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Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and ketones have dipole-dipole intermolecular forces but no hydrogen bonding. This affects their physical properties such as higher melting and boiling points compared to alkanes and lower solubility in water. They can be prepared through oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols respectively. Aldehydes react differently than ketones in oxidation, reduction, and reaction with reagents like Benedict's solution and Tollens' reagent due to aldehydes being better reductants. Both can be reduced to alcohols using sodium borohydride with aldehydes forming primary alcohols and ketones forming secondary alcohols. Exam questions often focus on distinguishing between aldehydes and

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117 views6 pages

Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and ketones have dipole-dipole intermolecular forces but no hydrogen bonding. This affects their physical properties such as higher melting and boiling points compared to alkanes and lower solubility in water. They can be prepared through oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols respectively. Aldehydes react differently than ketones in oxidation, reduction, and reaction with reagents like Benedict's solution and Tollens' reagent due to aldehydes being better reductants. Both can be reduced to alcohols using sodium borohydride with aldehydes forming primary alcohols and ketones forming secondary alcohols. Exam questions often focus on distinguishing between aldehydes and

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Mira Jao
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Aldehydes 

and Ketones
What intermolecular forces do you think aldehydes and ketones 
have? 

How will these intermolecular forces affect their:
• Melting and boiling points compared to alkanes
• Solubility in water
‐ ‐
Oδ Oδ

+ +
Cδ Cδ
H3C H H3C CH3
aldehyde ketone
Dipole‐dipole intermolecular forces but not hydrogen bonding
Naming aldehydes and ketones
Aldehydes are named with the suffix  –anal
Ketones are named with the suffix  –anone

Name and classify the following compounds:

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CHO

CH3CH2COCH2CH2CH3 CH3CHCH2CH3
CHO
CH3CH(CH3)COCH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CHCH2CH3
CHO
pg 136
Making aldehydes and ketones
How could you prepare a sample of butanal and butanone?

Aldehydes and ketones are prepared by the oxidation (using 
KMnO4/H+ or K2Cr2O7/H+) of alcohols.

Aldehydes are prepared by the oxidation of primary alcohols 
(using distillation to prevent forming the carboxylic acid).
Ketones are prepared by the oxidation of secondary alcohols.
What alcohol could be used to form the following compounds?

2‐hexanone 3‐chloropropanal

butanal 2‐methylpentan‐3‐one
Reactions of aldehydes and ketones
The focus this year is telling the difference between aldehydes 
and ketones. We can do this in many ways.

Aldehydes are better reductants than ketones.
1. Oxidation – aldehydes can be oxidised with KMnO4/H+ (purple 
to colourless) or K2Cr2O7/H+ (orange to green), ketones can not.
2. Benedict’s or Fehling’s solution – blue Cu2+ solution, different 
anions. Aldehydes can reduce the Cu2+ to Cu+ which forms a red 
precipitate, ketones do not react.
3. Tollens’ reagent – AgNO3(alc). Aldehydes can reduce Ag+ to Ag 
forming a ‘silver mirror’, ketones do not react.
Reactions of aldehydes and ketones
Reduction
Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced with NaBH4 to alcohols.
Aldehydes are reduced to primary alcohols.
Ketones are reduced to secondary alcohols.
O OH
NaBH4
C C
H3C H H3C H
H

O OH
NaBH4
C C
H3C CH3 H3C CH3
H

pg 136 ‐ 137
Exam questions
Usually focus on distinguishing between compounds with a 
reagent and observations or filling in a reaction scheme.

2012 exam Q1 b)
2014 exam  Q2 a) (ii)
2013 sample exam Q3

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