JC Excellente Christian Academy Inc. Example 2: The relation pairing a real number to its square.

ACADEMIC EXCELLENCE.LEADERSHIP POTENTIAL. CHRISTIAN VALUES Solution: Each real number has a unique perfect square. Thus, the relation is a
Blk. 40 Lot 73 Road 1 Minuyan II, CSJDM Bulacan function. However, two different real numbers such as 2 and – 2 may have the same
square. Thus, the function is not one-to-one.

General Mathematics
Example 3: The relation pairing an airport to its airport code
Airport codes are three letter codes used to uniquely identify airports
Module 3 around the world and prominently displayed on checked-in bags to denote the
Lesson 1 destination of these bags. Here are some examples of airport codes:

TOPIC: One-to-One Functions  MNL – Ninoy Aquino International Airport (All Terminals)
 CEB – Mactan – Cebu International Airport
INTRODUCTION:  DVO – Francisco Bangoy International Airport (Davao)
 JFK – John F. Kennedy International Airport (New York City)
At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to represent real-life situations using one-  CDG – Charles de Gaulle International Airport (Paris, France)
to-one functions.
Lesson Outline: Solution: Since each airport has a unique airport code, then the relation is a
1. One-to-one functions function. Also, since no two airports share the same airport code, then the function is
2. Examples of real-life situations represented by one-to-one functions. one-to-one.
3. Horizontal line test.

Example 4: The relation pairing a person to his or her citizenship.

INSTRUCTION: Solution: The relation is not a function because a person can have dual
citizenship (i.e., citizenship is not unique).
The function is f one-to-one if for any x 1, x 2 in the domain of f , then f (x 1) f ( x 2).
That is, the same y– value is never paired with two different x–values. Example 5: The relation pairing a distance d (in kilometers) traveled along a given
jeepney route to the jeepney fare for traveling that distance.
In Examples 1-5, determine whether the given relation is a function. If it is a function, Solution: The relation is a function since each distance traveled along a given
determine whether it is one-to-one or not. jeepney route has an official fare. In fact, as shown in Lesson 1, the jeepney fare may
be represented by a piecewise function, as shown below:

Example 1: The relation pairing an SSS member to his or her SSS number. 8.00 if 0< d ≤ 4
Solution: Each SSS member is assigned to a unique SSS number. Thus, the
relation is a function. Further, two different members cannot be assigned the same
F (d )=
{
( 8.00+1.50 [ d ] ) ifd> 4

SSS number. Thus, the function is one-to-one.

Note that [d] is the floor or greatest integer function applied to d.
However, the function is not one-to-one because different distances (e.g., 2, 3 or 4
kilometers) are charged the same rate (P8.00). That is, because, EVALUATION:
F ( 3 ) =F ( 2 )=F ( 3.5 )=8, then it is not one-to-one.
1. For what values of k is the set of order pairs {(2 , 4) ,(k , 6),(4 , k )} a one-to-
A simple way to determine if a given graph is that of a one-to-one function is by one function?
using the Horizontal Line Test. 2. Consider each uppercase letter in the English alphabet as a graph. Is there any
of these letters that will pass both the vertical and horizontal line tests?
3. The length of a rectangle l, , is four more than its width. Let A(l) be the
HORIZONTAL LINE TEST function mapping the length of the rectangle to its area. Is the function one-to-
A function is one-to-one if each horizontal line does not intersect the graph at more one?
than one point.

A graph showing the plot of y=x 2−4 fails the horizontal line test because some lines (You can use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.)
intersect the graph at more than one point.

THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LINE TESTS

All functions satisfy the vertical line test. All one-to-one functions satisfy both the
vertical and horizontal line tests

ENRICHMENT:

1. Which of the following are one-to-one functions?

a. Books to author
b. SIM card to cellphone numbers
c. True or False questions to answers

2. Which of the following relations is a one-to-one function?

a. { ( 0,0 ) , ( 1,1 ) , ( 2,8 ) , ( 3,27 ) , ( 4,64 ) }
b. {(−2.4 ) , (−1.1 ) , ( 0,0 ) , ( 1,1 ) , ( 2,4 ) }
c. ¿
 JC Excellente Christian Academy Inc. To find the inverse of a one-to-one function:
ACADEMIC EXCELLENCE.LEADERSHIP POTENTIAL. CHRISTIAN VALUES (a) Write the function in the form y=f (x );
Blk. 40 Lot 73 Road 1 Minuyan II, CSJDM Bulacan (b) Interchange the x and y variables;
(c) Solve for y in terms of x.

General Mathematics
Example 1: Find the inverse of f ( x )=3 x +1
Solution: The equation of the function is y=3 x +1.
Module 3 Interchange the x and y variables: x=3 y +1
Lesson 2
Solve for y in terms of x :
TOPIC: Inverse of One-to-one Functions x=3 y +1
x−1=3 y
INTRODUCTION: x−1 x−1
= y ⇒ y=
3 3
At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to determine the inverses of one-to-one −1 x−1
Therefore, the inverse of f ( x )=3 x +1 is f ( x )= .
functions. 3
Lesson Outline:
1. Inverse of a one-to-one function.
2. Finding the inverse of a one-to-one function. PROPERTIES OF AN INVERSE OF A ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION
3. Property of inverse functions
Given a one-to-one function f (x) and its inverse f −1, then the following are true:
 The inverse of f −1 is f (x).
INSTRUCTION:  f ( f −1 ( x ) )=x for all x in the domain of f −1.
 f ( f ( x ) )=x for all x in the domain of f .
−1
The importance of one-to-one functions is due to the fact that these are the only
For the second and third properties above, it can be imagined that evaluating a
functions that have an inverse, as defined below:
function and its inverse in succession is like reversing the effect of the function. For
Definition: Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B. Then the example, the inverse of a function that multiplies 3 to a number and adds 1 is a
inverse of f, denoted by f −1, is a function with domain B and range A defined by function that subtracts 1 and then divides the result by 3.
f −1 ( y ) =x if and only if f ( x )= y for any y in B.

A function has an inverse if and only if it is one-to-one. If a function f is Example 2: Find the inverse of g ( x )=x 3−2.
not one-to-one, properly defining an inverse function f −1will be problematic. For Solution: The equation of the function is y=x 3−2.
example, suppose that f (1)=5 and f (3)=5. If f −1exists, then f −1 (5) has to be both 1 Interchange the x and y variables: x= y 3−2.
and 3, and this prevents f −1 from being a valid function. This is the reason why the Solve for y in terms of x.
inverse is only defined for one-to-one functions. x= y 3−2
 x +2= y 3 (Optional) We can still apply the procedure for finding the inverse of a one-to-one
y= √3 (x+ 2) function to see what happens when it is applied to a function that is not one-to-one.
The inverse of g ( x )=x 3−2 if g−1 ( x )=√3 ( x +2). The equation of the function is y=x 2−4 x−2.
Interchange the x and y variables: x= y 2−4 y−2
2 x +1 Solve for y in terms of x.
Example 3: Find the inverse of the rational function f ( x )= . x= y 2−4 y−2
3 x−4
x +2= y 2−4 y
2 x +1
Solution: The equation of the function is y= x +2+4= y 2−4 y + 4
3 x−4
(Complete the square)
2
2 y +1 x +6= ( y+ 2 )
Interchange the x and y variables: x=
3 y−4 ± √ x +6= y +2
Solve for y in terms of x. ± √ x +6−2= y ⇒ y =± √ x +6−2
2 y +1 The equation y=± √ x+ 6−2 does not represent a function because there are some x-
x= values that correspond to two different y-values (e.g., if x=3, y can be 1 or −5.)
3 y−4
Therefore, the function f ( x )=x 2 +4 x−2 has no inverse function.
x ( 3 y −4 )=2 y+ 1
3 xy−4 x=2 y+ 1
ENRICHMENT:
3 xy−2 y=4 x+ 1
1. Find the inverse of f ( x )=2 x +7.
(Place all terms with y on one side and those without y on the other side) x−7
2. Find the inverse of f ( x )= .
y ( 3 x −2 )=4 x+1 2

4 x +1
y= EVALUATION:
3 x−2
2 x +1 −1 4 x +1 i. Which among the following functions have an inverse?
Therefore the inverse of f ( x )= is f ( x )= (a) f ( x )=2 x 3−5
3 x−4 3 x−2
(b) g ( x )=3 x−8
1
(c) h ( x )= 2
Example 4: Find the inverse of f ( x )=x 2−4 x−2, if it exists. x
(d) k ( x )=¿ x∨¿
Solution: The students should recognize that this is a quadratic function with
(e) l ( x ) =x2 −6 x
a graph in the shape of a parabola that opens upwards. It is not a one-to-one function
as it fails the horizontal line test. ii. Find the inverse of f ( x )=−x 3 +2.
 −1 1
iii. Find the f (x) if f ( x )= .
x−2

(You can use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.)