Present Perfectand,Past Perfect | PRETEST: What do | already know? on | Write “C” if the boldfaced words are correct and “I” if they are incorrect. Have you ever eaten something really unusual? (Charts 4-1 and 4-2) . ——I have just finish my homework. (Chart 4-3) _—__ My mom has recently become the bank manager. (Chart 4-3) —— Eva and Julia have started kindergarten yet. (Chart 4-3) Food prices have increased several times. (Chart 4-3) |. William has worked as an auto mechanic since he finished college. (Chart 4-4) __— My grandfather has died in 1990. (Chart 4-5) ____ Max has been playing video games for several hours. (Chart 4-6) ____ Katrina has been texting since she woke up. (Chart 4-6) een aye pe 10. ‘We have been staying at that hotel three times. (Chart 4-7) 11. ___ By the time the movie finished, half of the audience had gone home. (Chart 4-8) EXERCISE 1» Warm-up. (Chart 4-1) Do you know the past participle form of these verbs? Complete the chart. What is the difference between the past participle forms in items 1-4 and 5-8? SIMPLE FORM SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE 1. help helped helped _ 2. work worked worked _ 3. stay stayed 4. visit visited 5. eat ate — ieee 6. have had cc 7. write wrote ————_—_—— 8, begin began a Present Perfect and Past Perfect 91 inses, In order to form these Verbs, You need to ast perfect te parts of a verb. (See Appendix A.t) is one of the principal | siete siMPLE FORM PAST PARTICIPLE | 7 ] a REGULAR finish finished finished | The past Lopesingheltacerehaaie {5 the same 28th | vVeRss look looked looked ~—_| simple past form: | stop stopped stopped | ty tried tried | use used used | | wait waited waited | | irresuuar — | be was/were been Many common verbs have irregular past forms. The ‘VERBS come came come verbs in the list are the most common irregular verbs do did done | See Appendix A-2 or the inside back cover for a more | fed foun found | compiete list of irregular verbs. 90 went gone | get got govgotten | | have had had | know knew known make made made say said said oo aw ean | take took taken | te tas | EXERCISE 2» Looking at grammar. (Chart 4-1) Part I. Write the simple past and the past participle of the regular (ced) verbs in the box be die know read yall do leave speak teach come finish move study ire al SIMPLE FORM SIMPLE Past Ps 1, call called . ie ——«alled ___ 2. ee — 3. ——____ eee 4 eats 5. ee —_—— 6. —_ —— ee ee 92 CHAPTER 4Part II. Write the simple past and the past participle of the irregular verbs in the box. SIMPLE FORM, SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE, 1. b fa ee 8. 9% 10. lL. 12, 13. 14, 15. EXERCISE 3» Pairwork. (Chart 4-1) ‘Work with a partner. Give the past tense and past participle forms of the verb that your partner says. DNase ena ee Os 2 Barta wate rua es of 1. give (gave, given) 8. say (said, said) 9, begin (began, begun) 2, text (texted, texted) 3. leave (left, left) 10. pay (paid, paid) 4, drive (drove, driven) 11. delete (deleted, deleted) 5, rent (rented, rented) 12, begin (began, begun) 6. forget (forgot, forgotten) 13, marry (married, married) 7. take (took, taken) 14, tell (told, told’) pairwork. (Chart 4-2) Jcing and answering questions. Use the words in the box. EXERCISE 4 > Warm-up: Work with a partner. Take turns as grown your own: vegetables ridden on a motorcycle bought a boat flown a drone climbed a tree forgotten your age PARTNER A: Have you ever ——? Parner B: Yes, I have. OR No, I’ve never ——-cos i neferatikck Introduction’ to, ate it een RUN rents na — sent PERFECT is frequently used to express Hie ‘unspecified or unknown time in the past. Ever ‘and never are examples of time words that do not give a specific time. ever = in your lifetime; from the time you were born | (a) —Have you ever lost your ID"? — No, Ihave never lost my ID. (0) — Has itever snowed in your hometown? — No, ithias never snowed in my hometown. to the present moment. In the (a) and (b) responses, the speaker uses never to say, "No, I haven't lost my ID from the time I was bom to the present moment,” and, “No, it hasn't snowed in my hometown from the time I was born to the present moment.” ‘uesmon: havehas + subject + ever + past participle NeGarve: have/has + never + past participle (6) Has Jon ever met your family? Note other ways to answer a question with ever. | — No, he has not met my family. Ncontve: have/has + not + past participle No, he's nat met my family. No, he has not. ai No, he hasn't. ras ee seneuatve STATEMENT: have/has. + past participle Yes, he has. | CONTRACTED Forws: I've, You've, He's, She's, It's, | We've, They've | +ID = identification EXERCISE 5» Looking at grammar. (Charts 4-1 and 4-2) Complete the conversations. Use the present perfect form of the verbs in Parentheses, Unusual Experiences 1. A: (jou see, ever) Have you ever seen a ghost B: No,1I___haven't___. I (see, never) ave never seen 2. As (30 eat eve) B: No,I______. 1 (eat, never) "an insect. 8 gold coin? a +a gold coin. 4. A: t, talk, ever) a Tah 10 a movie star? B: NoI . T (talk, never) 7 to a movie star 3. A: (you, find, ever) B: No, I _________.. I (find, never) fora ride ina 94 CHAPTER 4a Q EXERCISE 6» Grammar and speaking. (Charts 4-1 and 4-2) Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. Then choose a true answer for you. Share your answers with a partner. Use these forms: I have or I have never. 1. Have you ever (see) _______ snow? yes no 2, Have you ever ( fly) —_________ in a small plane? yes no 3. Have you ever (run) ________ for an hour without stopping? yes no 4, Have you ever (do) _____ volunteer work? yes no 5. Have you ever (tear) __a muscle? yes no 6. Have you ever (have) ____a bad experience on yes no a plane? a muscle 7. Have you ever (fall) out of a tree? yes no 8. Have you ever ( feel) ___________ so embarrassed that your yes no face got hot? 9. Have you ever (speak) to a famous person? yes no 10, Have you ever (win) a contest? yes no EXERCISE 7» Let's talk: interview. (Charts 4-1 and 4-2) Interview your classmates. Make questions using the present perfect form of the verbs. Share some of your information with the class. | you \ ever \ cut \ your own hai ——————— . you \ ever \ catch \ a big fislh $< . you \ ever \ take care of \ an animal . you \ ever \ lose \ something very important . you \ ever \ sit \on a bee . you \ ever \ break \ your arm or your leg you \ ever \ throw \ a ball \ and \ hit \ a window - enone en you \ ever \ swim \ in the Atlantic Ocean. EXERCISE 8 >» Warm-up. (Chart 4-3) Choose the correct answer for each sentence. 1. ‘Tyler has rented a small house ——. __@ last week —_b. recently 2, Ihave seen it ___.. a. already b. two days ago 3. His parents haven’t seen it. a. yesterday —b. yet 4, [have been there a, twice b. yesterday Present Perfect and Past Perfect 95Erk hos just eaten lunch, Ty hasn't eaten lunch yet. Erik has just eaten lunch. | The present perfect expresses an activity or i 0 Sieh | situation that happened (or did not happen) ries cont before now, at some unspecified or unknown ae time in the past. | ‘As you learned in Chart 4-2, ever and never 3 | express an activity that occurred at an unknown & time. Other common time words that express be | this idea are just, recently, already, and yet. | | (@): Erik's lunch occurred before the present time. The exact time is not mentioned; itis | unimportant or unknown, 2 (©) Pete has eaten at that | An activity may be repeated two, several, or more restaurant many times. | times before now, at unspecified times inthe | before noi | (9 Ihave eaten ther twice, | Past as inc) and (d). Use ofthe present perfect ‘ Can indiate that the activity may happen agai. | (e) Pele has already left I used in emmen e) Peta crorceon can eglte@dy i used in affimative statements It "| the sen iter the helping verb or at the end of the sentence, ‘ea of aready: Somethi | before this time, Paella! | (*) Ty hasn't eaten yet ki , 2S 2 Teegtats Used in negative statements and | | Comes atthe end of the sentence Idea of yet; : | (opto the nothing did not happen before now | nig bo “Te), But itmay happen inthe future. (9k Bot (9) Have you already it? | questions, 7°t 84 Aready can also be used in fave youteh already? | Te | Have you left times th ye yet? Word. Itis implied, "© SPeaker doesn't use atime LU —_—1 96 CHAPTER 4EXERCISE 9 > Looking at grammar. (Chart 4-3) Complete each question with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. New Parents > 1, Has Richard (hold) _____held __the baby a lot yet? S&S 2, Has Lori (give) ____ the baby a bath already? ne 3, Has Richard (change) a diaper yet? te . i \ 4, Has Lori (cake) ___some pictures of the baby already? 5, Has Richard (get) ________up in the middle of the night yet? 6. Has Lori (have) ______ problems sleeping already? 7. Has Richard (feel) _____ tired during the day yet? 8, Has the baby (sleep) _________ through the night already? » Looking at grammar. (Chart 4-3) Choose all the possible answers for each question. Work in small groups and then discuss your answers as a class. Srrvarion 1: Sara is at home. At 12:00 RM., the phone rang. It was Sara’s friend from high school. They had a long conversation, and Sara hung up the phone at 12:59. Iris now 1:00. Which sentences describe the situation? a, Sara has just hung up the phone. b. She has hung up the phone already. c. The phone has just rung. d. Sara hasn’t finished her conversation yet. Srrvarion 2: Mr, Peters is in bed. He became sick with the flu eight days ago. Mr. Peters isn’t sick very often. The last time he had the flu was one year ago. Which sentences describe the situation? a. Mr, Peters has been sick for a year. b. He hasn’t gotten well yet. c. He has just gotten sick. d. He has already had the flu. ¢. He hasn’t had the flu before. SITUATION 3: Rob is at work. His boss, Rosa, needs a report. She sees Rob working on it at his desk. She's in a hurry, and she’s asking Rob questions. What questions is she going to ask him? a. Have you finished? b. Have you finished yet? c. Have you finished already? d. Have you already finished? Present Perfect and Past Perfect 97EXERCISE 11> Looking at grammar. (Chart 4-3) . Look at Andy’s smartphone calendar. Write answers to the questions: with ye¢ and already. ‘Make complete sentences arto. 1:8 oa < May B an : ——— Wed., May 17 oo sciisie cassia 9:00] dentist appointment 10:00| take car for anoil change _| ‘1:00| shop for groceries 12:00] have lunch with Michael | 1:00] finish errands 200] pick up kids at school __} Ibis 11:55 a.m, right now. 1. Has Andy had his dentist appointment yet? __Yes, he has had his dentist appointment already. or _Yes, he has already had his dentist appointment. 2. Has Andy picked up his kids at school yet? 3. Has Andy taken his car for an oil change already? 4. Has Andy finished his errands yet? ee 5. Has Andy shopped for groceries already? a 6. Has Andy had lunch with Michael yet? eee GQ EXERCISE 12> Listening. (Chart 4-3) Both és and has can be contracted to ’s. Listen to each senten: ce. Decide i af or has. Before you begin, you may want to check your unders Decide if the contracted verb is is standing of these words: order, waiter. At a Restaurant Examples: You will hear: My order’s taking a long time, You will choose: (is) has You will hear: My order’s already taken a long time, Lis has has 2. is has has 3. is has has 98 CHAPTER 4EXERCISE 13 » Warm-up. (Chart 4-4) ‘Choose the correct sentence (a. or b.) to describe each situation. 1, It’s 10:00 a.m. Layla has been at the bus stop since 9:50. a, She is still there. b. The bus picked her up. 2. Toshi has lived in the same apartment for 30 years. a, After 30 years, he moved somewhere else. b. He still lives there. PY ne is (2) Fve been in class since ten o'clock this moming. ten years, We met him ten years ago. We still | friends. since eight o'clock. since Tuesday. since 2009. since yesterday. since last month. (c) I have been here (d) connect: Ihave lived here since May." connecr: | have been here since May. (@) inconnecr: / am living here since May. (f) incorrect: /live here since May. (g) incorrect: | lived here since May. (h) ioonrecr: | was here since May. | | (©) We have known Ben for | know him today. We are | The present perfect tense is used in sentences | with since and for to express situations that began in the past and continue to the present. In(@): Class started at ten. 1am stillin class ‘now, at the moment of speaking. incorrect: 1am in class since ten o'clock this ‘Since is followed by the mention of a specific point in time: an hour, a day, a month, a year, etc. ‘Since expresses the idea that something began at a specific time in the past and continues to the present. | Notice the incorrect sentences: In (2: The present progressive is Nor used. In (f: The simple present is nor used. Ing) and (h): The simple past is nor used. | ‘sInce-cLAUSE (cimple past) since | was a child, Main CLAUSE: (present perfect) (i) Ihave lived here (i) Alhas met many people since he came here. for ten minutes. for two hours. for five days. for about three weeks. for almost six months. for many years. for a long time. (k) Ihave been here Since may also introduce a time clause (i.e, a subject and verb may follow since). Notice in the examples: The present perfect is sed in the main clause; the simple past is used in the since-clause. For is followed by the mention of a length of time: two minutes, three hours, four days, five ‘weeks, etc.). ‘Also correct: Ihave been living here since May. See Chart 4-6 for a discussion of the present perfect progressive, Present Perfect and Past Perfect 99EXERCISE 14» Looking at grammar. (Chart 4-4) Complete the Sentences with since or for. Amy has been here ... 1, 2, o 4, 5. 6. ——fer____ two months. ——since___ September. —_—_—— yesterday. ——___ the term started. a couple of hours, ———— fifteen minutes. The Smiths have been married ... % 8. 9. 10. 0 years, ee Mr / —____ five days. ——_______ a long time. Ms, Elis has worked as a substitute teacher ., school began, ML. 12, ____last year. 13, ____ 2008. 14, ____ about a year. 15S epcamber, 16, ____a long time. Poe known about Sonia’s engagement ... 17 almost four months, 18, the beginning of the year. 19. the first of January. 20. yesterday. EXERCISE 15 > Looking at grammar. (Chart 4-4) Complete the sentences with information about yourself. 1. T’ve been in this building { 2, 3. 4, 5. 6. 100 ‘We've been in class I've been in this city/town T’ve had an ID card T’ve had this book T've been a student CHAPTER 4 since for — 27 minute:EXERCISE 16 > Looking at grammar. (Chart 4-4) Complete each sentence with the present perfect form of the given verb. A Talk-Show Host Since 1995, Theresa, a talk-show host, ... 1. (work) ———has worked ______ for a TV station in London. 2. Gnterview) —___ hundreds of guests. 3. (meet) many famous people. 4. (find) — out about their lives. EE friends with celebrities. 6. (become) a celebrity herself. 7. (sign) —______lots of autographs. Bi (hake) hands with thousands of people. 9. (write) ____________ two books about how to interview people. 10. (think) = _____________ alot about the best ways to help people feel comfortable on her show. EXERCISE 17 > Let's talk. (Chart 4-4) ‘Your teacher will ask questions. One student will answer with since. Another student will use that information and answer with for. Only the teacher's book is open. Example: To Srupent A: How long have you been in this room? Srupent A: I’ve been in this room since (10:00). ‘To Sruvent B: How long has (Scudent A) been in this room? Sruvent B: She/He has been in this room for (15 minutes). 1. How long have you known me? 2. How long have you been up* today? 3, Where do you live? How long have you lived there? 4, Who has a cell phone? How long have you had your phone? 5, Who has a bike? How long have you had it? 6. How long have you been in this building today? 7, Who is wearing something new? What is it? How long have you had ivthem? 8, Who is married? How long have you been married? *be up = be awake and out of bed Present Perfect and Past Perfect 101a 4-4) EXERCISE 18 » Looking at grammar. (Chart of the verbs. = Put brackets [ ] around the ‘sinee-clauses, Then choose the correct form Car Problems a lot of problems with his car fever since* he Goughd/ has bought iy 1. Otto had was 7 2. Ever sinceTina took/has taken her car in for repairs, it didn’t run/hasn’t run propery, 3. Thomas’s car had/has had engine problems since he had /has had an accident. 4. Ever since my friend changed /has changed the oil in my car, I noticed / have noticed smoke in the engine. 5. Mytire had/hashad a slow leak ever since I drove / have driven through a construction area. Maybe it has a nail in it, @ EXERCISE 19> Let’s talk: pairwork. (Charts 4-1, 4-2, and 4-4) ‘With a partner, take turns asking and answering questions. Begin questions with How long have you and the present perfect. Answer with since, for, ot never and the present perfect. Example: have a pet PARTNER A: How long have you had a pet? Partner B: I've had (a car, a dog, a bird, etc.) for two years/since my 18th birthday. oR T’ve never had a pet. « live in (ehis area) + Wear glasses . study English . have a roommate . be in this class . have a pet be at this school . be married . have long/short/medium-length hair have a beard/mustache ayeene “Boer since is similar to since, but ever adds emphasis to the clause, 102 CHAPTER 4EXERCISE 20 > Reading, grammar, and writing. (Charts 4-1 > 4-4) Part I. Read the passage about Ellie. Underline the present perfect verbs. Ellie Td like to tell you a little about Ellie. She has lived in Vancouver, Canada, for six months. She has studied English for five years. She has been at this school since September. She likes it here. ‘She has medium-length hair. She has never worn glasses, except x sunglasses. She likes to wear hats. Of course, she has never had a mustache! Ellie doesn’t have a roommate, but she has a pet bird. She has had her bird for one month. His name is Howie, and he likes to sing. She is interested in biology. She has been interested in biology since she was a child. She has never been married. She wants to be a doctor. She would like to become a doctor before she has a family. Part II. Write about the person you interviewed in Exercise 19. You can ask additional questions to get more information. Use the passage about Ellie as an example. EXERCISE 21 > Looking at grammar. (Chart 4-4) Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in parentheses. Life with My Host Family 1. I (Rnow) have known my host family ever since they (visit) ____visited ___ my parents three years ago. 2, Ever since I (get) __________ here, I (fee!) ______a little homesick. 3. My host family (move) ____ twice since I (begin) —____ school. 4. My host family is nice, but I can’t wait to get home for vacation. I (see, not) my family since I (leave) _____ home nine months ago. 5. Ever since my host brother (smeet) his girlfriend, he (think, not) —_____ about anything or anyone else. He’s in love. 6. My host family helped me find a car to buy, but I (have) _____a lot of problems with it ever since I (buy) _________ it. My host mom is afraid it’s a lemon.* 7. So far** I (enjoy) my time with my host family. *a lemon = a cat with a lot of problems +850 far + present perfect expresses situations that began in the past and continue to the present. Present Perfect and Past Perfect 103a EXERCISE 22 > Listening. (Charts 4-1 + 4-4) _ ech Part L When speakers use the present perfect in everyday soe ioe ‘has with nouns. Listen to the sentences and notice the cont they often contract have and Money Problems : 1, Someone’s taken my credit card. 4, The bank’s made an error ae third time 2, Sorry. Your check’s just bounced. 5. Checking fees’ve gone up for 7 3. Both your credit cards’ve expired, Part II. Listen to the sentences. You will hear the contracted forms of the verbs. Complete the sentences with the non-contracted forms. 1. The cash machine been out of service for two days. 2. P'm sorry, Your credit card expired. 3. My checking account fees increased a lot. 4. Someone withdrawn money from your account. 5. Our new debit cards gotten lost in the mail. EXERCISE 23 » Warm-up. (Chart 4-5) Read the short conversation. Who is more likely to say the last sentence, Pam or Jen? Why? Pam: I've traveled around the world several times, Jen: I traveled around the world once. : T'm looking forward to my next trip. 4-5 |SimplelPast\vekPresent\Perfact etme 'n(@): | exercised at a specific time i (2) exercised yesterday. (esterday), Pecific time in the past | PRESENT PERFECT (b) Ihave already exercised. SIMPLE Past (c) | was in Europe /ast year / three years ago / in 2010 / in 2012 and 2016 / when | was ton years old resent Penrect (4) | have been in Europe many times /soverltines/ | asin (bana gn Peete te (ort a couple of times / once / (no mention of time). In (b): | exercised | (sometime before Use of the prese ee in ant Perfect can indicate the activity may SPE Basin: 10 (the speaker may return te Europe. SIMPLE PAST In (@): In sentences where foro acca; a : hy fora ron tears ste PRESENT PERFECT began and ended in the past. S05 8” activity that ehmmmnnintenomseinee | rycen May ist. Er retPteSses an activity ther tne Present SE continues to the present, Pear inthe past | 104 CHAPTER 4EXERCISE 24> Looking at grammar. (Chart 4-5) ‘Look at the verbs in green. Are they simple past or present perfect? Check (V’) the correct time box. WE KNOW WE DON’T KNOW THE TIME ‘THE TIME 1. Ms. Parker has been in Tokyo many times. a a — present perfect 2. Ms. Parker was in'Tokyo last week. a o -+ simple past 3. I've met Kaye’s husband. He’s a nice guy. oO o 4. I met Kaye’s husband at a party last week. o a 5. Mr.White was in the hospital last month, a 0 6. Mr.White has been in the hospital many times. o 2 7. Llike to travel. I've been to more than 30 foreign countries. o a 8. Lwas in Morocco in 2008. a a EXERCISE 25 » Looking at grammar. (Chart 4-5) Read the sentences about bikes and notice the verbs in green. Answer the questions that follow and explain your answers. 1. Ann had a fast bike. Sue has had a fast bike for two years. ‘Who still has a fast bike? 2, Jill rode to work on her bike last week. Cathy has ridden to work on her bike since she got a new one. Who is still riding a bike to work? 3. In her lifetime, Aunt Alexa had several red bikes. In her lifetime, Grandma has had several red bikes. Who is still alive? Who is dead? 4, Fernando has had several bikes in his lifetime. Jenny had a red bike when she was in elementary school. Keisha had a blue bike when she was a teenager. ‘Chen had a gold bike when he lived and worked in Hong Kong. ‘Who no longer has a bike? Present Perfect and Past Perfect 105,EXERCISE 26 > Looking at grammar. (Chart 4-5) 7 Complete the sentences. Use the present perfect or the simple past form of Este in Parentheses Nore: In informal spoken English, the simple past, rather than the present perfec, is sometimes used with already. In this exercise, however, practice using the present perfect with already. 1. A: Have you ever been to Singapore? B: Yes,1__have _. I (be) _have been _ to Singapore several times. In fact, I (be) was _ in Singapore last year. 2. A: Have you ever taken a tour of the city? B: Yes,I____. I (cake) afew tours. Last year my wife and I (sake) a fun bike tour, 3. A: Are you going to book your flight this week? B: I (book, already) have already booked it. 1 (do) it yesterday. 4, A: What African countries (you, visit) ae oar B: I (visit) Kenya and Ethiopia. I (visit) —— Kenya in 2002. 1 (6¢)__ in Ethiopia last year. 5. Ai When are you going to write about your trip in your blog? B: I (write, already) it last night and (post) ee - I (write) - it this morning, 6. A: (Romero, visit, ever) B: Yes, he oo family overseas? ————— several times, « He (visit) (© EXERCISE 27» Let's talk: pairwork. (Chart 4.5) ‘With a partner, ask and answer the questions. Use the present perfect op si Beample: imple past, PartNer A: What countries have you been to? Partner B: I've been to Norway and Finland, Partner A: When were you in Norway? Partner B: I was in Norway three years ago, How abo: ut you? Partyer A: I've never been to Norway or Finland, ae at co but I've been to eMtes have you been to? 106 CHAPTER 41, What countries have you been to? When were you in 2. Where are some interesting places you have lived? When did you live in... ? 3. What are some interesting / unusual / scary things you have done in your lifetime? ‘When did you... ? 4, What are some helpful things (for a friend / your family / your community) you have done in your lifetime? When did you... ? G EXERCISE 28 > Listening. (Charts 2-3 and 4-5) For each item, you will hear two complete sentences and then the beginning of a third sentence. Complete the third sentence with the past participle of the verb you heard in the first two sentences. Example: You will hear: I eat vegetables every day. I ate vegetables for dinner last night. Thave... You will write: Ihave _eaten _ vegetables every day for a long time. 1, Since Friday, Ihave a lot of money. 2. All week, I have big breakfasts. 3. Today, I have already —___ __— several emails. 4, [just finished dinner, and I have —___a nice tip. 5. Since I was a teenager, I have ______in late on weekends. 6. All my life, Ihave____very carefully. 7. Since I was little, I have ______________ in the shower. @ EXERCISE 29 > Game. (Charts 4-1 -» 4-5) Work in groups: 1. Ona piece of paper, write down two statements about yourself, one in the simple past tense and one in the present perfect tense. ‘Make one statement true and one statement false. Say your sentences. ‘The other members of your group will try to guess which one is true, 5. Tell your group the answers after everyone has finished guessing. “The person with the most correct guesses at the end of the game is the winner. PEN Example: Srupent A: I’ve never cooked dinner. Tsaw a famous person last year. Srupenr B: You've never cooked dinner. That is true. ‘You saw a famous person last year. That is false. EXERCISE 30> Warm-up. (Chart 4-6). Complete the sentences with time information. 1. Lam sitting at my desk right now. I have been sitting at my desk since 2. Lam looking at my book. Ihave been looking at my book for Present Perfect and Past Perfect 107Aland Ann are in their car right now. They are | The reser penrEcT PROGRESSIVE talks about how long diving home. It is now four o'clock. an activity has been in progress before now. (@) They have been driving since two o'clock. nore: Time expressions with since, as in (a), and for, (b) They have been driving for two hours, as in (b), are frequently used with this tense. ‘They will be home soon, ‘STATEMENT: |__ haveihas + been + -ing (©) How long have they been driving? ‘uesmion: havelhas + subject + been + -ing Present Progressive vs. Present Perfect Progressive PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (6) Pois sitting in class right now. | The present progressive describes 3 | an activity that is in progress right | Now, as in (d). It does not discuss | uration (length of time), | INconsecr: Po has been sitting in Class right now, treo ect rronesne | Poi tga dekin dass | Taser segocpmee. 2 Present perfect progressive He sat d 3 now nine, ORK: Its | emphasizes the duraon tererh / of time) of an activity that began 8 gs (e) Po has been sitting in class in the past and is in progress right 5 8 since nine o'elock. now. x Se, (8) Pohas been sitting in class for | mcomnecr: Po ig sitting in class oa thirty minutes. since nine o'clock. (g) conaecr: | know Yoko. n Verbs (0.g., know, like, (h) iconnecr: / am knowing Yoko. are generally not useay 4 ; aa ei ad tte, ows alone) (i) connect: Ihave known Yoko for two years, With non-action verbs, the i 1 mame Ihe er nwa fre nara Oe er eet years. Situation that be a present, "egan in the past and continues to the *See Chart 1-6, Verbs Not Usually Used in the Progressive, p. 18, ————___ E 108 CHAPTER 4EXERCISE 31> Looking at grammar. (Chart 4-6) Complete the sentences. Use the present progressive or the present perfect progressive form of the verbs in parentheses. At School 1. I (sit) _____am sitting ___ in the cafeteria right now. I (sit) ___have been sitting here since twelve o’clock. 2. Kate is standing in line at the registration counter. She (euait) forhelp. She (wai) for help for twenty minutes. 3, Scott and Rebecca (study) ___ together right now. They (study) together in the library for over an hour. 4. Right now we're in class, We (do) _____an exercise. We (do) ____ this exercise for a couple of minutes. 5. A: You look busy right now. What (you, do) 2 B: I (work) _____________ on my physics experiment. It’s a difficult experiment. A: How, long (you, work) on it? B: I started planning it last January. I (work) onit since then. @ EXERCISE 32> Let's talk. (Chart 4-6) ‘Answer the questions your teacher asks. Your book is closed. Example: ‘TeacueR: Where are you living? SrupENt: I'm living in an apartment on Fourth Avenue. ‘TeacuER: How long have you been living there? Srupent: I’ve been living there since last September. 1. Right now you are sitting in class. How long have you been sitting here? 2. When did you first begin to study English? How long have you been studying English? 3. I began to teach English in (year). How long have I been teaching English? 4. Tegan to work at this school in (month or year). How long have I been working here? 5. What are we doing right now? How long have we been doing it? 6. (Student’s name), I see that you wear glasses. How long have you been wearing glasses? 7. Who drives? When did you first drive a car? How long have you been driving? 8. Who drinks coffee? How old were you when you started to drink coffee? How long have you been drinking coffee? 9. Who owns a motorcycle? How long have you owned one? 10. Who likes candy? How long have you liked candy? Present Perfect and Past Perfect 109EXERCISE 33 > Warm-up. (Chart 4-7) Read the sentences and answer this question: Who és Suzanne helping right now? 1. Roger is having trouble with math. Suzanne has been helping him with his homework tonigh, She has been helping him since 6:00. 2. Suzanne likes to help students with math, She has helped Tia and Kofi this week. (a) Tarik and Gina are talking on the phone. ‘The present perfect progressive expresses the They have been talking on the phone for duration of present activities, using action verbs, as 20 minutes. in @). The activity began in the past and is stl in | progress. Present Perfect (b) Tarik has talked to Gina on the phone many (before now). 7 , (c) mconrecr: Tarik has been talking to Gina on the (1 1epeatod activities that occur at unspecified es inthe past, as in(b), on phone many times. , (2) the duration of present situations, asin (2), (2) Tarik has known Gina for two years. Using non-action verbs, (e) connect: Tarik has been knowing Gina for two years. (f) Ihave been living here for six months. on (g) | have lived here for six months. (h) Ed has been wearing glasses since he was ten, on Ed has wom glasses since he was ten. Examples (f) and (g) have essentially the same (1) Fe been going to school ever since | was five | Meaning, and both are conect, years Often either ten od. on 0 canbe use with ve goneto school ever since | was five years od. | express the duration of veual or heen ny | 8 that happen daly or regularly). 110 CHAPTER 4EXERCISE 34> Looking at grammar. (Chart 4-7) ‘Complete the sentences with the verbs in italics. Use the present perfect progressive form for the activity that is still in progress. 1. has been helping / has helped b. Professor Jackson is really nice. He Professor Ruiz got to his office at 7:00 a.M. He —________a student since then, me several times with my medical school application, 2. has been sleeping / has slept a b. ‘Tony this afternoon. He stayed up all night to study for a test. Gina got a new mattress for her dorm room. She ——______________ ont twice, but it’s too hard for her. 3. have been reading | have read b. I this same page in my chemistry book three times, and I still don’t understand it. 1____it for the last half hour. It’s like another language! EXERCISE 35 > Looking at grammar. (Chapters 1, 2, and 4) Look at each set of sentences. Check (7) the sentences that are still in progress. Look at the verbs. in green, and discuss the differences in meaning. i a b. . a. b. s pose pao ge Rachel is taking English classes. ___ Nadia has been taking English classes for two months. Ayako has been living in Jerusalem for two years. She likes it there, _ Beatriz has lived in Jerusalem. She’s also lived in Paris. She’s lived in NewYork and ‘Tokyo. She’s lived in lots of cities. Jack has visited his aunt and uncle many times. ‘Matt has been visiting his aunt and uncle for the last three days. Cyril is talking on the phone. —— Cyril talks on the phone a lot. ___ Cyril has been talking to his boss on the phone for half an hour. ___ Cyril has talked to his boss on the phone lots of times. ____ Mr. Woods walks his dog in Forest Park every day. ____ Mr. Woods has walked his dog in Forest Park many times. ‘Mr. Woods walked his dog in Forest Park five times last week. ___ Mr. Woods is walking his dog in Forest Park right now. ____ Mr. Woods has been walking his dog in Forest Park since two o’clock. Present Perfect and Past Perfect 111-iichacts(4 eee) ter 1 al EXERCISE 36 » Looking at grammar. (Chapte v answer may be possible. than ont Choose the correct verb. In some sentences, more Frustrations ’t look clean. 1. I___ the windows twice, and they still don’t loo! SO atid a. am washing b. have washed ver an hour. 2. Please tell Mira to get off the phone. She —— for over a 5 eee a, is talking b, has talked c. has bee 3. Where are you? I____ at the mall for you to pick me up. A a. wait b. am waiting c. have been waiting 4. Josh —__ up all night twice this week, He has a lot of homework. a, stays b. has stayed c. has been staying 5. Where have you been? The baby —__, and I can’t comfort her. a. cries b. is crying c. has been crying {7 EXERCISE 37> Listening. (Chart 4-7) & Listen to the weather report. Then listen a; Do you know these words? sentences with the words you hear. ~ boy (as an’ eather ym exclamation) |” hig ham ~ what's in store TODAY'S WEATHER Sa gain and complete the The weather Certainly = ahs 5 today. Boy, what aday! aiteady =a aa = z — fain, wind, hail, and sun. So, what's in store for tonight? As you = —. We have a weather going to bring colder temperatures and high winds, a all week that this system is coming, and it looks Ike tonight ig it : 3 —— snow down south of us, and we could hang onto your hats! We may have a rough night ahead of 16EXERCISE 38 > Looking at grammar. (Chart 4-7) Complete the sentences. Use the present perfect or the present perfect progressive form of the verbs in parentheses. In some sentences, either form is possible. Enjoying the Outdoors 1, A: I'd like to take a break. We (hike) have been hiking for more than an hour. B: OK, let’s stop here. The views are beautiful. 2. A: Is the trail to Glacier Lake difficult? B: No, not at all. I (hike) ___have hiked __ it many times with my kids. 3. A: Do you like it here? B: Ilove it! I (Give) _have been living / have lived here since the beginning of the summer and (take) several beautiful hikes. 4. A: I'm getting hungry. We (walk) since sunrise. I think P'll have lunch, B: Good idea. 5. A: Do you like this campsite? B: Very much. I (stay) _______here several times. It’s my favorite place to camp. 6. A: It’s snowing, It (snow) all night. B: The skiing will be great! 7. A: Do you ski often? B: Every day! I (wort) ______as a ski instructor here for the past five months. As (you, teach) for a long time? B: I (seach) people to ski since I was a teenager. Present Perfect and Past Perfect 113scribes it. ‘ten to each conversation and choose the sentence that best des You will hear: A: This movie is silly. Tagree. It’s really dumb. You will choose: @) The couple has been watching a movie. b. The couple finished watching a movie. @ EXERCISE 39> Listening. (Charts 4-3 + 4-7) Lis | ! a. The speakers listened to the radio already, ». The speakers have been listening to the radio. - a. The man lived in Dubai a year ago, b. The man still lives in Dubai. ] 3. a. The man has called the children several times, b. The man called the children once. a. The speakers wer "nt to a party and are still there. b. The speakers wi ent to a party and have already left. @ EXERCISE 40> Listening and speaking. (Chapters 1+ 4) Part I. Listen to the Phone conversation between a mother and her daughter, Lara. A Common Iliness Lara: Hi, Mom. Iwas just calling to tell weekend. I’m afraid I’m sick, Mom: Oh, I'm sorry to hear that. Lara: Yeah, I got sick Wednesday night, Mom: Are you going to see a doctor? Lara: you that T can’t come to your birthday party this and it’s just been getting worse. 1 Hear mows T doc wast te ya m 4 donor Gary nt sexta, Mom: Well, what symptoms have you been having? Lara: T’ve had a cough, and now Ihave a fever, Mom: Have you been taking any medicine? Lara: Just over-the-counter* stuff, Mon: If your fever doesn’t go away, I think you need to call a doctor, Lara: Yeah, I probably will. Mom: Well, call me tomorrow, and let me know how you're doing. Lara: OK. I'll call you in the morning. ee *overthe counter = medicine you can buy without a prescription Roma dock i 114 CHAPTER 4@) Part I. Work with a partner, Complete the conversation and practice it. Take turns being the parent and the sick person. Possible symptoms: a fever chills a sore throat a runny nose achiness a stomachache acough a headache sneezing nausea A: Hi, Mom/Dad. I was just calling to tell you that I can’t come to B: Ob, I'm sorry to hear that. . I'm afraid I’m sick. A: Yeah, I got sick Wednesday night, and it’s just been getting worse. B: Are you going to see a doctor? A: Idon’t know. I don’t want to go to a doctor if it’s not serious. B: Well, what symptoms have you been having? A: I've had » and now I have B: Have you been taking any medicine? A: Just over-the-counter stuff. B: If your ___ doesn’t go away, I think you need to call a doctor. A: Yeah, I probably will. B: Well, call me tomorrow and let me know how you’re doing. A: OK. I'll call you in the morning. EXERCISE 41 > Warm-up. (Charts 4-8) Read Karen’s statement. Which sentence (a. ot b.) is correct? Karen: Jay met me for lunch. He was so happy. He had passed his driver’s test. a. First, Jay talked to Karen. Then he passed his test. . First, Jay passed his test. Then he talked to Karen. Present Perfect and Past Perfect. 115Situation: ; Jack left his office at 2:00. Mia arrived at his office at 2:15 and knocked on the door (0) By the time Mia arrived, Jack had already left. (0) Jack had left his office when Mia arrived. (a) When Mia arrived, Jack wasn't there. He had left. cor is used when the speaker is talkin, mouth moe diferent ‘events at two different times in the past; one event ended before the second event happened. In (@): There are two events, and both happened in the past: Jack left his office. Mia arrived at his office. ‘To show the time relationship between the two ‘events, we use the past perfect (had left) to say | that the first event (Jack leaving his office) was | completed before the second event (Mia arriving at | his office) occurred. another. | In (By the time is frequently used with the past, perfect to indicate one event happened before For: had + past participle (d) He'd left. deft. They'd eft. Ete. (©) Jack had left before Mia arrived. (f) Jack left before Mia arrived. (g) Mia arrived after Jack had left. | (h) Mia arrived after Jack left. (i). Stella was alone in a strange city. She walked ‘down the avenue slowly, looking in shop. windows. Suddenly, she turned her head and looked behind her. Someone had called her name. |_SOMRACTION: 1/ You / she / he / it / we / they + 'd {oer before and after are used in a sentence, Partan® teationship is already clear so the past De nanti® often not necessary. The simple past may +e Used, as in (f) and (h), Eames (6) and (f have the same meaning, | Examples (g) and (h) have the same meaning. | The past perfect = —T is more a suchas fron, sc ee COMMON in formal wir 116 CHAPTER 4EXERCISE 42> Looking at grammar. (Chart 4-8) Identify which action in the past took place first (Ist) and which action took place second (2nd). 1. Before I went to bed, I checked the front door. My roommate had already locked it, a, —2nd__ I checked the door. b, ——Ist__ My roommate locked the door. 2. Looked for Diego, but he had left the building. a, —______ Diego left the building. b, _____ I looked for Diego. 3. Llaughed when I saw my son. He had poured a bowl of noodles on top of his head. I laughed. b. ‘My son poured a bow! of noodles on his head. 4. Oliver arrived at the theater on time, but he couldn’t get in. He had left his ticket at home. a, —______ Oliver left his ticket at home. b, —_____ Oliver arrived at the theater. 5. [handed Betsy the newspaper, but she didn’t want it. She had read it during her lunch hour. a, _____ I handed Betsy the newspaper. b, _____ Betsy read the newspaper. 6. After Carl arrived in New York, he called his mother. He had promised to call her as soon as Carl made a promise to his mother. Carl called his mother. g 7. The tennis player jumped in the air for joy. He had won the match he got in. a, _______ The tennis player won the match. b, _______ The tennis player jumped in the air. é Present Perfect and Past Perfect 1173, 4-4, and 4-8) (Charts 43, ‘ct, Use have, has, ot had, mar. ga present perfect or past perfe EXERCISE 43 » Loo! Complete the conversations with the present | | 1. A: There's Professor Newton. I'll introduce yous | : | B: You don’t need to. I already met him. | 2. A: Did Jack introduce you to Professor Newton? already met him before I moved here. left. B: He didn’t need to. I 3. A: Oh, no! We're too late. The train B: That’s OK. We'll catch the next one. 4, A: Tom missed the train. B: know, Iwas with him, When we got to the station, the train just left. 5. A: You sure woke up early this morning! B: Well, went to bed early last night. By 6:00 a.m. I eight hours. already slept for 6. A: Go back to sleep. It’s only 6:00 in the morning. B: I can’t, I_________ been awake since 5:00. 7, A: Grandpa _______ gone back into the hospital again. B: What happened? A: When Grandma got home last night, she found him on the floor. He fallen and hit his head. EXERCISE 44> Check your knowledge. (Chapter 4 Review) Correct the errors in verb tense usage. My Experience with English studying 1. Thave been stucied English for eight years, but I still have a lotto learn, 2. Istart English clases a this choo! two months ago, and [have learned alot of F lish a lot of Englis since then. 3. Iwant to learn English since I am a child, 4 Thave been thinking about how to improve my English skis quickly since 1 here, but I came here, but hadn’t found a good way. 5. Our teacher likes to give tests. We has have six tests since th le beginning of thy term. 6. Llike learning English. When Iwas young, my father found an Australian gi Bitl to teach my brothe’* and me English, but when we move to another city, my father a didn’t fing anyone to teach us. 118 CHAPTER 47. Imade many friends since school started. I meet Abdul in the cafeteria on the first day, He was friendly and kind. We are friends since that day. 8, Abdul have been study English for three months. His English is better than mine. EXERCISE 45 > Reading, grammar, and writing. (Chapters 1, 2, and 4) Part I. Read the passage. Underline the words that express time. Note the verbs in green. A Brief Introduction My name is Tanet Sakda. | am from Thalland. Right now | am studying English at this school. | have been at this school since the beginning of January. | arrived here on January 2, and my classes began on January 6. Since | came here, | have done many things, and I have met many people. Last week, | went to a party at my friend's house. | met some of the other students from Thailand at the party. Of course, we spoke Thai, so | didn't practice my English that night. There were only people from Thailand at the party. However, since I came here, | have made friends with a lot of other people too, including people from Latin America and the Middle East. I have enjoyed meeting people from other countries, and they have become my friends. Now | know people from around the world. Part I. Write three paragraphs about yourself. Use Part I as a model. Answer these questions: Paragraph I: 1, What is your name? 2. Where are you from? __ 3. How long have you been here? Paragraph Il: 4, What have you done since you came here? ox What have you learned since you began studying English? Paragraph I 5. Who(m) have you met in this class? ox Who(m) have you met recently? 6. Give a little information about these people. Present Perfect and Past Perfect 119WRITING TIP ing, Small differences in verb forms can change nfusing. fet gy i ‘The Enh verb tem an seem vy conineck your writing is to focus on one verb form a, 1e meaning of a sentence. : instances of now and check ° i Find all the instances and che a time word Tike now. cessive for this writin, sis yc he ie I ype ogre oii assignment, Note that sometimes, there is only one time Wor follow. ime. Check Then choose another time word and think about the verb tenses for that time. Check that they are correct. Later, for a final check, go through your paragraphs sentence by sentence to check your verbs one last time, Here are some helpful time markers and the tenses they often go with: Time Markers Tense(s) note, today present progressive _ last night | week / ete. simple past that night / week | etc. yesterday in 2010 (specific date) since, for Present perfect, simple past* oR Present perfect progressive (for events still in progress) ceric mag, "nen You introduce a time clause with since, the main clause uses present perfect and the sinonclaune wane simple past. Part II. Edit your writing. Check for the following: 1. Cluse of the simple past for finished events 2. Cluse of the present perfect for events ‘up to now 3. Cluse of the present perfect for unspecified time 4.0 eet Present perfect progressive for event that started in the ast and are still in . correct use of have and has with the present pe - Chcorrect spelling (use a dictionary or spell-check) ay silo te ret riers venpveasies For digital resources, go to MyEnglishLab on the Pearson Engi Practice English app for mobile practice, nalsh Portal. You can aloo go tothe Peaso™ 120 CHAPTER 4