Design of Masonry Shear

Walls

May 10, 2018

Richard Bennett, PhD, PE

Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering The Masonry Society
The University of Tennessee
AIA Provider: 50119857
The Masonry Society is a registered Provider with the
American Institute of Architects Continuing Education
Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be
reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of
completion for non-AIA members are available upon request.

This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing

professional education. As such, it does not include content
that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or
endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any
method or manner of handling, using, distributing or dealing
in any material or product.

Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services

will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

2
Course Description
The design of reinforced masonry shear walls using both the
Allowable Stress Design method and the Strength Design
method will be covered in this webinar. The requirements for
both the design for overturning and the design for shear are
explained. The prescriptive seismic detailing requirements for
each of three reinforced masonry shear walls types, ordinary,
intermediate, and special, are explained, with particular
attention to special reinforced shear walls. The design process is
illustrated with examples.

3
Learning Objectives
 Understand the three different types of reinforced masonry
shear walls and the requirements for each type.

 Understand seismic design requirements for shear walls.

 Understand the design process for shear walls using the

Allowable Stress Design method.

 Understand the design process for shear walls using the

Strength Design method.

4
Recent Changes to TMS 402
 2013
 Reorganization
 Partially Grouted Shear Wall Factor
 Unit Strength Table
 2016
 Anchor Bolt
 Shear Strength
 Tension and Shear Interaction
 Shear Friction

5
 TMS 402 Reorganization
Part 3: Part 4:
Part 5:
Part 2: Design Engineered Prescriptive
Part 1: General Appendices &
Requirements Design Design
References
Methods Methods

Chapter 1 – Chapter 4: Appendix A

General Chapter 8: Chapter 12:
General – Empirical
Analysis & ASD Veneer
Requirements Design
Design

Chapter 2 – Chapter 13: Appendix B:

Chapter 5: Chapter 9:
Notations & Glass Unit Design of
Structural SD
Definitions Masonry Masonry infill
Elements

Chapter 3 – Chapter 14: Appendix C:

Chapter 6: Chapter 10:
Quality & Partition Limit Design
Reinforcement, Prestressed
Construction Walls of Masonry
Metal Accessories
& Anchor Bolts
Chapter 11:
References
Chapter 7: AAC
Seismic Design
Requirements

6
Partially Grouted Shear Wall
Factor
𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 = 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 𝛾𝛾𝑔𝑔 9.3.4.1.2, Equation (9-21)

𝛾𝛾𝑔𝑔 = 0.75 for partially grouted shear walls

= and 1.0 otherwise

𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
Mean St Dev
0.90
Fully grouted 1.16 0.17 = 0.776
(Davis et al, 2010) 1.16
Partially grouted 0.90 0.26
(Minaie et al, 2010)
7
 Partially Grouted Shear Wall
Factor
Methods to calculate shear strength of 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
partially grouted shear walls 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
(Minaie et al, 2010) Mean St Dev
2008 MSJC Code 0.90 0.26

Multiply shear strength by An/Ag 1.53 0.43

Using just face shells 1.77 0.78

Calculate net area, 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛, including grouted cells.

7.625 in.

16 ft = 192 in.

𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 = 2.5in. 192in. + 5 8in. (7.625in. −2.5in. ) = 685in.2

8
Table 2, TMS 602, CMU Unit
Strength Table
Net area Net area compressive strength of ASTM
compressive C90 concrete masonry units, psi (MPa)
strength of concrete
masonry, psi Type M or S Mortar Type N Mortar
1,700 --- 1,900
1,900 1,900 2,350
2,000 2,000 2,650
2,250 2,600 3,400
2,500 3,250 4,350
2,750 3,900 ----

9
 𝒇𝒇′𝒎𝒎 = 2000 psi vs. 𝒇𝒇′𝒎𝒎 = 1500 psi
 Small effect on overturning (flexural reinforcement)

 Significant effect on maximum reinforcement

 13% decrease in development and splice length

 15% increase in masonry shear strength

10
Shear Wall Types
 Plain
 Ordinary
 Detailed
 Reinforced
 Ordinary
 Intermediate
 Special

11
Shear Wall Types
Shear Wall Minimum Reinforcement Seismic
Type Design
Category
Ordinary Plain none A, B

Detailed Plain vertical reinforcement = 0.2 in.2 at corners, within A, B

16 in. of openings, within 8 in. of movement joints,
maximum spacing 10 ft; horizontal reinforcement
W1.7 @ 16 in. or #4 in bond beams @ 10 ft
Ordinary same as above A, B, C
Reinforced
Intermediate same as above, but vertical reinforcement @ 4 ft A, B, C
Reinforced
Special same as above, but horizontal reinforcement @ 4 any
Reinforced ft, and ρv + ρh ≥ 0.002, and ρv and ρh ≥ 0.0007

12
Ordinary Wall: Reinforcement
Reinforcement of at least 0.2 in2

Within 16 in. of top of wall Structurally connected floor and roof levels

40db or 24 in.
≤ 8 in.
≤ 8 in. ≤ 16 in.
Corners Control
and end joint
of walls
≤ 10 ft.

Joint reinforcement at 16 in. o.c.

or bond beams at 10 ft.

Reinforcement not required at openings smaller

than 16 in. in either vertical or horizontal direction
13
 Special Walls: Reinforcement
 Maximum spacing of vertical reinforcement smallest of:
• one-third length of wall
• one-third height of wall
• 48 in. for running bond; 24 in. not laid in running bond
 Maximum spacing of horizontal reinforcement required
to resist shear same as above
 ρv + ρh ≥ 0.002, and ρv and ρh ≥ 0.0007
 Shear reinforcing anchored around vertical bars with a
standard hook

14
Shear Capacity Design
 Allowable Stress Design
 Calculated shear stress increased by 1.5
 Allowable shear stress due to masonry approximately 1/2
 Strength Design
 Design shear strength, 𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 , greater than shear corresponding
to 1.25 times nominal flexural strength, 𝑀𝑀𝑒𝑒
 Except 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 need not be greater than 2.5𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 .
 Normal design: 𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛 has to be greater than 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢. Thus, 𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛 has to
be greater than 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢/𝜙𝜙 = 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 /0.8 = 1.25𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢. This requirement
doubles the shear.

15
 SDC D Material Requirements
 Type S or Type M cement-lime mortar or mortar cement
mortar
 2013: Masonry cement mortar permitted for fully grouted
members

16
Allowable Stress Design

17
 Allowable Stress Design
 Tension
 Grade 60 32,000 psi
 Wire joint reinforcement 30,000 psi
 Stress in masonry from axial load plus bending:
 0.45𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ (if allowable masonry stress controls, reinforcement is not
being used efficiently)
 Axial
ℎ 2 ℎ
 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 = 0.25𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 + 0.65𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 1− for ≤ 99
140𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒

70𝑒𝑒 2 ℎ
 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 = 0.25𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 + 0.65𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 for > 99
ℎ 𝑒𝑒
18
 Allowable Stress Design
 Shear stress is computed as:
𝑉𝑉
 𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 =
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛

 Allowable shear stress

 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 = 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 + 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝛾𝛾𝑔𝑔
 𝛾𝛾𝑔𝑔 = 0.75 for partially grouted shear walls, 1.0 otherwise

 Allowable stress limit

 𝑀𝑀⁄ 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 ≤ 0.25 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 = 3 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ 𝛾𝛾𝑔𝑔

 𝑀𝑀⁄ 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 ≥ 1.0 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 = 2 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ 𝛾𝛾𝑔𝑔

2 𝑀𝑀
 0.25 < 𝑀𝑀⁄ 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 < 1.0 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 = 5−2 𝛾𝛾𝑔𝑔
3 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
19
Allowable Stress Design
 Allowable masonry shear stress
1 𝑀𝑀 𝑃𝑃
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 = 4 − 1.75 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ + 0.25
2 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛

 Special reinforced walls:

1 𝑀𝑀 𝑃𝑃
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 = 4 − 1.75 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ + 0.25
4 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛

 Allowable reinforcement shear stress

𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 0.5
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
 Shear reinforcement is placed parallel the direction of the
applied force at a maximum spacing of 𝑑𝑑/2 or 48 in.
 One - third of 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 is required perpendicular to the applied force
at a spacing of no more than 8 ft.

20
 Shear Friction
Shear Span
Allowable Shear Friction
Ratio
𝑀𝑀 𝜇𝜇 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 + 𝑃𝑃
≤ 0.5 𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓 =
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛

𝑀𝑀
0.5 < < 1.0 𝜇𝜇 − 0.39 𝑀𝑀 𝜇𝜇 − 0.65 𝑀𝑀
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 0.39 +
0.5
1−
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 + 0.65 +
0.5
1−
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃
Linear 𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓 =
𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛
interpolation

𝑀𝑀 0.65 0.6𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 + 𝑃𝑃

≥ 1.0 𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓 =
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛

𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 = cross-sectional area of reinforcement within the net shear area,

perpendicular to and crossing the horizontal shear plane

21
 Shear Friction
• 𝜇𝜇 = 1.0 for masonry on concrete with unfinished surface, or concrete
with a surface that has been intentionally roughened
• UBC (1997) required concrete abutting structural masonry to be
roughened to a full amplitude of 1/16 inch.
• 𝜇𝜇 = 0.70 for all other conditions
𝑀𝑀
• For 0.5 < < 1.0
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀
0.39+1.22 1−𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 + 0.65+0.70 1−𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 𝑃𝑃
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
• 𝜇𝜇 = 1.0 𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓 =
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀
0.39+0.62 1− 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 + 0.65+0.10 1−𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 𝑃𝑃
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
• 𝜇𝜇 = 0.7 𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓 =
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛

Special reinforced shear walls: The 1.5 multiplier should not be applied
to 𝑉𝑉 when calculating the 𝑀𝑀/(𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 ) ratio, or for shear friction design.
22
 Design Procedure: Single Layer
of Reinforcement
Calculate
2
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 2(𝑃𝑃(𝑑𝑑 − 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 ⁄2) + 𝑀𝑀) 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑
𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 = 3 − − 𝑀𝑀′ = 𝑃𝑃 −
2 2 3𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 2 3
𝑀𝑀 − 𝑀𝑀𝑀
Is 𝑘𝑘 ≥ 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏? 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 =
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 NO 𝑘𝑘
For Grade 60 steel, 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑 1 −
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 + 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 ⁄𝑛𝑛 3
CMU 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 0.312
𝑃𝑃 + 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
YES 𝜁𝜁 =
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒

𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 2 = 𝜁𝜁 2 + 2𝜁𝜁𝑑𝑑 − 𝜁𝜁

− 𝑃𝑃
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 = 2
1 Iterate. Use (𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑)2 as new
𝑛𝑛𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 −1
𝑘𝑘 guess and repeat.

Compression controls Tension controls 23

 Design Procedure: Single Layer
of Reinforcement
If 𝑘𝑘 < 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 tension controls; determine 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 from cubic equation.
𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 3
𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 2
𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 − 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 − 𝑃𝑃 𝑑𝑑 − + 𝑀𝑀 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 + 𝑃𝑃 𝑑𝑑 − + 𝑀𝑀 𝑑𝑑 = 0
6𝑛𝑛 2𝑛𝑛 2 2

1 1 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 𝑃𝑃
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 = 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 −
2 𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑 − 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛

Determination of 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏.
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 0.45𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ 0.45
𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = = = = = 0.312
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 ′ 32ksi 32
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 + 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 + 𝐸𝐸 0.45𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 + 0.45 + 29000
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 29000ksi
𝐸𝐸𝑒𝑒 900𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ 900

For clay masonry, 𝐸𝐸𝑒𝑒 = 700𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ , 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 0.368 24

 Design Procedures

𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏
Method 1: + ≤1
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 Method 2: 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏′ = 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 − 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒
Modified Method 1: 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 + 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 ≤ 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏

Reinforced Masonry Engineering Handbook, 7th edition 25

 Example: ASD-1
Given: 2 ft long, 8 ft high CMU wall; Type S
masonry cement mortar; Grade 60 steel; fully
grouted. P = 5 kips; M = 18 k-ft (216 k-in.)
Required: Required amount of steel
20 in.
Solution: Choose/determine material properties.
24 in.
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 = 2000 psi
𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚 = 900fʹm = 1,800,000 psi
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 0.45𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 = 900 psi
𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 = 32,000 psi
𝑛𝑛 = 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠/𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚 = 29,000,000 / 1,800,000 = 16.11

26
 Example: ASD-1
Assume masonry compression controls. Determine 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑.
2
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 2(𝑃𝑃(𝑑𝑑 − 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 ⁄2) + 𝑀𝑀)
𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 = 3 − −
2 2 3𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒
2
20in. 20in. 2(5k(20in. − 24in.⁄2) + 216k ⋅ in. )
=3 − − = 4.00in.
2 2 3(0.9ksi)(7.625in. )

Compare to 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 4.00in.
𝑘𝑘 = = = 0.200 < 0.312 = 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑑𝑑 20in.

Steel tension stress controls; iterate with 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 = 4.00 in. as initial guess.

27
 Example: ASD-1
𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 24in. 4.00in.
𝑀𝑀′ = 𝑃𝑃 − = 5k − = 53.33k ⋅ in.
2 3 2 3
𝑀𝑀 − 𝑀𝑀𝑀 216k ⋅ in. −53.3k ⋅ in.
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 = = = 0.272in.2
𝑘𝑘 0.200
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑 1 − 32ksi(20in. ) 1 −
3 3
𝑃𝑃 + 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 5k + 0.272in.2 (32ksi) 16.11
𝜁𝜁 = = = 0.9055in.
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 32ksi(7.625in. )

𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 2 = 𝜁𝜁 2 + 2𝜁𝜁𝑑𝑑 − 𝜁𝜁 = (0.9055in. )2 + 2 0.9055in. 20in.− 0.9055in.

= 5.181in.

Iterate. Use 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 = 5.181in. as new guess and repeat until convergence.

28
Example: ASD-1
Equation / Value Iteration 1 Iteration 2 Iteration 3

𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 (in.) 4.00 5.181 5.228

𝑘𝑘 0.200 0.259 0.261
𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑
𝑀𝑀′ = 𝑃𝑃 − (k-in.) 53.33 51.36 51.29
2 3

𝑀𝑀−𝑀𝑀′
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 = 𝑘𝑘 (in2) 0.272 0.281 0.282
𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑 1−3

𝑃𝑃+𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑒
𝜁𝜁 = (in.) 0.9055 0.9250 0.9258
𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 2 = 𝜁𝜁 2 + 2𝜁𝜁𝑑𝑑 − 𝜁𝜁 (in.) 5.181 5.228 5.230

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠, 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 = 0.28in.2 Use 1 - #5 each face

29
 Example: ASD-1
Given: 2 ft long, 8 ft high CMU pier; Type S
masonry cement mortar; Grade 60 steel; fully
grouted. P = 5 kips; M = 18 k-ft; V = 4.5 kips
Required: Check shear
20 in.
Solution: Material properties stay the same 24 in.

𝑉𝑉 4.5k 4.5k
𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 = = = = 24.6psi
𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 24in. (7.625in. ) 183in.2

30
 Example: ASD-1
Determine allowable shear stress due to masonry, 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒

𝑀𝑀 18k ⋅ ft
= = 2.0 Use 𝑀𝑀/(𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛) = 1.0
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 4.5k 2ft

1 𝑀𝑀 𝑃𝑃
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 = (𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 )𝛾𝛾 = 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 = 4.0 − 1.75 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′
+ 0.25
2 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒
1 5000lb
= 4.0 − 1.75 1.0 2000psi + 0.25 = 57.1 psi
2 183in.2

𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 = 24.6 psi < 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚 = 57.1 psi OK

31
 Design: Distributed
Reinforcement
• Design method similar to single layer of reinforcement
– Based on uniformly distributed reinforcement, 𝐴𝐴∗𝑛𝑛
– Tends to overestimate reinforcement by 10-15% for wider
spaced reinforcement
– Use specified thickness, even for partial grout
• Interaction diagram to check capacity
• Spacing of intermediate reinforcing bars often controlled by
out-of-plane loading

32
Design: Distributed
Reinforcement
Calculate
𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 Determine 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 from the quadratic equation
𝑀𝑀 + 𝑃𝑃
𝑘𝑘 = 6
1 2 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 1 2 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 2 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
𝑑𝑑 𝐹𝐹 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑃𝑃 𝑑𝑑 𝐹𝐹 + 𝑃𝑃 𝑘𝑘 + 𝑀𝑀 − 𝑃𝑃 𝑘𝑘
3 𝑛𝑛 𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 3 3 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 3 6
𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
NO − 𝑀𝑀 + 𝑃𝑃 =0
6
Is 𝑘𝑘 ≥ 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏?
Solve for 𝐴𝐴∗𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑
YES
1 𝑘𝑘 1
𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 − 𝑃𝑃
2 1 − 𝑘𝑘 𝑛𝑛
1 𝐴𝐴∗𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 =
𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 − 𝑃𝑃 1
1 − 𝑘𝑘 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
𝐴𝐴∗𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 = 2 2
1 1 − 𝑘𝑘 2
𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏
2 𝑘𝑘
Tension controls
Compression controls 33
Distributed Reinforcement
Spacing Steel Area, 𝐴𝐴∗𝑛𝑛 (in.2/ft)
(inches) #3 #4 #5 #6
8 0.16 0.30 0.46 0.66
16 0.082 0.15 0.23 0.33
24 0.055 0.10 0.16 0.22
32 0.041 0.075 0.12 0.16
40 0.033 0.060 0.093 0.13
48 0.028 0.050 0.078 0.11
56 0.024 0.043 0.066 0.094
64 0.021 0.038 0.058 0.082
72 0.018 0.033 0.052 0.073
80 0.016 0.030 0.046 0.066
88 0.015 0.027 0.042 0.060
96 0.014 0.025 0.039 0.055
104 0.013 0.023 0.036 0.051
112 0.012 0.021 0.033 0.047
120 0.011 0.020 0.031 0.044 34
 Interaction Diagram
𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 ⁄2
𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒

𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
𝐶𝐶
𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒

𝑥𝑥 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥𝐶𝐶

𝑃𝑃 = 𝐶𝐶 − � 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒
𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖 >𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑

𝑀𝑀 = 𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥𝐶𝐶 + � 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒

𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖 >𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑
35
 Interaction Diagram
Stress Force Moment Arm
If 𝑘𝑘 > 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 1 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑
𝐶𝐶 = 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟 𝑥𝑥𝐶𝐶 = −
𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 = 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 2 2 3
𝑑𝑑 − 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 = 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 = 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 = 𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒 −
𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑 2
If 𝑘𝑘 ≤ 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 = 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑
𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 =
𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑 − 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒 − 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑
𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 = 𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛
𝑑𝑑 − 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑

36
Partial Grout: Equivalent
Thickness
Equivalent Thickness, 𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟 (in.)
Grout Spacing (in.)
8 in. CMU 12 in. CMU
16 5.17 7.28
24 4.28 5.69
32 3.83 4.89
40 3.57 4.41
48 3.39 4.09
72 3.09 3.56
96 2.94 3.30
120 2.86 3.13

37
Example: ASD-2
Given: 10 ft high x 16 ft long 8 in. CMU shear wall; Grade 60 steel, Type
S mortar; 𝑓𝑓𝑀𝑚𝑚 = 2000 psi; superimposed dead load of 1 kip/ft. In-plane
seismic load of 50 kips. 𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷𝑆𝑆 = 0.5− (just less than 0.5)
Required: Design the shear wall; ordinary reinforced shear wall
Solution: Check using 0.6D+0.7E load combination.
• 𝑀𝑀 = 0.7 50k 10ft = 350k ⋅ ft = 4200k ⋅ ft
• Axial load, 𝑃𝑃
• Need to know weight of wall to determine 𝑃𝑃.
• Need to know reinforcement spacing to determine wall weight
• Based on next page, estimate wall weight as 45 psf
• Wall weight: 45psf 10ft 16ft = 7.2k
• 𝐷𝐷 = 1 k⁄ft 16ft + 7.2k = 23.2k
• 𝑃𝑃 = 0.6 − 0.7 0.2 𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷 = 0.53𝐷𝐷 = 0.53 23.2k = 12.3k
38
CMU Wall Weights
Grout 8 inch CMU 12 inch CMU
Spacing
(in.) 105 pcf 125 pcf 135 pcf 105 pcf 125 pcf 135 pcf

No grout 31 36 39 43 50 54
48 38 44 47 55 62 66
40 40 45 48 57 65 69
32 42 47 50 61 68 72
24 46 51 54 67 75 78
16 53 59 61 79 87 90
8 (Full) 75 81 83 115 123 127

39
Example: ASD-2
Calculate 𝑘𝑘; for design purposes use full thickness of wall
𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 192in.
𝑀𝑀 + 𝑃𝑃 4200k ⋅ in. +12.3k
𝑘𝑘 = 6 = 6 = 0.0550
1 2 𝑑𝑑 1 2 (0.90ksi)( 7.625in. ) − 12.3k 192in.
𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 − 𝑃𝑃 𝑛𝑛 3
192in.
3
3 3

Since 𝑘𝑘 < 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 tension controls. Solve quadratic equation.

1 2 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 2 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
𝑑𝑑 𝐹𝐹 + 𝑃𝑃 𝑘𝑘 + 𝑀𝑀 − 𝑃𝑃 𝑘𝑘 − 𝑀𝑀 + 𝑃𝑃 =0
3 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 3 6 6
1 7.625in.
2 (32ksi)
192in. 2
192in. + 12.3k 𝑘𝑘
3 16.11 3
192in. 192in.
+ 4200k ⋅ in. −12.3k 𝑘𝑘 − 4200k ⋅ in. +12.3k =0
6 6
𝑘𝑘 = 0.147
40
Example: ASD-2
Calculate required area of reinforcement
1 𝑘𝑘 1
𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 − 𝑃𝑃
2 1 − 𝑘𝑘 𝑛𝑛
𝐴𝐴∗𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 =
1
1 − 𝑘𝑘 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
2
1 0.147 1
(0.147)(192in. )(7.625in. )(32ksi) − 12.3k
2 1 − 0.147 16.11
=
1
1 − 0.147 (32ksi)(192in. )
2
in.2 in.2
= 0.00934 = 0.112
in. ft
Try #5 @ 32 in. (0.120in.2/ft)
Due to module; use 40 in. (0.093in.2/ft) for interior bars

32 in. 40 in. 40 in. 40 in. 32 in.

41
Example: ASD-2

Used equivalent thickness = 3.57 in.

(40 in. grout spacing)

Stressed to 93% of
allowable

42
Example: ASD-2
Given: 10 ft high x 16 ft long 8 in. CMU shear wall; Grade 60 steel,
𝑓𝑓𝑀𝑚𝑚 =2000psi; #5 at 32in. ends; #5 @ 40in. interior; superimposed dead
load of 1 kip/ft. In-plane seismic load of 50 kips.

Required: Design for shear

Solution: Net area is shown below

𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 = 2 1.25in. 192in. + 6 8in. 7.625in. −2.5in. = 726in.2

43
 Example: ASD-2
𝑉𝑉 0.7(50k)
Shear Stress: 𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 = = = 48.2psi
𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 726in.2

𝑀𝑀 𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑉 120in.
Shear Span: = = = = 0.625
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑 192in.

2 𝑀𝑀
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 5−2 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ 𝛾𝛾𝑔𝑔
Max Shear: 3 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
OK
2
= 5 − 2 0.625 2000psi 0.75 = 83.8psi
3
1 𝑀𝑀 ′
𝑃𝑃
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 = (𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 )𝛾𝛾𝑔𝑔 = 4 − 1.75 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 + 0.25 𝛾𝛾
2 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 𝑔𝑔
Masonry Shear: OK
1 12300lb
= 4 − 1.75 0.625 2000psi + 0.25 0.75
2 726in.2
= 51.9psi 44
Example: ASD-3
Given: 10 ft high x 16 ft long 8 in. CMU shear wall; Grade 60 steel, Type
S mortar; 𝑓𝑓𝑀𝑚𝑚 = 2000 psi; superimposed dead load of 1 kip/ft. In-plane
seismic load of 50 kips. 𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷𝑆𝑆 = 0.5
Required: Design the shear wall; special reinforced shear wall
Solution:
• Flexural reinforcement remains the same (although ASCE 7 allows a
load factor of 0.9 for dead load for special shear walls)
• Design for 1.5V, or 1.5(0.7)(50 kips) = 52.5 kips (Section 7.3.2.6.1.2)
• 𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 = 52.5k⁄726in.2 = 72.3psi
• Maximum 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 = 83.8psi OK

45
 Example: ASD-3
Masonry Stress: 1 𝑀𝑀 𝑃𝑃
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 = 4 − 1.75 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′
+ 0.25
4 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒
1 12300lb
= 4 − 1.75 0.625 2000psi + 0.25 = 36.7psi
4 726in.2

Required 𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 72.3psi

𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 = − 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 = − 36.7psi = 59.7psi
Steel Stress: 𝛾𝛾𝑔𝑔 0.75

𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 0.5𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛

𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 0.5 ⇒ 𝑠𝑠 =
Determine 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛
spacing:
Use #5 bars 0.5 0.31in.2 32000psi 192in.
𝑠𝑠 = = 22.0in.
59.7psi 726in.2

Alternate is 2-#4 at 24 in.

Use #5 at 16 in. o.c. (s=28.3 in.)
46
 Example: ASD-3
Due to closely spaced horizontal reinforcement, fully grout wall.
𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 = 1464in.2
𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 = 35.6psi
𝐷𝐷 = 1 k⁄ft 16ft + 0.081ksf(10ft)(16ft) = 29.0k
𝑃𝑃 = 0.53𝐷𝐷 = 0.53 29.0k = 15.3k
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 = 35.1psi
𝛾𝛾 = 1.0
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 = 0.5psi

Horizontal reinforcement will be controlled by prescriptive reinforcement

47
 Example: ASD-3
Section 8.3.4.4 Maximum Reinforcement
Requirements only apply to special reinforced shear walls
No need to check maximum reinforcement since only need to check if:
• 𝑀𝑀/(𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛) ≥ 1 and 𝑀𝑀/(𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛) = 0.625
• 𝑃𝑃 > 0.05𝑓𝑓𝑀𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛
• 0.05 2000psi 1464in.2 = 146kips
• Assume a live load of 1 k/ft
• 𝑃𝑃 = 1.2 + 0.7 0.2 𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 + 𝐿𝐿 = 1.2 + 0.7 0.2 0.5 29k + 16k = 52.8k

OK

48
Example: ASD-3
If we needed to check maximum reinforcing, do as follows.

𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ 16.1(2ksi)
𝜌𝜌𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = = = 0.00582
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 2(60ksi) 16.1 +
60ksi
2𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 + ′ 2ksi
𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚

For distributed reinforcement, the reinforcement ratio is obtained as the

total area of tension reinforcement divided by bd. Assume 5 out of 6 bars
in tension.

𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 5 0.31in.2
𝜌𝜌 = = = 0.00108 OK
𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑 7.625in. (188in. )

49
Example: ASD-3
Maximum Spacing Requirements (7.3.2.6)
maximum spacing smallest of one-third length, one-third height, 48 in.
192𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛. 120𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛.
𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = min , , 48𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛. = min 64𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛. , 40𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛. , 48𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛. = 40𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛.
3 3

Prescriptive Reinforcement Requirements (7.3.2.6)

• 𝜌𝜌 ≥ 0.0007 in each direction
• 𝜌𝜌𝑛𝑛 + 𝜌𝜌ℎ ≥ 0.002
6 0.31in.2
Vertical: ρ𝑛𝑛 = = 0.00127 OK
1464𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒.2
Horizontal: Try #5 @ 40 in.
3(0.31in.2)
ρℎ = = 0.00102 OK
120in.(7.625in.)

Total: ρ𝑛𝑛 + 𝜌𝜌ℎ = 0.00127 + 0.00102 = 0.00229 OK

50
Example: ASD-3
Given: 10 ft high x 16 ft long 8 in. CMU shear wall; Grade 60 steel, Type
S mortar; 𝑓𝑓𝑀𝑚𝑚 = 2000 psi; superimposed dead load of 1 kip/ft. In-plane
seismic load of 50 kips. 𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷𝑆𝑆 = 0.5
Required: Check shear friction
Solution:
• Assume concrete is unfinished (𝜇𝜇 = 1.0)
• Flexural reinforcement was 6 - #5 bars; 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 = 6 0.31in.2 = 1.86in.2
• 𝑃𝑃 = 15.3k
• 𝑀𝑀⁄ 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 = 0.625
• 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 = 1464in.2
• 𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 = 35.6psi

51
 Example: ASD-3
𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀
0.39+1.22 1−𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 + 0.65+0.70 1−𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 𝑃𝑃
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓 =
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛

0.39 + 1.22 1 − 0.625 (1.86in.2 )(32000psi) + 0.65 + 0.70 1 − 0.625 15300lb

=
1464in.2
= 44.0 psi

𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 = 35.6psi OK

52
 Special Reinforced Walls:
Summary
• Prescriptive Reinforcement Requirements (7.3.2.6)
• 0.0007 in each direction
• 0.002 total
• Spacing Requirements (7.3.2.6)
• Shear Capacity Design (Section 7.3.2.6.1.2)
• Increase applied shear stress by 1.5
• Reduced allowable masonry shear, 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒
• Maximum Reinforcement Requirements (8.3.4.4)

53
Strength Design

54
Strength Design
 Strength-reduction factors
 Combinations of flexure and axial: 𝜙𝜙 = 0.9
 Shear: 𝜙𝜙 = 0.8
 Nominal axial capacity
ℎ 2 ℎ
𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 = 0.80 0.80𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ (𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 −𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 ) + 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 1− for ≤ 99
140𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒

′ 70𝑒𝑒 2 ℎ
𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 = 0.80[0.80𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 (𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 −𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 ) + 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 ] for > 99
ℎ 𝑒𝑒

55
Strength Design Assumptions
 continuity between reinforcement and grout
 equilibrium
 ε𝑒𝑒𝑢𝑢 = 0.0035 for clay masonry, ε𝑒𝑒𝑢𝑢 = 0.0025 for concrete
masonry
 plane sections remain plane
 elasto–plastic stress–strain curve for reinforcement
 tensile strength of masonry is neglected
 equivalent rectangular compressive stress block of stress
0.80𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ and depth of 0.80𝑐𝑐

56
 Strength Design
 Nominal shear strength
 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 = 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 𝛾𝛾𝑔𝑔
 𝛾𝛾𝑔𝑔 = 0.75 for partially grouted shear walls, 1.0 otherwise

 Nominal strength limit

 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 ⁄ 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 ≤ 0.25 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 = 6𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ 𝛾𝛾𝑔𝑔

 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 ⁄ 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 ≥ 1.0 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 = 4𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ 𝛾𝛾𝑔𝑔

4 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢
 0.25 < 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 ⁄ 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 < 1.0 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 = 5−2 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 𝛾𝛾𝑔𝑔
3 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛

57
 Strength Design
 Nominal masonry shear strength
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢
 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 4 − 1.75 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ + 0.25𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛

 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 ⁄(𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑉𝑉 ) is positive and need not exceed 1.0.

 Nominal reinforcement shear strength:
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛
 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 = 0.5 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛

 shear reinforcement bent around the edge vertical reinforcing bar

with a 180° standard hook.
 wall intersections: bent around the edge vertical bar with a 90°
standard hook and extend horizontally into intersecting wall at
least the development length.

58
 Maximum Reinforcement
Yes Design with Boundary Elements? No

Is Design with TMS 402 Section 9.3.3.2.

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢
≤ 1 OR 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 ≤ 3𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ AND
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢
≤3 Area of flexural tensile reinforcement ≤ area
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑤 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑤 required to maintain axial equilibrium under
AND the following conditions
A strain gradient corresponding to εmu in
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 ≤ 0.10𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ : Geometrically symmetrical walls masonry and αεy in tensile reinforcement
Axial forces from loading combination D +
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 ≤ 0.05𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ : Geometrically unsymmetrical walls 0.75L + 0.525QE .
Yes No Compression reinforcement, with or
without lateral restraining reinforcement,
No boundary Design boundary can be included.
elements elements per TMS
required 402 Section 9.3.6.6.2 Yes No
Is Mu/(Vudv) ≥ 1 ?

Ordinary reinforced walls: α = 1.5

Intermediate reinforced walls: α = 3 α = 1.5
Special reinforced walls: α = 4
59
Shear Friction
Shear Span Ratio Allowable Shear Friction
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢
≤ 0.5 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝜇𝜇 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 + 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 ≥ 0
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢
0.5 < < 1.0 Linear interpolation
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢
≥ 1.0 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 0.42𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛

𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 = cross-sectional area of reinforcement within the net shear area,

perpendicular to and crossing the horizontal shear plane
𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 = net cross-sectional area between the neutral axis of bending and
the fiber of maximum compressive strain calculated at the nominal
moment capacity of the section

60
 Shear Friction
• 𝜇𝜇 = 1.0 for masonry on concrete with unfinished surface, or concrete
with a surface that has been intentionally roughened
• UBC (1997) required concrete abutting structural masonry to be
roughened to a full amplitude of 1/16 inch.
• 𝜇𝜇 = 0.70 for all other conditions

Special reinforced shear walls: The shear capacity provisions

only apply to the nominal shear strength, 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 , and not to the
nominal shear friction strength, 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓 , or when calculating the
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 /(𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 ) ratio.

61
Design Procedure: Single Layer
of Reinforcement
Calculate
2[𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 (𝑑𝑑 − 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 ⁄2) + 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 ] 𝑏𝑏
𝑏𝑏 = 𝑑𝑑 − 𝑑𝑑 2 − 𝑐𝑐 =
𝜙𝜙 0.8𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 0.8

Is 𝑐𝑐 ≥ 𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ? 𝜀𝜀𝑒𝑒𝑢𝑢
𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑑𝑑
For Grade 60 steel 𝜀𝜀𝑒𝑒𝑢𝑢 + 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦
𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 0.547𝑑𝑑
YES NO

0.8𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 ⁄𝜙𝜙 0.8𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 ⁄𝜙𝜙

𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 = 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 =
𝑑𝑑 − 𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝜀𝜀𝑒𝑒𝑢𝑢 𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛
𝑐𝑐
Tension controls
Compression controls 62
 Example: SD-1
Given: 2 ft long, 8 ft high CMU pier; Type S
masonry cement mortar; Grade 60 steel; fully
grouted. Pu = 8 kips; Mu = 28 k-ft
Required: Required amount of steel
20 in.
Solution: Choose/determine material properties. 24 in.
𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ = 2000 psi
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 60,000 psi

𝜀𝜀𝑒𝑒𝑢𝑢 0.0025
𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑑𝑑 = 20in. = 0.547 20in. = 10.94in.
𝜀𝜀𝑒𝑒𝑢𝑢 + 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 0.0025 + 0.00207

63
 Example: SD-1
2[𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 (𝑑𝑑 − 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 ⁄2) + 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 ]
𝑏𝑏 = 𝑑𝑑 − 𝑑𝑑 2 −
𝜙𝜙 0.8𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒
𝑏𝑏, depth of
stress block
2
2[8.0k(20in. − 24in.⁄2) + 336k ⋅ in.]
= 20in. − 20in. − = 1.91in.
0.9 0.8 2ksi 7.625in.

𝑏𝑏 1.91in.
𝑐𝑐, depth of 𝑐𝑐 = = = 2.39in. < 10.94in. = 𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 Tension controls
neutral axis 0.8 0.8

0.8𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 ⁄𝜙𝜙

𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 =
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 , area 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
of steel 0.8(2ksi)(7.625in. )(1.91in. ) − 8.0k⁄0.9
= = 0.24in.2
60ksi

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠, 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 = 0.24in2 Use 1 - #5 each face

64
 Example: SD-1
Check maximum reinforcement:
Check using load combination D + 0.75L + 0.525QE.
Assume axial force is from 0.9D, so Pu for maximum reinforcement is
24k/0.9 = 26.7 kips.

Fully grouted with equal tension and compression reinforcement

′ 𝜀𝜀
𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑢 𝑃𝑃
𝑢𝑢
0.64𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 − 𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝜀𝜀𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑢 +𝛼𝛼𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦
𝜌𝜌 = = 𝑑𝑑′
𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 −min 𝜀𝜀𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑢 − 𝑑𝑑 𝜀𝜀𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑢 +𝛼𝛼𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 ,𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠
0.0025 8.0k
0.64(2ksi) −
0.0025+1.5(0.00207) 7.625in.(20in.)
= 4in.
60ksi−min 0.0025−20in. 0.0025+1.5 0.00207 ,0.00207 29000ksi

= 0.0259

𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑 = 0.029 7.625in. 20in. = 3.95in.2 OK

65
 Example: SD-1
Given: 2 ft long, 8 ft high CMU pier; Type S
masonry cement mortar; Grade 60 steel; fully
grouted. Pu = 8 kips; Mu = 28 k-ft; Vu = 7 kips
Required: Check shear
20 in.
Solution: Material properties stay the same 24 in.

Shear span 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 28.8k ⋅ ft

= =2 Use 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 ⁄ 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 = 1.0
ratio 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 7.2k(2ft)

66
 Example: SD-1
Determine design shear strength due to masonry, 𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢
𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝜙𝜙 4.0 − 1.75 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ + 0.25𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
= 0.8 4.0 − 1.75 1.0 7.625in. 24in. 2000psi + 0.25 8000lb
= 16700lb

𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 16.7k ≥ 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = 7.0k OK

67
 Design: Distributed
Reinforcement
 Modify design method for single layer of reinforcement
• Use 𝑑𝑑 = 0.9𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
• Determine distributed reinforcement, 𝐴𝐴∗𝑛𝑛 = 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 ⁄0.65𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
• Use specified thickness, even for partial grout
 Interaction diagram to check capacity
 Spacing of intermediate reinforcing bars often controlled by
out-of-plane loading

68
 Interaction Diagram
𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 ⁄2
𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒

𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐
𝑑𝑑
𝐶𝐶
𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒

𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥𝐶𝐶

𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 = 𝐶𝐶 − � 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒
𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖 >𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑

𝑀𝑀𝑒𝑒 = 𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥𝐶𝐶 + � 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒

𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖 >𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑
69
 Interaction Diagram

Strain and Stress Force Moment Arm

𝑑𝑑 − 𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶 = 0.8𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ (0.8𝑐𝑐)𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 0.8𝑐𝑐
𝜀𝜀𝑛𝑛 = 𝜀𝜀𝑒𝑒𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥𝐶𝐶 = −
𝑐𝑐 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 = 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 2 2
𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒 − 𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
𝜀𝜀𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 = 𝜀𝜀𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 = 𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒 −
𝑑𝑑 − 𝑐𝑐 2
𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 = min{𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛 𝜀𝜀𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 , 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 }

70
Example: SD-2
Given: 10 ft high x 16 ft long 8 in. CMU shear wall; Grade 60 steel, Type
S mortar; 𝑓𝑓𝑀𝑚𝑚 = 2000 psi; superimposed dead load of 1 kip/ft. In-plane
seismic load of 50 kips. 𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷𝑆𝑆 = 0.5− (just less than 0.5)
Required: Design the shear wall; ordinary reinforced shear wall
Solution: Check using 0.9D+1.0E load combination.
• 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 50k 10ft = 500k ⋅ ft
• Axial load, 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢
• Need to know weight of wall to determine 𝑃𝑃.
• Need to know reinforcement spacing to determine wall weight
• Based on next page, estimate wall weight as 45 psf
• Wall weight: 45psf 10ft 16ft = 7.2k
• 𝐷𝐷 = 1 k⁄ft 16ft + 7.2k = 23.2k
• 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 0.9 − 0.2𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷 = 0.80𝐷𝐷 = 0.80 23.2k = 18.6k
71
 Example: SD-2
Estimate d 𝑑𝑑 = 0.9𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 = 0.9 192in. = 173in.

2[𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 (𝑑𝑑 − 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 ⁄2) + 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 ]

𝑏𝑏 = 𝑑𝑑 − 𝑑𝑑 2 −
𝑏𝑏, depth of 𝜙𝜙 0.8𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒
stress block
2
2[18.6k(173in. − 192in.⁄2) + 6000k ⋅ in.]
= 173in. − 173in. − = 3.96in.
0.9 0.8 2000psi 7.625in.

0.8𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 ⁄𝜙𝜙

𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 =
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 , area 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
of steel 0.8(2ksi)(7.625in. )(3.96in. ) − 18.6k⁄0.9
= = 0.460in.2
60ksi

𝐴𝐴∗𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 ,
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 0.460in.2 12in.
dist. 𝐴𝐴∗𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 = = = 0.044 in.2 ⁄ft
steel 0.65𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 0.65 192in. ft

Try #4 @ 48 in. (0.050in.2/ft) 72

Example: SD-2
800
Design Strength

700

600
Used equivalent thickness = 3.39 in.
500 (48 in. grout spacing)
Axial (kip)

400

300

200 Stressed to 94% of

design strength
100

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
-100

Factored Loads Balanced Point

Moment (kip-ft)
73
Example: SD-2
Given: 10 ft high x 16 ft long 8 in. CMU shear wall; Grade 60 steel,
𝑓𝑓𝑀𝑚𝑚 =2000 psi; #4 at 48in.; superimposed dead load of 1 kip/ft. In-plane
seismic load of 50 kips.

Required: Design for shear

Solution: Net area is shown below

𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 = 2 1.25in. 192in. + 5 8in. 7.625in. −2.5in. = 685in.2

74
 Example: SD-2
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑉 𝑉 120in.
Shear Span: = = = = 0.625
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑 192in.

4 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢
𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝜙𝜙 5−2 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ 𝛾𝛾𝑔𝑔
Max Shear: 3 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 OK
4
= 0.8 5 − 2 0.625 685in.2 2000psi 0.75 = 91.9kip
3

𝑀𝑀
𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝜙𝜙 4 − 1.75 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ + 0.25𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 𝛾𝛾𝑔𝑔
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
Masonry
Shear: = 0.8 4 − 1.75 0.625 685in.2 2000psi + 0.25 18600lb 0.75
= 56.2kip
OK

75
 Example: SD-2
Section 9.3.3.2 Maximum Reinforcement
Since 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 /(𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 ) < 1, strain gradient is based on 1.5𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 .

Strain c/d, CMU c/d, Clay

1.5𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 0.446 0.530
3𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 0.287 0.360
4𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 0.232 0.297
𝑐𝑐 = 0.446(188in.) = 83.8 in.

• Calculate axial force based on 𝑐𝑐 = 83.8 in.

• Include compression reinforcement
• 𝜙𝜙𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 = 323 kips
• Assume a live load of 1 k/ft
• D + 0.75L + 0.525QE = (1k/ft + 0.75(1k/ft))16ft = 28 kips OK
76
Example: ASD vs. SD
500

0.7𝜙𝜙SD: #4 @ 48 in.
400
ASD: #5 @ 32,40 in.

300
Axial (kip)

200 ASD: 6 - #5

SD: 5 - #4

100

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

-100
Moment (k-ft)
77
Example: SD-3
Given: 10 ft high x 16 ft long 8 in. CMU shear wall; Grade 60 steel, Type
S mortar; 𝑓𝑓𝑀𝑚𝑚 = 2000 psi; superimposed dead load of 1 kip/ft. In-plane
seismic load of 50 kips. 𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷𝑆𝑆 = 0.5
Required: Design the shear wall; special reinforced shear wall
Solution:
• Flexural reinforcement remains the same (#4 @ 48 in.)
• Design for 2.0Vu, or 2(50 kips) = 100 kips (Section 7.3.2.6.1.2)
• Maximum Vu = 91.9 kips
• Spacing of reinforcement for special walls ≤ (1/3)height = 40 in.
• By trial and error, decrease spacing of reinforcement to 32 in.
• 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 = 767 in.2
• 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 102.9 kip
78
 Example: SD-3
𝑀𝑀
𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 4 − 1.75 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ + 0.25𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
Masonry
Shear: = 4 − 1.75 0.625 767in.2 2000psi + 0.25 18600lb
= 99.7kip

Required 𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 = 𝜙𝜙 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 𝛾𝛾𝑔𝑔

Steel 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 100k
Strength: 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 = − 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = − 99.7k = 67.0k
𝜙𝜙𝛾𝛾𝑔𝑔 0.8 0.75

𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 0.5𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛

𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 = 0.5 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 ⇒ 𝑠𝑠 =
Determine 𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑
spacing:
Use #5 bars 0.5 0.31in.2 60ksi 192in.
𝑠𝑠 = = 26.7in.
67.0k
Use #5 at 24 in. o.c. 79
Example: SD-3
• 𝑐𝑐 = 0.446(188in.) = 83.8 in.
• Calculate axial force based on 𝑐𝑐 = 83.8 in. (#4@ 32 in.)
• Since 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 ⁄ 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 ≤ 1, 𝛼𝛼 = 1.5
• Include compression reinforcement
• 𝜙𝜙𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 = 364 kips
• Assume a live load of 1 k/ft
• D + 0.75L + 0.525QE = (1k/ft + 0.75(1k/ft))16ft = 28 kips OK

80
 Example: SD-3
• Prescriptive Reinforcement Requirements (7.3.2.6)
• 0.0007 in each direction
• 0.002 total

• Vertical: 7(0.20in2)/[192in(7.625in)] = 0.00096

• Horizontal: 5(0.31in2)/[120in(7.625in)] = 0.00169
• Total = 0.000960 + 0.00169 = 0.00267 OK

81
 Example: SD-3
Given: 10 ft high x 16 ft long 8 in. CMU shear wall; Grade 60 steel, Type
S mortar; 𝑓𝑓𝑀𝑚𝑚 = 2000 psi; superimposed dead load of 1 kip/ft. In-plane
seismic load of 50 kips. 𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷𝑆𝑆 = 0.5
Required: Check shear friction
Solution:
• Assume concrete is unfinished (𝜇𝜇 = 1.0)
• Flexural reinforcement was 7 - #4 bars; 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 = 7 0.20in.2 = 1.40in.2
• 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 18.6k
• 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 ⁄ 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 = 0.625
• 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 = 767in.2
• 𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟 = 3.83in.

82
 Example: SD-3
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢
≤ 0.5 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝜇𝜇 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 + 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 1.0 1.40in.2 60ksi + 18.6k = 102.6k
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢
≥ 1.0 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 0.42𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒′ 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 = 0.42 2ksi 3.83in. 18.1in. = 58.2k
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
𝑐𝑐 = 18.1 in. from interaction diagram

Interpolate 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 91.5k 𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 0.8 91.5k = 73.2k OK

𝑒𝑒2 −𝑒𝑒1 𝑦𝑦3 −𝑦𝑦1 0.625−0.5 58.2k−102.6k

𝑦𝑦2 = 𝑒𝑒3 −𝑒𝑒1
+ 𝑦𝑦1 = 1.0−0.5
+ 102.6k = 91.5k

83
 This concludes The American Institute of Architects
Continuing Education Systems Course

Richard Bennett
rmbennett@utk.edu

The Masonry Society