Lesson 1

Basic aim of P.E.

Physical educators agree that the basic aim is Fitness

Fitness is the ability to live a healthy, satisfying, and useful life. This kind of life is what the
educational philosophers and thinkers term as the good life. This is the ultimate goal of
education. Fitness has the following aspects;
1. Physical fitness – refers to the ability of an individual to perform his daily task
efficiently without undue fatigue and has some extra reserve in case of emergency.
2. Social fitness – is the ability to mingle with different types of people and with interest
and concern for others.
3. Emotional fitness – refers to the ability of an individual to control his emotion or
feelings.
4. Mental fitness – is the ability to cope up with the common problems of everyday
living.

THE CONCEPT OF PHYSICAL FITNESS

Physical fitness is the primary specific objective in teaching physical education. The
specific components of physical fitness are:
1. Organic Vigor – refers to the soundness of the heart and lungs which contributes to
the ability to resist disease.
2. Endurance – is the ability to sustain long continued contractions where a number of
muscle groups are used; the capacity to bear or last long in a certain task without
undue fatigue.
3. Strength – is the capacity to sustain the application of force without yielding or
breaking; the ability of the muscle to exert effort against a resistance.
4. Power – refers to the ability of the muscles to release maximum force in the shortest
period of time.
5. Flexibility – is a quality of plasticity which gives the ability to do a wide range of
movement.
6. Agility – ability of the individual to change direction or position in space with
quickness and lightness of movement.
7. Balance – ability to control organic equipment neuro – muscularly; a state of
equilibrium.
8. Speed – ability to make successive movements of the same kind in the shortest
period of time.

There are two basic components of physical fitness: The health related components
and the skill related components. Health related fitness pertains to the total functioning of the
body.
Health – Related Components:
1. Cardio – respiratory Endurance – The ability of the heart and lungs to function
efficiently and effectively over a prolonged period of time.
2. Muscular Strength – The ability of muscle group to contracts against a resistance.
3. Muscular Endurance – The ability to continue selected muscle group movements for
a prolonged period of time.
4. Flexibility – The functional capacity of a joint to move through a normal range of
motion. The muscular system is also involved.
5. Body Composition – One of the newer attributes in physical fitness components. It
refers to the relative distribution of lean and fat body tissues.

Each health related components of physical fitness has a direct relationship to good
health and reduced risk of hypokinetic disease.
Hypokinetic disease or condition – hypo means under or too little, and kinetic means
movement or activity. Thus, hypokinetic means too little activity. A hypokinetic disease
 is one associated with lack of physical activity or too little regular exercise. Examples of
such conditions include heart disease, low back pain, adult-onset diabetes and obesity.
Possessing a moderate amount of each component is essential to disease prevention
and health promotion. High levels of Health related fitness relate to performance than
health benefits. Example: moderate amount of strength are necessary to prevent back
and posture problems. Whereas high amount contribute to improve performance such as
job that requires heavy lifting and for sports like football.

Skill – Related Fitness

1. Balance – It involves vision, reflexes, and the skeletal muscular system which
provides the maintenance of equilibrium. Example: water skiing, performing on
balance beam or working as a riveter on a high rise building are activities that require
exceptional balance.
2. Coordination – It is the ability to integrate the senses with muscles so as to produce
accurate, smooth, and harmonious body movement.
3. Agility – It is the capacity to change the direction of the body quickly and effectively.
Ability to rapidly and accurately change direction of the movement Skiing and
wrestling requires exceptional agility.
4. Speed – It is the ability to move one’s body from one point to another in the shortest
possible time.
5. Power – Power is sometimes confused with strength. Speed of contraction, likewise,
is the basic ingredient which, when combined with strength, provides and explosive
type of movement. Ability to transfer energy into a force at a fast rate. Example :
throwing the discus
6. Reaction Time – The time required to respond or initiate a movement as a result of a
given stimulus. Example: driving a racing car and starting a sprint race require good
reaction time.
The skill related components of physical fitness are more associated with performance
than good health. They are called skill related because people who posses them find it
easy to achieve high levels of performance in motor skills, such as thus required in
sports and in specific types of job.

Importance of Physical Fitness

Through regular exercises, physical fitness helps the individual:
1. Proper growth of young bones and muscles.
2. Improve the ability to avoid and recover from illnesses and accidents.
3. Improve posture and appearance by strengthening muscles that support the
body.
4. Minimize stress response.
5. Maintain proper body weight.
6. Prevent heart ailment.
7. Improve organic functions.
8. Delay the aging process.
9. Feel good and younger as a human being.
10. Experience joy of participation in any recreational or sports activities.

Factors which affects physical fitness

1. Proper nutrition
2. Good mental and emotional health
3. Freedom from disease
4. Adequate rest and relaxation
5. Physical activity and recreation
 6. Health and personal hygiene

Physical signs of lack of fitness

Many factors can contribute to being unfit. The two important ones are inactivity and
over eating.

1. Fatty deposits to the different parts of the body.

2. Poor muscle tone.
3. Poor posture.
4. Slowed reactions and reflexes.
5. Lowered energy for work and social enjoyment.
6. Depression, feeling of inadequacy and imaginary illness

Elements of Exercise Program

- How frequent should the individual exercise be? ( Frequency ) 3 – 5 days per week
- How intense or vigorous should the exercise session be?
( Intensity ) Moderate to Vigorous

- How long should an exercise session be?

( Duration ) 20 – 60 minutes

- What type of exercise should be included?

( Type of Exercise ) specific including aerobics

Three Types of Exercises

1. Isotonic Exercise – where the muscles are made to do some contraction and
relaxation to gain tones. These movements are common to many physical education
activities.
2. Isometric Exercise – where the muscles are made to undergo tension and hold a
certain position for sometime in order to develop muscle strength.
3. Aerobic Exercise – which entails vigorous movements such as brisk walking, jogging,
running and dancing. The body experiences fast breathing so that the muscles of the
heart and the lungs are exercised.

The Facts to Consider during Daily Physical Activity

1. There are three key components of the daily activity program: the warm up exercise,
workout, and cool-down exercises.
2. The cardio-vascular warm up prior to the workout is recommended to prepare the
muscles and heart for the workout.
3. Stretching portion of the warm up should be done after the cardio-vascular portion.
4. A cool-down after the workout is important to promote an effective recovery from
physical activity.

6 Scientific Rules That Lead to Fitness

By Elizabeth Quinn | Reviewed by Richard N. Fogoros, MD
In the study of exercise science, there are several universally accepted scientific exercise
training principles that must be followed in order to get the most from exercise programs and
improve both physical fitness and sports performance.

These rules apply to all athletes from beginners to elite competitors. Of course, you don't
need to follow every one of them all the time, but if you want to get in better shape, improve
your sports performance, get better at a particular fitness discipline, or avoid stalling and
back-slides, these fundamental rules are the hidden force behind your ability to change your
fitness level.  

To design an optimal exercise program, workout or training schedule, a coach or athlete

should adhere to the following six fundamental principles of exercise science.

Rule 1 - The Principle of Individual Differences

The principle of individual differences simple means that, because we all are unique
individuals, we will all have a slightly different response to an exercise program. This is
another way of saying that "one size does not fit all" when it comes to exercise. Well-
designed exercise programs should be based on our individual differences and responses to
exercise.
Some of these differences have to do with body size and shape, genetics, past experience,
chronic conditions, injuries, and even gender. For example, women generally need more
recovery time than men, and older athletes generally need more recovery time than younger
athletes.

Rule 2 - The Principle of Overload

The exercise science principle of overload states that a greater than normal stress or load on
the body is required for training adaptation to take place. What this means is that in order to
improve our fitness, strength or endurance, we need to increase the workload accordingly.
In order for a muscle (including the heart) to increase strength, it must be gradually stressed
by working against a load greater than it is accustomed to. To increase endurance, muscles
must work for a longer period of time than they are accustomed to or at a higher intensity
level. This could mean lifting more weight or doing high intensity interval training workouts.

Rule 3 - The Principle of Progression

The principle of progression implies that there is an optimal level of overload that should be
achieved, and an optimal time frame for this overload to occur. A gradual and systematic
increase of the workload over a period of time will result in improvements in fitness without
risk of injury. If overload occurs too slowly, improvement is unlikely, but overload that is
increased too rapidly may result in injury or muscle damage. For example, the weekend
athlete who exercises vigorously only on weekends violates the principle of progression and
most likely will not see obvious fitness gains.
The Principle of Progression also stresses the need for proper rest and recovery. Continual
stress on the body and constant overload will result in exhaustion and injury. You should not
train hard all the time, as you'll risk overtraining and a decrease in fitness.

Rule 4 - The Principle of Adaptation

Adaptation refers to the body's ability to adjust to increased or decreased physical demands.
It is also one way we learn to coordinate muscle movement and develop sports-specific
skills, such as batting, swimming freestyle, or shooting free throws. Repeatedly practicing a
skill or activity makes it second-nature and easier to perform. Adaptation explains why
beginning exercisers are often sore after starting a new routine, but after doing the same
exercise for weeks and months they have little, if any, muscle soreness.
Additionally, it makes an athlete very efficient and allows him to expend less energy doing
the same movements. This reinforces the need to vary a workout routine if you want to see
continued improvement.

Rule 5 - The Principle of Use/Disuse

The Principle of Use/Disuse implies that when it comes to fitness, you do actually  "use it or
lose it."  This simply means that your muscles hypertrophy with use and atrophy with disuse.
This also explains why we decondition, or lose fitness, when we stop exercise.
Rule 6 -The Principle of Specificity
We've all heard the phrase, "practice makes perfect." Well, this is the principle of
specificity in action. This principle simply states that exercising a certain body part or
component of the body primarily develops that part. The principle of specificity implies that,
to become better at a particular exercise or skill, you must perform that exercise or skill. A
runner should train by running, a swimmer by swimming and a cyclist by cycling. While it's
helpful to have a good base of fitness and to do general conditioning routines, if you want to
be better at your sport, you need to train specifically for that sport.
Source: Wilmore, J.H. and Costill, D.L. Physiology of Sport and Exercise: 3rd Edition.
2005. Human Kinetics Publishing

Component of a Fitness Program

1. Warm up – it prepares the body for physical activity. There are two good reasons for
warming up prior to activity. The first is to prepare the heart muscle and circulatory
system. A proper warm up decreases the risk of irregular heart beats associated with
poor coronary circulation. The second reason for a warm up is to stretch the skeletal
muscle. By gradually warming up the body, the muscles become more elastic and
extensible. The skeletal muscle warm-up should static stretching of the major muscle
groups involved in the exercise.

2. The Work-out – elevates the heart and achieves aerobic fitness. Activities which may
be included in this phase, are walking, jogging, running, swimming skipping and
aerobic dancing. This phase should follow the principles of training with regard to
frequency, intensity, and time.

3. The cool-down – is done immediately done after the work-out. This part helps in
returning the blood to the heart for re-oxygenation, thus preventing a pool of blood in
the muscles of the arms and legs. After a vigorous activity, enough blood may not
circulated back to the brain, heart and symptoms such as dizziness and faintness
may occur without cool-down. Two principal components of a cool-down: static
muscle stretching and activity for cardiovascular system.

GUIDELINES FOR TRAINING

1. Train the way you want your body to change.

2. Train regularly.
3. Get in shape gradually.
4. Warm-up before exercising, and cool-down afterward.
5. Listen to your body.
6. Try training with a partner.
Train your mind.