court of Appeals, L-26754, Oct. 16, 1970) INTRINSIC AIDS DISTINGUISHED FROM EXTRINSIC AIDS. Intrinsie aids are any of the following: title, preamblo, words, Phrases and sentences eontext; punctuation; headings end marginal notes; and legislative definitions and interpretation clauses. All of these are found in the law itaell. Extrinsic aids may consist ofcontemporancous circumstances, policy, legislative history ofthe statule, contemporaneous or practical construction, executive construction, legislative construction, judicial construction, and construction by the bar and legal eummentators. PURPOSE OF INTERPRETATION AND CONSTRUCTION Interpretation and construction have the same purpose and ‘that is to ascertain and give effect to the legislative intent WHEN IS IT NECESSARY AND NOT NECESSARY TO INTERPRET AND CoNsTRUGT? When Necessaxy? It 4s necessary to interpret or construct when any of the {allowing reasons exists cup a LAW AND FTS APPLICATION 1... When the language of the statute is ambiguous, doubtful or obscure when taken in relation to a set of facis;and 2. When reasonable minds disagreo as to meaning of the language used in the statute ‘When Not Necessary? Ik is not necessary to intorprot or construel when the law spealet in eloar and eatagorical language. Tse duty of the eourt, in such a ase, isto APPLY THE LAW, NOTTO INTERPRET IT. (Go Ka Toe & Sona. Rice & Corn Board, 1-23607, May 23, 1967; People v, Mapa, 1-22301, Aug. 50, 1967; Luzon Security Co. v. Be Gracia, L-25659, Oct. 31, 1969) Request of Judge Tito G. Gustilo that the second 25% grant of the special allowance. Judges be ineluded tn the computation of hi retirement benefits, AM. No. RT-04-1368, August 13, 2004; Callgjo, Sr, J. Facts: Judge Tito G. Gustilo, then Presiding Judge of the RIC of Iloilo City, Branch 23, requested that the second tranche of the Special Allowance granted to judges under R.A. No. 9227 be incladed in the computation of his retirement. benefits. He clamed that pursuant to ‘OCA Circular No. 48-2004 dated March 3, 2006, the first ‘tranche of the Special Allowance equivalent to 25% was implemented starting oa Navember 11, 2003--Tho next 25% (secund tranche) will be implemented on November 11, 2004, In this conneetion, Judge Gustilo appealed tothe Chief Justice that, in the computation of his retirement ‘Denofiis, the second tranche of the Special Allowance be included since his retirement was only one (1) month and twolvo (12) days before itssimplomontation on November 11, 2004. ‘The Office of the Court Administrator (OCA) recommended that the roquost bo granted, citing Judgo Gustile's service record in the judiciary, which started on January 18, 1989, including his exemplary record of disposing cases at an average oI'225 cates wach month Judge Gustile’s letter and the OCA’s memorandum ‘were referred to the Court's Chief Ailorney, whoINTRODUCTION 70 LAW Fecommended the denial of the request fer not being in ‘accord with R.A. No. 9227 and the Guidelines promulgated by tho Court, Held: Itisaxiomatie that when the law is clear, the function of the courts is simple apphestion, not interpretation or circumvention, With respect tn the manner of computation, ofthe retirement. benefits in light ofthe Special Allowance Granted undor R.A. No. 9227, Section 6 there, quoted anew below, could not be any clearer: See. 5. Inclusion in the Computation of Retirement Benefits. — Por purposes of retirement, only the allowances actually received and trancho or tranches of the special allowance already implomonted and received ursuant to this Act by tho justices, judges and all other positions in the Judieiary with ‘the equivalent rank of justices of the Court of Appeals and judges of the Regional Trial Court as authorized under existing laws shall, at the date of their retirement, be included in the computation of their respective retirement bonefite. ‘A plain reading of the above provision shows tha for purposes of retirement, only the allowances “actually. received” and the tranche or tranches “already received {and implemented,” upon the date of retirement, shall be ineluded in the eompuiatioa of the retirement benetits, Otherwise put, before the Special Allowance eotld be ‘considered in the computation of retirement benefits, it ‘ahould have been “uetually received” and the trancho oF ‘tranches thereof should have been “already implemented and received” at the date of retirement. Accrued: Meaning of. — ‘The Guidelines Promulgated by this Court pursuant to RA. No, 9227 is ‘even more definite as it used the term “accrued” in this wise: ‘only the special allowance actually received. and that which has accrued at the time of rotirement aa be included.” As correctly reasoned by the Chief Attorney, Notably, the phrase “has soerued at the time of ‘retirement is used in the Guidelines instead of “thetranche ‘cuapter at LAW AND ITS APPLICATION ‘or tranches of the special allowance already implemented ‘und received” which ia used in Section 5 of R.A. No, 9227, Novortholest, tho same mearing is conveyed. The word “aceruo” moans “to eome into axistenes as an enforceable Glaim: vest as a right” or “to'vome by way of increase oF addition: arise as a growth or result” or “to be periodically ‘accumulated in the process of ime whether: or a decresse.” Hence, a Special Allowance yet eume into existonce as en enforecable claim or has ‘not yet vested on the reciplen! judge as a mattor of right cannot be considered in the computation of retirement benefits, | Indeed, “accrue” in its past tonse i “in sense of due nd demandable; vested.” In the case of Judge Gustilo, Gn the date of his retirement the second tranche of the Special ATlowonce has not acented aa yet; hence, it cannot ‘bo eaid that the samo is due and demandable or that it hhas vostod insofar as he is eamcerned, Interpretation of retirement Jaws generally favors the retiree, except when the law is clear and unambiguous. ~ Toe Chief Siorney, likewise, correctly posits that the striet application of Section of R.A. No. ‘9227 is ealled for by the fact that, under Section 3 thereof, ‘ho source for the Special Allowance is the Judiciary Dovelopment Fund (JDF) oatzhlished under Presidential ‘Decree No. 1949, whieh basieally comas from the docket fees paid by litigants. ©. As such, the JDF as u fund soures is not constant or fixed in amount, as its amount depends on the amount Gollected by the courts and the amount of increase in docket fees that the Court would impose. ‘The fact of the JDF becoming insufficient has been foreseen by the ‘Court and is reflected in the sceond parngraph of 4.1 of ‘tho Guidolinos quoted above. I is worth noting that unt now, the first tranche of the Special Allowanee has boen received only for the months ef November 11, 2003 until February 2004. The delay in receipt thereof may continue ‘if courts nationwide do not timely transmit the reports of collections to the OCA, an the JDF should be distorsed ‘only iftho roparts of collections and the deposite under the ‘IDF aceount for tho Special Allowance tally in aceordance with aecounting and auditing rules. 18» INTRODUCTION TO LAW nut only simple application of the law.” (underlining and emphasis supplied) WHO INTERPRETS THE LAW AND WHO DETERMINES LEGISLATIVE INTENT? Anyone can interpret the law. Lawyers, policomen, arbiters, ‘administrative boards and agencies, government as well i private executives are invalved from time to time in the interpretation of laws, Their interpretation, however, is not necessarily conclusive nor can they bind the courts. Hence, in many occasions, the ‘lecisions of regulatory boards and administrative agenciea have been olevated and appealed to the Supreme Court in eases where ‘here is sbuse of diserotion and authority or when there is violation of due process or denial of substantial justice or erroneous interpretation of the law. (Mantrade FMMC Division Bmplovecs and Workers Union v, Bacungan, C.R. No, 48497, Sept. 30, 1986, Second Division, Feria, J.) ‘The Judiciary has tho delicate task of ascertaining the significance of a constitutional or statutory provision, an exceulive order, a procedural or 1 munieipal crdinanee, It discharges a rule no crucial than the roles played by the two other departments in maintaining the rule of law. To assure stability in legal relations and avoid confusion, it has to speak with one voice. Logically and rightly, it does so with finality through the highest iadicial organ, the Supreme Court. What it says is defiuite and authoritative, binding on those who oecupy the lower ranks in. the judicial ‘ierarehy. (Conde v. Intermediate Appellate Court, OLR. No. 70443, ‘Sept. 15, 1986, Sccond Division, Guiterrez, Jr 1.) WHICH PREVAILS — THE LETTER OF THE LAW OR THE SPIRIT (OF THE LAW? When the language of the law is clear and unequivocal, the ‘court's duty is Le apply ik, not to interpret it. ‘The Supremo Court, in the case of Chartered Banke Erplayees Association «.. Ople, GR. CHAPTER a LAW ANDIITS APLICATION No. 44747, Aug. 28, 1985 restated the said rule in more elaborate language. it said: “Ifthelanguepe cf the lawis clear and unequivcesl, then read the law to mean exacily what itsays. If not, lock for the intention of the legislature.” What if the letter of the lau conflicts with its spirit, which prevails? 8 There are tyro schools of thought on this matter. In the case of People v, Sale, etal, G-R. No. 66465, July 29, 1986, Justice Isagani Gruz articulated his thought on this matter. He said: *A too literal reading of law is apt to constriét rather than Fulfill” is usually found ‘notin the “letter that killeth but in she spirit that. vivifieth,” which is not really evanescent or elusive. Judges must look beyond and not bbe bound hy the language ofthe law seeking to discover hy their own lights the teason and the:rhyme forits enactment. ‘That they may properly apply in accordance to its end, they need and must use not only learning but also vision.” ‘The thinking of Justice Isagani Cruz.is more in ling with Article 10 of the Civil Code which says: “In ease of doubt in the interpretation or application of the laws, itis presumed that the lawmaking body intended right and justice to prevail” This is also the gist of the docisions of the Supreme Court in the old cases of Torres v. Limhaye, 56 Phil. 141; De Coster, v. Olondria and Bsendero, 50 Phil. 725; and in the celebrated ease of Domninador Aytona v. Andres Castillo, of al, L-19913, Jan. 19, 1962, Former Chief Justice Ramon Aquino, on the other hand, finds it risky to rely on the sorcalled “spirit of the law." He said “IIs dangerous to rely on the so-called spirit of the law which we ‘cannot see nor handle and about which we do nol know very much.” Willanueva v. Commission on Elections, GR. No. 4718, Dec. 4, 1985) AIDS IN INTERPRETATION AND GONSTRUGTION | 1 USE INTRINSIC AIDS BEFORE RESORTING TO EXTRINSIC AIDS: In determining the intention of the legislature, courts should resort frst to intrinsie aids before rosorting ta extrinsie aids.uw aneig om Jo Soqrod axp ‘epdoad ay jo-ywourjuas SuyeAaud ou {i azoma ‘sou wos axBaK ay Pl Aepoy persons xr me] now J) sowy] owley ous FT;TAUO UF ArAPHPIANY am JO WON sp 07 aw ay 30 soyoudcau oun woyyAuO AD e7S BH Hod pomnes ou 0 m8 0 Layo yeLoUed eu — AOTIOA % yasomb uy Spo xp psn oy 9so19 jo saguESUINAN pue Yogibed ays Ut gTOSUATY o90Td pmogs mo oy Seyauchon ovo exp “ouepy “poIDTUD sla ab] Ot ‘ipa suoseos acy ernqrsueo seaueyruinauio pauoRuowto.cqe OY, ‘ojdood orp sasivsn pue suxysn> ou, (0) ue ase 21 Aq poroezt09 20 porpowr oq 0} 3HBNO® StKA@ 2H, 9¢1 18 SuNeRo suOTNpUOD pus seu amy ‘popoue sea ay ot} oun dy Fe BuAED 0894, — SHONVISINOHID SNOTNVAOAWAINOD: \t -poysneyxo pa pasn wag ant spre o1suunyuy ogy x%y2 Aue 63 portosar 99 tE> spre aE SdIV oIsNMULXH “1 swoddy Avy yoru ur soamnis oxy 09 uoReoNdde sues oures 943 uw opens ayy anaysasta po _reaoad yous soxyey omy “03 symveye off Sa poysoasx sw ‘Surueere enrys[sHio| ox PU seman woqejaidioquy om uoougeg oq HS JO ome UT (q) NOMOrTaAY sur awe Me a beavis ‘uonoMeHy Yons Moray Ploy ‘unos ofp ‘souusu umes w uy payaLdsoqe a0 parsed 94 PInOYS AF AqMOP Jo ose> ui you sopHAAd MET TIT) fo oy, simoo 21 4 powoqty 99 prroys uopons} ‘ons “uooieqy paoe[t aq op wortageuto os Pasefoep set pu cee O48 pos spiom om pogo soy aaMyNIEO, OM JT — NOL ‘VISUEHXINI ONY NOLUNUG GALLVISIOAT 9 “brmpeqey ou 4a you pu suede dy posed wooq 940% ‘oypvon ov} 1 durodeo eBay sn yse Be Se Teno ER Kory Pop sy ee98 aM JO 4x29 ou JL a0 INO! 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