Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)

Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Subject: Mobile Communications

Class: 4th

Lecture Five
The grade of service (GOS)
By
Msc. Musadaq Mahir

2020-2021

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

The grade of service (GOS):

It is a measure of the ability of a user to access a trunked system during the busiest hour.

 The grade of service is a benchmark used to define the desired performance of a

particular trunked system by specifying a desired probability of a user obtaining channel
access given a specific number of channels available in the system.
 It is the wireless designer's job to estimate the maximum required capacity and to allocate
the proper number of channels in order to meet the GOS.
 GOS is typically given as the probability that a call is blocked, or the probability of a call
experiencing a delay greater than a certain queuing time.

Traffic intensity is the average number of calls simultaneously in progress during a particular
period of time. It is measured either in units of Erlangs or CCS.

When the offered traffic exceeds the maximum capacity of the system, the carried traffic
becomes limited due to the limited capacity (i.e. limited number of channels).

 The maximum possible carried traffic is the total number of channels, C, in Erlangs.
 The AMPS cellular system is designed for a GOS of 2% blocking. This implies that the
channel allocations for cell sites are designed so that 2 out of 100 calls will be blocked
due to channel occupancy during the busiest hour.

There are two types of trunked systems which are commonly used.

1- no queuing
2- queuing

(1) The first type offers no queuing for call requests. That is, for every user who requests
service, it is assumed there is no setup time and the user is given immediate access to a
channel if one is available. If no channels are available, the requesting user is blocked
without access and is free to try again later. This type of trunking is called blocked calls
cleared and assumes that calls arrive as determined by a Poisson distribution.
Furthermore, it is assumed that there are an infinite number of users as well as the
following:

(a) there are memoryless arrivals of requests, implying that all users, including
blocked users, may request a channel at any time;
(b) the probability of a user occupying a channel is exponentially distributed, so
that longer calls are less likely to occur as described by an exponential
distribution;

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

(c) There are a finite number of channels available in the trunking pool. This is
known as an M/M/m queue, and leads to the derivation of the Erlang B
formula (also known as the blocked calls cleared formula).

The Erlang B formula determines the probability that a call is blocked and is a measure of the
GOS for a trunked system which provides no queuing for blocked calls.

The Erlang B formula is given by

AC
Pr [blocking ]  C C! k  GOS
A
k 0 k!

where C is the number of trunked channels offered by a trunked radio system and
A is the total offered traffic.

While it is possible to model trunked systems with finite users, the resulting expressions are
much more complicated than the Erlang B result, and the added complexity is not warranted for
typical trunked systems which have users that outnumber available channels by orders of
magnitude.

Furthermore, the Erlang B formula provides a conservative estimate of the GOS, as the finite
user results always predict a smaller likelihood of blocking. The capacity of a trunked radio
system where blocked calls are lost is tabulated for various values of GOS and numbers of
channels in Table below

Capacity of an Erlang B system

Number of Capacity (Erlangs) for GOS

channels C 0.01 0.005 0.002 0.001
2 0.153 0.105 0.065 0.046
4 0.869 0.701 0.535 0.439
5 1.36 1.13 0.9 0.762
10 4.46 3.96 3.43 3.09
20 12 11.1 10.1 9.41
24 15.3 14.2 13 12.2
40 29 27.3 25.7 24.5
70 56.1 53.7 51 49.2
100 84.1 80.9 77.4 75.2
(2) The second kind of trunked system is one in which a queue is provided to hold calls
which are blocked.

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

 If a channel is not available immediately, the call request may be delayed until a
channel becomes available.
 This type of trunking is called Blocked Calls Delayed, and its measure of GOS is
defined as the probability that a call is blocked after waiting a specific length of
time in the queue.
 To find the GOS, it is first necessary to find the likelihood that a call is initially
denied access to the system. The likelihood of a call not having immediate access
to a channel is determined by the Erlang C formula

AC
Pr [delay  0] 
 A  C 1 Ak
AC  C!1   
 C  k 0 k !

 If no channels are immediately available the call is delayed, and the probability
that the delayed call is forced to wait more than t seconds is given by the
probability that a call is delayed, multiplied by the conditional probability that the
delay is greater than t seconds.

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Example 1

How many users can be supported for 0.5% blocking probability for the following number
of trunked channels in a blocked calls cleared system?

a. 5
b. 10

Assume each user generates AU = 0.1 Erlangs of traffic.

Solution

(a) From Erlang B chart, we obtain A ≈ 1

Therefore, total number of users, U = A/AU = 1 /0.1 = 10 users.

(b) From Erlang B chart, we obtain A ≈ 4

Therefore, total number of users, U = A/AU = 4 /0.1 = 40 users.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example 2

How many users can be supported for 0.5% blocking probability for the following number of
trunked channels in a blocked calls cleared system? (a) 1, (b) 5, (c) 10, (d) 20, and (e) 100.
Assume each user generates 0.1 Erlangs of traffic.

Solution

From the table of the capacity of an Erlang B system, we can find the total capacity in Erlangs
for the 0.5% GOS for different numbers of channels.

By using the relation A = UAU, we can obtain the total number of users that can be supported
in the system.

(a) Given C = 1, AU = 0.1, GOS = 0.005

From Erlang B chart, we obtain A = 0.005
Therefore, total number of users, U = A/AU = 0.005 /0.1 = 0.05 users.
But, actually one user could be supported on one channel. So, U = 1

(b) Given C = 5, AU = 0.1, GOS = 0.005

From Erlang B chart, we obtain A = 1.13
Therefore, total number of users, U = A/AU = 1.13/0.1 = 11 users.

(c) Given C = 10, AU = 0.1, GOS = 0.005

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

From Erlang B chart, we obtain A = 3.96 Erlangs

Therefore, total number of users, U = A/AU = 3.96/0.1 ≈ 39 users.

(d) Given C = 20, AU = 0.1, GOS = 0.005

From Erlang B chart, we obtain A = 11.10
Therefore, total number of users, U = A/AU = 11.1/0.1 = 110 users.

(e) Given C = 100, AU = 0.1, GOS = 0.005

From Erlang B chart, we obtain A = 80.9
Therefore, total number of users, U = A/AU = 80.9/0.1 = 809 users.

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Class: 4th

Tetorial for Chapter 1

Introduction to Wireless Communication System

By
Musadaq Mahir

2020-2021

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Q1: - List the Classifications of mobile radio transmission systems and explain
them.
Solution:
Mobile radio transmission systems can be classified into three types
1- Simplex systems: communication is possible in only one direction.
2- Half-duplex: radio systems allow two-way communication using the same radio
channel for both transmission and reception.
3- Full duplex: systems allow simultaneous radio transmission and reception
between a subscriber and a base station, by providing two simultaneous but
separate channels (frequency division duplex, or FDD) or (time division duplex, or
TDD).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q2: - Define the following terms
1- Frequency division duplexing (FDD)
2- Reverse channel
3- Forward channel
4- Paging Systems
5- LTE
Solution:
1- Frequency division duplexing (FDD): A pair of simplex channels with a fixed
and known frequency separation is used to define a specific radio channel in the
system.
2- Reverse channel: The channel used to carry traffic from the mobile user to a
base station.
3- Forward channel: The channel used to convey traffic to the mobile user from a
base station.

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

4- Paging systems: Paging systems are communication systems that send brief
messages to a subscriber. Depending on the type of service, the message may be
either text or voice messages.
5- LTE : LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a standard for wireless communication of
high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals increasing the capacity and
speed using a different radio interface
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q3: - List the types of wireless communication systems.
Solution:
The types of wireless communication systems are
1- Paging Systems
2- Cordless Telephone Systems
3- Satellite communication systems
4- Wireless LAN systems
5- Cellular Telephone Systems
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q4: - Answer the following
A: -What are the main features of Satellite Communication Systems.
B: - What are the main characteristics of Wireless LAN (WLAN)
C:- List the main features of the LTE

Solution:
A: - The main feature of the satellite communication systems
 Very wide range and coverage
 Very useful in sparsely populated areas: rural areas, sea, mountains, etc.
 Target: Vehicles and/or other stationary/mobile uses
 Expensive base station (satellites) systems

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

B: -The main characteristics of Wireless LAN (WLAN) are

 Low mobility (not for vehicular use)
 High speed data transmission
 Confined regions – buildings and campuses
 Coverage: 100m – 300m per base station
 Uses the following bands (902-928 MHz, 2400-2483.5 MHz, 5725-5850
MHz)
C. The main features of the LTE
 downlink peak rates of 300 Mbit/s,
 uplink peak rates of 75 Mbit/s
 Quality of Service (QoS) provisions permitting a transfer latency of less than
5 ms in the radio access network (RAN).
 Has the ability to manage fast-moving mobiles
 Supports scalable carrier bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz.
 Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) for the downlink,
Single-carrier FDMA for the uplink to conserve power.
 Supports both FDD and TDD.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q5/ What are the Transmission types?

Solution:

1. Unicast (point-to-point) transmission is made from one device to a single

other device. It means that the packet is addressed to one receiver.
2. Broadcast transmission is made from one device to all other devices. In
this case there is just one sender, but the information is sent to all connected
receivers.

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

3. Multicast transmission is made from one device to a subset of the other

available devices. In this case there is just one sender, but the information is
sent to a group of receivers.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q6: - List the main features of the LTEA :

LTE Advanced is a mobile communication standard and a major enhancement of

the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard

 higher capacity,
 increased peak data rate,
 Downlink 3 Gbps,
 Uplink 1.5 Gbps
 Higher spectral efficiency (30 bps/Hz)
 Increased number of simultaneously active subscribers.
 LTE-Advanced can use up to 8x8 MIMO and 128 QAM in downlink
direction.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q7/ Define (GPRS) and list its features.

Solution:

 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is packet switched technology

which based on existing GSM cellular network infrastructure and adds new
packet-switching network equipment.
 The GPRS gives GSM subscribers access to data communication application
such as e-mail and internet using their mobile phone.
 Speed: up to 114 kbps
 The GPRS allows multiple slots of a GSM radio channel be dedicated to an
individual user. Physical channel is only assigned when data needs to be
transmitted or received.

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Q8/ List the features of all cellular generations.

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Class: 4th

Tetorial 2
Chapter Two
The Cellular Concept-System Design

By
Msc. Musadaq Mahir

2020-2021

Page 1 of 14
 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Q1/ What are the main components of GSM and NSS

GSM components

 MS (mobile station)
 BS (base station)
 MSC (mobile switching center)
 LR (location register
 NSS Components
 Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)
 Databases (important: scalability, high capacity, low delay)

i. Home Location Register (HLR) : central master database containing user data

ii. Visitor Location Register (VLR) : local database for a subset of user data

==========================================

Q2a:What is the (frequency reuse)? And how does it relates to (N) ?

Solution:

“Frequency reuse “is the design process of selecting and allocating channel groups
for all of the cellular base stations within a system.

Small N:

 More cluster are required to cover the service area

 More capacity
 Higher probability of co-channel interference

Large N:

 Less cluster are required to cover the service area

 Less capacity
 Less probability of co-channel interference

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Q2b: What are the effects of decreasing the cell size ?

Solution:

1. Decreasing the cell size gives:

2. Increased user capacity

3. Increased number of handovers per call

4. Increased complexity in locating the subscriber

5. Lower power consumption in mobile terminal: so it gives longer talk time, safer
operation

==========================================================

Q3: What are the advantages of hexagon?

Solution:

1. No gaps or overlapping

2. The largest area compared with square and triangle.

3. Fewest number of cells can cover a geographic region,

4. Closely approximates a circular radiation pattern which would occur for an

omnidirectional base station antenna and free space propagation.

5. A hexagonal pattern provides for equidistant antennas

================================================

Q4 a: what are types channels in cellular system between the base station and
the mobiles

Solution:

1. Forward Voice Channel (FVC): This channel is used for the voice
transmission from the BS to the MS.

2. Reverse Voice Channel (RVC): This is used for the voice transmission

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

from the MS to the BS.

3. Forward Control Channel (FCC): The FCC is used for control signaling
purpose from the BS to MS.

4. Reverse Control Channel (RCC): This is used for the call control purpose

from the MS to the BS. Control channels are usually monitored by mobiles.

==========================================================

Q4 b: What are the types of cells used in cellular system?

1. Macro-cells: coverage area is large ( approximately 6 miles in diameter) used in

remote areas . high power transmitter and receiver are used.

2. Micro-cells: coverage area is small( about0.5 miles diameter) .used in Urban

zones. Low power transmitter and receiver are used to avoide interference with
cells in another clusters

3. Pico-cells: is a small cellular system typically covering small cellular areas such
as in building (offices,shopping malls,train station) .

4. Selective-cells: located at the entrance of tunnels, where coverage of 360 degree

is not needed In this case, a selective cell with a coverage of 120 degree is used.

====================================================

Q5\ Explain call is set up from source to the destination device

 Mobile device is connected to BTS (Antenna).

 BTS is connected to the Switching system called BSC.
 BSC is connected to the main switching system called MSC.

MSC contains its own VLR (VLR: is a temporary database which stores the
information of the visitors under its coverage area. VLR stands for Visitor

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Location register. When you roam in a different place VLR stores your user
information.).

 MSC's are connected to GMSC which is connected to HLR. (HLR stands for
Home location register, it is the main database where the documents or
information of user is stored. all the documents that you give during
purchase of a SIM card is stored in this HLR.
 VLR Takes your information from HLR when you Roam in other state or
region.).
 HLR also provides authentication by AuC. AuC is connected with HLR. If
you initiate a call HLR and AuC will see if you are a genuine Mobile user
with valid IMEI number and Plan. And then the call is set up from source to
the destination device.

==========================================================

Q6: Assume a system of 32 cells with a cell radius of 1.6 km, a total of 32 cells, a
total frequency bandwidth that supports 336 traffic channels, and a reuse factor of
N = 7.

(a) If there are 32 total cells, what geographic area is covered, how many channels
are there per cell, and what is the total number of concurrent calls that can be
handled?

(b) Repeat for a cell radius of 0.8 km and 128 cells.

Solution:

(a)

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
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=====================================================

Q7: Assume a system of 34 cells with a cell radius of 1.4 km, a total frequency
bandwidth that supports 441 traffic channels, and a reuse factor of N = 7.

(a) what geographic area is covered, how many channels are there per cell, and
what is the total number of concurrent calls that can be handled?

(b) Repeat for a cell radius of 0.9 km and 130 cells.

Solution:

(a)

The area of a hexagon of radius R is

Areaa = 2.598 R22.5981(1.4)2 = 5.092 km2

The total area covered is 5.092 × 34 = 173 km2.

For N = 7, the number of channels per cell is S/N = 441/7 = 63,

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Total number of concurrent calls that can be handled is

Capacity = 63 × 34 = 2142 channels

(b)

The area of a hexagon of radius R is

Areaa = 2.5981 R2 = 2.5981(0.9)2 = 2.104 km2

The area covered is 2.104 × 130 = 273.5 km2.

The number of channels per cell is S/N = 441/7 = 63,

Total number of concurrent calls is

Capacity = 63 × 130 = 8190 calls

=====================================================

Q8: Consider a cellular system in which total available voice channels to handle
the traffic are 968. The area of each cell is 5 km2 and the total coverage area of the
system is 2500 km2. Calculate:

(a) The system capacity if the cluster size N is 4

(b) The system capacity if the cluster size is 7.

• Does decreasing N increase the system capacity? Explain.

Solution :

The first solution

Total available channels k =968 , Cell area = 5 km2

Total coverage area = 2500 km2

a. N = 4

Area of a cluster = 4 × 5 = 20 km2

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

M = Number of clusters for covering total area = 2500/20 = 125

Number of channels per cell = K/N = 968/4 = 242

System capacity = 125 × 968 = 121000 channels

b. N = 7

Area of cluster = 7 × 5 = 35 km2

M= Number of clusters for covering total area = 2500/35 = 71.428 ~ 71

Number of channels per cell = 968/7 = 138.28 ~ 138

System capacity = 71 × 968 = 68728 channels

It is evident when we decrease the value of N from 7 to 4, we increase the system

capacity from 68728 to 121000 channels. Thus, decreasing N increases the system
capacity.

b. N=7

Number of channel per cell = K/N

=968/7 = 138ch/cell

Capacity= total number of cells×number of channel per cell

= 500 ×138= 69000

It is evident when we decrease the value of N from 7to 4, we increase the system
capacity from 68000 to 121000 channels. Thus, decreasing N increases the system
capacity.

Q9: Consider a cellular system in which total available voice channels to handle
the traffic are 900.The area of each cell is 5 km2 and the total coverage area of the
system is 2000 km2. Calculate:

(a) The system capacity if the cluster size N is 4

(b) The system capacity if the cluster size is 7.

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
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Does decreasing N increase the system capacity?

Solution:

Total available channels =900 , Cell area = 5 km2

Total coverage area = 2000 km2

a. N = 4

Area of a cluster = 4 × 5 = 20 km2

M= Number of clusters for covering total area = 2000/20 = 100

Number of channels per cell = K/N = 900/4 = 225

System capacity = 100 × 900 = 90000 channels

b. N = 7

Area of cluster = 7 × 5 = 35 km2

M=Number of clusters for covering total area = 2000/35 = 57.1 ~ 57

Number of channels per cell = K/N = 900/7 = 128.57 ~ 129

System capacity = 57 × 900 = 51300 channels

It is evident when we decrease the value of N from 7 to 4, we increase the system

capacity from 51,300 to 90,000 channels. Thus, decreasing N increases the system
capacity.

=====================================================

Q10: Define the following:

1. Call Blocking.

2. Call Termination.

3. Call Drop.

4. Frequency Reuse Process.

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

5. MSC

Answers:

1. Call blocking: the traffic channels assigned to the nearest BS are busy during
the mobile-initiated call stage, after a certain number of failed tries, a busy tone is
returned to the user.

2. Call termination: When one of the two users hangs up, the MTSO is informed
and the traffic channels at the two BSs are released.

3. Call drop: the BS cannot maintain the minimum required signal strength for a
certain period of time, because of interference or weak signal spots in certain areas.

4. Frequency Reuse Process is the design process of selecting and allocating

channel groups for all of the cellular base stations within a system.

5. MSC: The center which is set up for coordinating the routing of calls, also called
a mobile switching center (MSC). The main functions of the MSC are:

1- Assigns the voice channel to each call.

2- Performs handoffs.

3- Monitors the call for billing information.

=====================================================

Q11: Assume a system of 34 cells with a cell radius of 1.4 km, a total of 34 cells, a
total frequency bandwidth that supports 350 traffic channels, and a reuse factor of
N = 7.

(a) If there are 34 total cells, what geographic area is covered, how many channels
are there per cell, and what is the total number of concurrent calls that can be
handled?

(b) Repeat for a cell radius of 0.7 km and 130 cells.

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
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Solution:

a. The area of a hexagon of radius R is

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎=3√32𝑅2=3√32(1.4)2=5 𝑘𝑚2

The total area covered is 5 × 34 = 170 km2.

For N = 7, the number of channels per cell is K/N = 350/7 = 50,

Total number of concurrent calls that can be handled = Capacity = 50 × 34 = 1700

channels

b. The area of a hexagon of radius R is

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎=3√32𝑅2=3√32(0.7)2=1.27 𝑘𝑚2

The area covered is 1.27 × 130 = 165 km2.

The number of channels per cell is K/N = 350/7 = 50

Total number of concurrent calls that can be handled = Capacity = 50 × 130 =

6500 calls.

Q13: Draw the basic structure diagram of the Global System of Mobile (GSM)
system?

Page 11 of 14
 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
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Q14: Consider a cellular system in which total available voice channels to handle
the traffic are 850. The area of each cell is 7 km2 and the total coverage area of the
system is 1500 km2. Calculate:

(a) The system capacity if the cluster size N is 7

(b) The system capacity if the cluster size is 12.

Solution:

Total available channels = 850 Cell area = 7 km2

Total coverage area = 1500 km2

a. N=7

Area of cluster =7×7=49 𝐾𝑚2

M= Number of clusters for covering total area=150049=30.6≅30

system capacity=30×850=25500 channel.

b. N=12

Area of cluster =12×7=84 𝐾𝑚2

M= Number of clusters for covering total area=150084=17.8≅17

system capacity=17×850=14450 channel.

=====================================================

Q15:Assume a system of 32 cells with a cell radius of 2 km, a total frequency

bandwidth that supports 672 traffic channels, and a reuse factor of N = 7.

If there are 32 total cells, what geographic area is covered, how many channels are
there per cell, and what is the total number of concurrent calls that can be handled?

Solution:

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 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
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The area of a hexagon of radius R is 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎=3√32𝑅2=10.39 𝑘𝑚2 The total area

covered is=10.39 × 32 = 332.55 km2

For N = 7, the number of channels per cell is K/N = 672/7 = 96

Total number of concurrent calls = Capacity = 96 × 32 = 3072 channels.

=====================================================

Q16: Assume a system of 44 cells with a cell radius of 2.1 km. A total frequency
bandwidth that supports 540 traffic channels and a reuse factor of N=12.

(a) find the coverage geographic area, the no. of channels per cell and the total
number of concurrent calls that can be handled

(b) repeat for a cell of radius 0.7 km and 200 cells

Solution:

a. R = 2.1km N = 44

The area of hexagon of radius

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙=3√32𝑅2=3√32(2.1)2=11.46 𝑘𝑚2

The total coverage area = 11.46 x 44= 504.13 km2

The no. of channels per cell = K/N = 540/12 = 45

The total no. on concurrent calls 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦=45 𝑥 44=1980 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠

b. R = 0.7 km N = 200

The area of hexagon 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙=3√32(0.7)2=1.27 𝑘𝑚2

The covered area=1.27*200=254 km2

The no. of channels per cell=K/N=540/12=45ch/cell

The total no. of concurrent calls= Capacity =200 x 45 =9000 calls

Page 13 of 14
 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Q17: consider a cellular system in which total available voice channels to handle
traffic are 1000. The area of each cell is 5km2 and the total coverage area of the
system is 2500 km2 calculate :

a. The system capacity if the cluster size N is 4

b. The system capacity if the cluster size N is 7

How many times would a cluster of size 4 have to be replicated to cover the entire
cellular system? does decreasing N increases system capacity ?explain.

Solution

Total available channels =1000

Cell area=5 km2

Total coverage area =2500 km2

a. N=4

Area of cluster=4 x 5 =20 km2

Number of clusters for total coverage area =2500/20=125

Number of channels per cell=1000/4=250 ch/cell

System capacity =125 x 1000=125000 channels

b. N=7

Area of cluster =7x 5=35 km2

Number of clusters for covering total area =2500/35=71.43≅71

Number of channels per cell= K/N =1000/7=142.8≅143chs/cell

System capacity=71 x 1000=71000 channels

It is evident that when we decrease N from 7 to 4 we increase system capacity

from 125000 to 71000 channels

Thus decreasing N increases system capacity

Page 14 of 14
Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Class: 4th

Tetorial 3
Chapter Two
Cellular Network Coverage

By
Msc. Musadaq Mahir

2020-2021

Page 1 of 6
 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Q1: What is the Dynamic Channel Assignment Strategy?

Answer:
Dynamic Channel Assignment
• Voice channels are allocated to different cells Dynamically
• Each time a call request is made, the BS request a channel from the MSC.
• MSC Dynamic allocates a channel to the requesting cell using an algorithm that
takes into account
1. likelihood of future blocking
2. The reuse distance of the channel ( should not cause interference)
3. Other parameters like cost
==========================================================
Q2: What are the advantage and disadvantage of dynamic channel assignment?
Answer:
Advantage:
1- reduces call blocking (it increases the trunking capacity), and increases voice
quality.
2- Increases the channel utilization and decreases probability of a blocked call
Disadvantage: increases storage & computational load on the MSC.
===========================================================
Q3: Define the Following:
1- Borrowing strategy: a cell is allowed to borrow channels from a
neighboring cell if all of its own channels are already occupied. The mobile
switching center (MSC) supervises such borrowing procedures.
2- Umbrella cell approach: using different antenna heights (often on the
same building or tower) and different power levels, it is possible to provide
"large" and "small" cells which are co-located at a single location.

Page 2 of 6
 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Q4: what are the types of Handoff?

1. INTRA-CELL, within a cell, narrow-band interferences could make
transmission at a
certain frequency impossible. The BSC decides to change the carrier frequency.
2. INTRA BSS, between cells controlled by the same BSC. The BSC performs the
handover, assigns a new radio channel in the new cell and releases the old one
3. INTER BSS, between cells controlled by different BSCs, and the MSc is
involved.
4. INTER MSC-from region to region where more than one MSC is involved.
Between two cells
belonging to different MSCs. Both MSCs perform the handover together

Page 3 of 6
 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Q5: Consider the advanced mobile phone system (AMPS) in which an S/I ratio of
17 dB is required for the accepted voice quality. Assume γ = 4.
(a) What should be the reuse factor for the system?
(b) What will be the reuse factor of the Global System of Mobile (GSM) system in
which an S/I of 11 dB is required?

===========================================================
Q6: Consider a cellular system with 395 total allocated voice channel frequencies.
Calculate the mean S/I ratio for cell reuse factor equal to 4, 7, and 12. Assume
omnidirectional antennas with six interferers in the first tier and a slope for path
loss of 40 dB/decade (γ = 4). Discuss the results.

Page 4 of 6
 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

===========================================================
Q7/ Design a cellular system for a city, the path loss measurements indicated that
the loss exponent γ = 2.93 and a cellular system needs an S/I ratio of 15 dB. Find
the minimum reuse factor (N) required for omnidirectional antennas.
Solution:

Page 5 of 6
 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Q8/ What are the parameters that the Handoff depending on ?

Solution
a. Power
b. Traffic
c. Channel quality
d. Distance
e. Administration

===========================================================
Q(9) how the Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI) can be reduced?

Answer:

The ACI can be reduced by:

(1) Using modulation schemes which have low out-of-band radiation.

(2) Carefully designing the band-pass filter (BPF) at the receiver front end.

(3) Assigning adjacent channels to different cells in order to keep the frequency
separation between each channel in a given cell as large as possible.

(4) The effects of ACI can also be reduced using advanced signal processing
techniques that employ equalizers.

Page 6 of 6
Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Class: 4th

Tetorial 4
Chapter Three
Traffic Engineering

By
Msc. Musadaq Mahir

2020-2021

Page 1 of 6
 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Q1\ We record data in the Table below by observing the activity of a single
customer line during an eight-hour period from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. Find the
traffic intensity during the eight-hour period, and during busy hour (BH) which
occurs between 3:00 P.M. and 5:00 P.M.

The busy hour (BH) is between 3:00 P.M. and 5:00 P.M. Since there are only three
calls between this periods, we can write:
Call arrival rate = 3/2 =1.5 calls/hour
The average call holding time during BH: H= (15+5+34)/3 *1/60 = 0.3 hours/ call
The traffic intensity during BH is: A H 1.50.30.45Erlangs16.2 CCS.

Page 2 of 6
 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Q2/ We record data in the table below by observing the activity of a single
customer line during an eight-hour period from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. Find the
traffic intensity
1- during the eight-hour period
2- during busy hours (BH) which occurs between 2:00 P.M. and 5:00 P.M. (i.e. 3
hour)

Page 3 of 6
 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Q3\ In order to determine voice traffic on a line, we collected the following data
during a period of 90 minutes. Calculate the traffic intensity in Erlangs and CCS.

Page 4 of 6
 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Q4\In a wireless network each subscriber generates two calls per hour on the
average and a typicalcall holding time is 120 seconds. What is the traffic intensity?
Solution:

Q5\ In order to determine voice traffic on a line, we collected the following data
during a period of 120 minutes. Calculate the traffic intensity in Erlangs and CCS.

Page 5 of 6
 Department of Computer Engineering Techniques (Stage: 4)
Mobile Communications
Msc. Musadaq Mahir
MusaddaqMahir@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq

Q6\ Define Sectoring and Cell splitting

Solution:
1. Sectoring: is the technique for decreasing co-channel interference by using
directional antennas. A single Omni-directional antenna at the base station is
replaced by several directional antennas, each radiating within a specified
sector.
2. Cell splitting: is the process of subdividing a congested cell into smaller
cells, each with its own base station and a corresponding reduction in
antenna height and transmitter power.

Page 6 of 6