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The area of marriage and family counseling/therapy has exploded over the past decade. Counselors
at all levels are expected to work effectively with couples and families experiencing a wide variety
of issues and problems. Structural, strategic, and transgenerational family therapists at times may
seem to be operating alike, using similar interventions with a family. Differences might become
clear when the therapist explains a certain technique or intervention. Most of today's practicing
family therapists go far beyond the limited number of techniques usually associated with a single
theory.



The following select techniques have been used in working with couples and families to stimulate
change or gain greater information about the family system. Each technique should be judiciously
applied and viewed as not a cure, but rather a method to help mobilize the family. The when,
where, and how of each intervention always rests with the therapist's professional judgment and
personal skills.

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The genogram, a technique often used early in family therapy, provides a graphic picture of the
family history. The genogram reveals the family's basic structure and demographics. (McGoldrick
& Gerson, 1985). Through symbols, it offers a picture of three generations. Names, dates of
marriage, divorce, death, and other relevant facts are included in the genogram. It provides an
enormous amount of data and insight for the therapist and family members early in therapy. As an
informational and diagnostic tool, the genogram is developed by the therapist in conjunction with
the family.

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The family floor plan technique has several variations. Parents might be asked to draw the family
floor plan for the family of origin. Information across generations is therefore gathered in a
nonthreatening manner. Points of discussion bring out meaningful issues related to one's past.

Another adaptation of this technique is to have members draw the floor plan for their nuclear
family. The importance of space and territory is often inferred as a result of the family floor plan.
Levels of comfort between family members, space accommodations, and rules are often revealed.
Indications of differentiation, operating family triangles, and subsystems often become evident.
Used early in therapy, this technique can serve as an excellent diagnostic tool (Coppersmith,
1980).

 
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Most family therapists use reframing as a method to both join with the family and offer a different
perspective on presenting problems. Specifically, reframing involves taking something out of its
logical class and placing it in another category (Sherman & Fredman, 1986). For example, a
mother's repeated questioning of her daughter's behavior after a date can be seen as genuine caring
and concern rather than that of a nontrusting parent. Through reframing, a negative often can be
reframed into a positive.

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Most family therapists use tracking. Structural family therapists (Minuchin & Fishman, 1981) see
tracking as an essential part of the therapist's joining process with the family. During the tracking
process the therapist listens intently to family stories and carefully records events and their
sequence. Through tracking, the family therapist is able to identify the sequence of events
operating in a system to keep it the way it is. What happens between point A and point B or C to
create D can be helpful when designing interventions.

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Communication patterns and processes are often major factors in preventing healthy family
functioning. Faulty communication methods and systems are readily observed within one or two
family sessions. A variety of techniques can be implemented to focus directly on communication
skill building between a couple or between family members. Listening techniques including
restatement of content, reflection of feelings, taking turns expressing feelings, and nonjudgmental
brainstorming are some of the methods utilized in communication skill building.

In some instances the therapist may attempt to teach a couple how to fight fair, to listen, or may
instruct other family members how to express themselves with adults. The family therapist
constantly looks for faulty communication patterns that can disrupt the system.

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Developed by Duhl, Kantor, and Duhl (1973), family sculpting provides for recreation of the
family system, representing family members relationships to one another at a specific period of
time. The family therapist can use sculpting at any time in therapy by asking family members to
physically arrange the family. Adolescents often make good family sculptors as they are provided
with a chance to nonverbally communicate thoughts and feelings about the family. Family
sculpting is a sound diagnostic tool and provides the opportunity for future therapeutic
interventions.

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The family photos technique has the potential to provide a wealth of information about past and
present functioning. One use of family photos is to go through the family album together. Verbal
and nonverbal responses to pictures and events are often quite revealing. Adaptations of this
method include asking members to bring in significant family photos and discuss reasons for
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bringing them, and locating pictures that represent past generations. Through discussion of photos,
the therapist often more clearly sees family relationships, rituals, structure, roles, and
communication patterns.

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Couples and families that are stuck frequently exhibit predictable behavior cycles. Boredom is
present, and family members take little time with each other. In such cases, family members feel
unappreciated and taken for granted. "Caring Days" can be set aside when couples are asked to
show caring for each other. Specific times for caring can be arranged with certain actions in mind
(Stuart, 1980).

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The empty chair technique, most often utilized by Gestalt therapists (Perls, Hefferline, &
Goodman, 1985), has been adapted to family therapy. In one scenario, a partner may express his or
her feelings to a spouse (empty chair), then play the role of the spouse and carry on a dialogue.
Expressions to absent family, parents, and children can be arranged through utilizing this
technique.

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In family choreography, arrangements go beyond initial sculpting; family members are asked to
position themselves as to how they see the family and then to show how they would like the family
situation to be. Family members may be asked to reenact a family scene and possibly resculpt it to
a preferred scenario. This technique can help a stuck family and create a lively situation.

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Family council meetings are organized to provide specific times for the family to meet and share
with one another. The therapist might prescribe council meetings as homework, in which case a
time is set and rules are outlined. The council should encompass the entire family, and any absent
members would have to abide by decisions. The agenda may include any concerns of the family.
Attacking others during this time is not acceptable. Family council meetings help provide structure
for the family, encourage full family participation, and facilitate communication.

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This technique, often used by strategic family therapists, involves meeting with one member of the
family as a supportive means of helping that person change. Individual change is expected to affect
the entire family system. The individual is often asked to behave or respond in a different manner.
This technique attempts to disrupt a circular system or behavior pattern.
 
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The stress level of couples and families often is exacerbated by a faulty decision-making process.
Decisions not made in these cases become problematic in themselves. When straightforward
interventions fail, paradoxical interventions often can produce change or relieve symptoms of
stress. Such is the case with prescribing indecision. The indecisive behavior is reframed as an
example of caring or taking appropriate time on important matters affecting the family. A directive
is given to not rush into anything or make hasty decisions. The couple is to follow this directive to
the letter.

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This technique, widely used by strategic family therapists, attempts to place control in the hands of
the individual or system. The therapist may recommend, for example, the continuation of a
symptom such as anxiety or worry. Specific directives are given as to when, where, and with
whom, and for what amount of time one should do these things. As the client follows this
paradoxical directive, a sense of control over the symptom often develops, resulting in subsequent
change.

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The techniques suggested here are examples from those that family therapists practice. Counselors
will customize them according to presenting problems. With the focus on healthy family
functioning, therapists cannot allow themselves to be limited to a prescribed operational procedure,
a rigid set of techniques or set of hypotheses. Therefore, creative judgment and personalization of
application are encouraged.

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Coppersmith, E. (1980). The family floor plan: A tool of training, assessment, and intervention in
family therapy. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 6, 141-145.

Duhl, F. S., Kantor, D., & Duhl, B. S. (1973). Learning Space and action in family therapy: A
primer of sculpting. In D. Bloch (Ed.), Techniques of family psychotherapy: A primer. New York:
Grune & Stratton.

McColdrick, M., & Gerson, R. (1985). Genograms in family assessment. New York: Norton.

Minuchin, S., & Fishman, H. (1981). Techniques of family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.

Perls, F. S., Hefferline, R. F., & Goodman, P. (1951). Gestalt therapy. New York: Julian Press.

Sherman, R., & Fredman, N. (1986). Handbook of structural techniques in marriage and family
therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Stuart, R. (1989). Helping couples change. New York: Guildford Press.