Introduction to Accounting 2

Modul 6
Chapter 14

CORPORATIONS: Organization and Capital Stock Transactions

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

2. Differentiate between paid-in capital and retained earnings.
3. Record the issuance of common stock.
4. Explain the accounting for treasury stock.
5. Differentiate preferred stock from common stock.
6. Prepare a stockholders’ equity section.
7. Compute book value per share.

The Corporate Form of Organization

∙ Corporation
o Entity created by law
o Separate and distinct from its owners
o Continued existence is dependent upon the statutes of the state in which it is
incorporated
∙ Two common bases for classification of corporations are:
1. By purpose
2. By ownership

Classifications of Corporations

∙ Purpose
o To earn a profit
o Or nonprofit
∙ Classification by ownership
o Publicly-held corporations
o Privately-held corporations
∙ Publicly-held corporations
o May have thousands of stockholders
o Stock is regularly traded on a national securities exchange.
∙ Privately-held corporations
o Often referred to as closely held corporations, usually have only a few
stockholders
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 o Does not offer its stock for sale to the general public

CHARACTERISTICS OF A CORPORATION (STUDY OBJECTIVE )

∙ Separate legal existence from its owners

∙ Stockholders have limited liability
∙ Ownership held in shares of capital stock
o transferable units.
∙ Ability to acquire capital through the issuance of stock
∙ Continuous life

Characteristics of a Corporation

∙ Corporate management
o is at the discretion of the board of directors who are elected by the stockholders ∙
Subject to numerous government regulations
∙ Must pay an income tax on its earnings
∙ Stockholders required to pay taxes on the dividends they receive: the result is
double taxation

Corporation Organization Char

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Advantages and Disadvantages of a Corporation
Advantages Disadvantages

Separate legal existence Corporation management-separation of ownership

Limited liability of stockholders and management

Transferable ownership rights Government regulations

Ability to acquire capital Additional taxes

Continuous life

Corporation
management –
professional managers

Forming a Corporation

1. File application with the Secretary of State

in the state in which incorporation is desired
2. Articles of Incorporation
charter creates the corporation
3. By-laws
establishes the internal rules and procedures for conducting the affairs of the
corporation and indicates the powers of parties involved

Organization Costs

∙ Costs incurred in forming a corporation

∙ Includes legal fees, state fees and promotional expenditures
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∙ Expensed as incurred since it is so difficult to determine the amount and timing of
future benefits.

Ownership Rights of Stockholders

1. Vote

2. Share in corporate earnings through the receipt of dividends

3. Preemptive right maintain the same percentage ownership when additional shares
of common

4. Residual claim

Share in assets upon liquidation

Ownership Rights of Stockholders

A Stock Certificate

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Stock Issue Considerations Authorized Stock
Authorized stock

∙ Amount Of Stock A Corporation Is Allowed To Sell As Indicated By Its Charter

The authorization of capital stock does not result in a formal accounting entry. This
event has no immediate effect on either corporate assets or stockholders’ equity.

Stock Issue Considerations Issuance of Stock

A corporation can issue common stock directly to investors or indirectly through an

investment banking firm (brokerage house).

∙ Direct issue is typical in closely held companies.

∙ Indirect issue is customary for a publicly held corporation.
∙ In an indirect issue, the investment banking firm may agree to underwrite the entire
stock issue

Stock Market Price Information

∙ Publicly held companies

o traded on organized exchanges

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o dollar prices per share are established by the interaction between buyers and
sellers
∙ The prices set by the marketplace generally follow the trend of a company’s earnings
and dividends.
∙ A recent listing for PepsiCo is shown below:
Stock Volume High Low Close Net
Change

PepsiCo 2,942.4m 48,88 47,31 47,5 -1,19

Par Value & No-Par Value Stock

∙ Par value stock

o capital stock that has been assigned a value per share in the corporate charter o
represents the legal capital per share that must be retained in the business for the
protection of corporate creditors

∙ No-par stock
o capital stock that has not been assigned a value in the corporate charter In many
states the board of directors can assign a stated value to the shares which then
becomes the legal capital per share. When there is no assigned stated value, the
entire proceeds are considered to be legal capital.

Relationship Of Par And No-Par Value Stock To Legal Capital

CORPORATE CAPITAL (STUDY OBJECTIVE 2)

∙ Stockholders’ equity, shareholders’ equity, or corporate capital.

o Owner’s equity in a corporation
∙ Stockholders’ equity section of a corporation’s balance sheet
∙ Paid-in (contributed) capital –

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o Total amount of cash and other assets paid in to the corporation by
stockholders in exchange for capital stock.
∙ Retained earnings
o Net income that is retained in a corporation.
Retained Earnings

Retained earnings is net income that is retained in the corporation. Net income is
recorded in Retained Earnings by a closing entry in which Income Summary is debited
and Retained Earnings is credited. For example, if net income for Delta Robotics is
$130,000 in its first year of operations, the closing entry is:

Stockholders’ Equity Section

If Delta Robotics has a balance of $800,000 in common stock at the end of its
first year, its stockholders’ equity section is as follows:

Delta Robotics Balance Sheet (partial)

Comparison of Owners’ Equity Accounts

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COMMON STOCK ISSUES (STUDY OBJECTIVE 3)

The primary objectives in accounting for the issuance of common stock are:

1. to identify the specific sources of paid-in capital

2. to maintain the distinction between paid-in capital and retained earnings.

Issuing Par Value Common Stock for Cash

 When the issuance of common stock for cash is recorded, and the issue price is
the same as the par value of the stock, the par value of the shares is credited to
Common Stock and debited to Cash.

If Hydro-Slide, Inc. issues 1,000 shares of $1 par value common stock at par for
cash, the entry to record this transaction is:

When the issuance of common stock for cash is recorded, and the par value of
the shares is NOT the same as the cash price, the par value is credited to Common
Stock, and the portion of the proceeds that is above or below par value is recorded in a
separate paid-in-capital account.
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit

Cash 5,000

Common Stock 1,000

Paid-in capital in Excess of Par Value 4,000

(To record issuance of 1,000 shares of $1
par common stock in excess of par)

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY: PAID-IN CAPITAL IN EXCESS OF PAR VALUE

BALANCE SHEET PRESENTATION

The total paid-in-capital from these transactions is $6,000, and the legal capital is
$2,000. If Hydro-Slide, Inc. has retained earnings of $27,000, the stockholders’ equity
section is as follows:

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Hydro-Slide, Inc.
Balance Sheet (partial)
Stockholders’ equity

Paid-in-capital
Common Stock $2,000
Paid-in capital in excess of par 4,000
 Total paid-in-capital 6,000
Retained earnings 27,000
Total stockholders’ equity $33,000

Issuing No-Par Common Stock for Cash

When no-par common stock has a stated value, the stated value is credited to
Common Stock. When the selling price exceeds the stated value, the excess is credited
to Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value.

Assume that instead of $1 par value stock, Hydro-Slide Inc. has $5 stated value
no-par stock and the company issues 5,000 shares at $8 per share for cash. The entry
is:

When no-par stock does not have a stated value, the entire proceeds from the issue are
credited to Common Stock.

If Hydro-Slide Inc. does not assign a stated value to its no-par stock, the issuance of the
5,000 shares at $8 per share for cash if recorded as follows:

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Issuing Common Stock for Services or Noncash Assets

∙ Issued for services

o Example: compensation to attorneys or consultants, or for noncash assets, such
as land
∙ Common stock issued for services or non-cash assets
o Cost is either the fair market value of the consideration given up, or the
consideration received, whichever is more clearly determinable.
 Athletic Research Inc. is a publicly held corporation. Its $5 par value is actively
traded at $8 per share. The company issues 10,000 shares of stock to acquire land
recently advertised for sale at $90,000. The most clearly evident value is the MARKET
VALUE of the consideration given, which is $80,000.

NOTE: The par value of the stock is NEVER a factor in determining the cost of the
assets received.

TREASURY STOCK (STUDY OBJECTIVE 4)

Corporation's own stock that has been issued, fully paid for, and reacquired but not
retired. Why???

1. To reissue the shares to officers or employees

2. To increase trading thereby enhancing market value
3. To have additional shares available for use in acquisitions of other companies 4.
To reduce the number of shares outstanding and thereby increase earnings per
share
5. To rid the company of disgruntled investors, perhaps to avoid a takeover

Stockholders’ Equity with No Treasury Stock

Before the purchase of the treasury stock, the stockholders’ equity is as follows:

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Purchase of Treasury Stock

 Under the cost method, Treasury Stock is debited for the price paid for the
shares. The same amount is credited to Treasury Stock when the shares are disposed
of.

If Mead, Inc. has 100,000 shares of $5 par value common stock outstanding (all
issued at par value) and it decides to acquire 4,000 shares of its stock at $8 per share,
the entry is:

Stockholders’ Equity With Treasury Stock

The stockholders’ equity section of Mead, Inc. after purchase of treasury stock is
as follows

The acquisition of treasury stock REDUCES stockholders’ equity.

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Disposal of Treasury Stock

Treasury stock resold

∙ Selling price of the shares is greater than cost

▪ The difference is credited to paid-in capital from treasury stock
∙ Selling price is less than cost
▪ The excess of cost over selling price is usually debited to paid-in capital from
treasury stock
∙ When there is no remaining balance in paid-in capital from treasury stock, the
remainder is debited to retained earnings.
Sale of Treasury Stock Above Cost

Assume that 1,000 shares of treasury stock of Mead, Inc., previously acquired at
$8 per share, are sold at $10 per share on July 1. The entry is:

Note: The $2,000 credit in the entry would not be considered a Gain on Sale of
Treasury Stock.

Sale of Treasury Stock Below Cost

Assume instead that Mead, Inc. sells an additional 800 shares of treasury stock
on October 1 at $7 per share, the entry is:

When treasury stock is sold below its cost, the excess of cost over selling price is
usually debited to Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock.

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PREFERRED STOCK (STUDY OBJECTIVE 5)

∙ Contractual provisions give it priority over common stock in certain areas:

1. Distribution of earnings
2. Assets in the event of liquidation.
∙ Usually do not have voting rights
∙ Shown first in the stockholders' equity section
∙ Identified separately from other stock and paid-in capital accounts.

Dividend Preferences Cumulative Dividend

∙ Cumulative dividend
▪ Preferred stockholders must be paid both current and prior year dividends before
common stockholders receive any dividends
∙ Dividends in arrears
∙ Preferred dividends not declared in a given period
∙ Not considered a liability, but the amount of the dividends in arrears should be
disclosed in the notes to the financial statements

Dividend Preferences

Computation of Total Dividends to Preferred Stock

If Scientific-Leasing has 5,000 shares of 7%, $100 par value cumulative preferred stock
outstanding, then the annual dividend is $ 35,000 (5,000 shares x $7 per share). If
dividends were two years in arrears, preferred stockholders are entitled to receive the
following before any dividends are paid to common stockholders.

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Dividends in arrears ($35,000 x 2) $ 70,000

Current-year dividends 35,000

$ 105,000

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS (STUDY OBJECTIVE

6)

∙ Stockholders’ equity section of the balance sheet

o paid-in capital and retained earnings are reported
o specific sources of paid-in capital are identified
∙ Paid-in capital
o Capital stock
 o Additional paid-in capital
∙ Paid-in capital is sometimes called contributed capital.

Stockholders’ Equity Presentation

Published Stockholders’ Equity Section

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KELLOGG COMPANY
Balance Sheet (partial)
(in millions, except per share data)
Stockholders’ equity
Issued: 415,343
Common stock $.0.25 par value, 1,000,00,000,000 shares authorized
shares
$ 104.1

Capital in excess of par value Retained earnings

49.9 1,873.0 Treasury stock, at cost
Accumulated other comprehensive income
7,598,923 shares (272.8) (853.4)
Total stockholders’ equity
$ 895.4
BOOK VALUE PER SHARE FORMULA (STUDY OBJECTIVE 7)

∙ Represents the equity a common stockholder has in the net assets of the
corporation from owning one share of stock
∙ Formula for computing book value per share
o If corporation has only one class of stock is:

Book Value versus Market Value

∙ Book value per share

▪ Based on recorded costs
∙ Market value per share
▪ Reflects subjective judgments of thousands of stockholders and prospective
investors about the company’s potential for future earnings and dividends ▪ May
exceed book value per share, but that fact does not necessarily mean that the stock
is overpriced

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Book and Market Values Compared

The correlation between book value and the annual range of a company’s market
value per share is often remote, as indicated by the following data:
Company Book Value (year end) Market Range (for year)

Limited, Inc. $8.25 $22.34-

$12.53

HJ Heinz Company $5.25 $43.48-

$29.60

Cisco Systems $3.92 $21.84-

$12.24

Wal-Mart Stores $9.10 $63.90-

$43.70

REVIEW
 1. Stockholders have all of the following rights except to:
a. Share corporate earnings through receipt of dividends.
b. Vote for the corporate officers.
c. Keep the same percentage ownership when new shares of stock are issued.
d. Share in assets upon liquidation.

2. ABC Corporation issues 1,000 shares of $10 par value common stock at $12 per
share. In recording the transaction, credits are made to:
a. Common Stock $10,000 and Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value $2,000.
b. Common Stock $12,000.
c. Common Stock $10,000 and Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value $2,000.
d. Common Stock $10,000 and Retained Earnings $2,000

3. On July 6, PT Antik issued for cash 800.000 share of no-par common stock at
Rp1.200,00. On August 30, PT Antik issued at par 10.000 shares of 2%,
Rp50.000,00 par preferred stock for cash. On October 14, PT Antik issued for
cash 7.500 shares of 2%, Rp50.000,00 par preferred stock at Rp54.000,00
Instructions:
Journalized the entries to record those transactions

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Reference

Weigandt, Kieso, and Kimmel. (2005). Accounting Principles, 6 th Ed. Canada: John
Wiley and Sons.

Reeve, James M, Caarl S. Waren and Jonathan E. Duchac. Principles of Accounting.

Singapore: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd. (R)
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