Individual Data Point

Sample x 65 57.5
Population Mean μ 50 57.5
Standard Deviation σ 5 10

Z-Score 3 1.5 -0.674489750196082

P(Left of Z) 0.99865010197 Prob. Given 0.25
P(Right of Z) 0.00134989803

Linear Regression

r2 0.7569 % of y explained by x
Correlation r 0.87 0.87
SD of x SX 17 17
SD of y SY 28 28
Mean of xi x̄ 31
Mean of yi ӯ 79

Slope of Line b1 1.43294117647

Y-intercept b0 34.5788235294
Given x value x 120
Predicted y-value ŷ 206.531764706
Formula For Line ŷ = b0 + b1x
Residual = y - ŷ
Outlier More than 2.5 SD away from 0

Box Plots
Minimum 0
Q1 25
Median 50
Q3 75
Maximum 100
 IQR 50

Upper Inner Fence 150 Upper Outer Fence 225

Lower Inner fence -50 Lower Outer Fence -125

Normal Distributions Only

σ 1

Q1 -0.6744897502 1.34897950039216
Median=mean 0
Q3 0.6744897502

NEGATIVE Z STAT SCORE

POSITIVE Z STAT SCORE
Confidence Intervals
p, which is the true, but unknown, proportion in the population
Proportions
Sample Proportion p̂ 0.8 0.8
q̂ 0.2
# of Successes x 640
# in Sample n 800
z star z* 1.96 look on table Confidence level
Margin of Error ME 0.02771858582 90%
Standard Error SE 0.01414213562 95%
Interval 99%
Minimum p 0.772281414
Maximum p 0.827718586

Range 0.055437172

Means
Sample Mean x̄ 16.75
# in Sample n 24
SD of Population σ not normally given
SD of Sample s 2.4
Degree of Freedom DF 23

Confidence level as a decimal 0.95

t star t* 2.06865761042
Margin of Error ME 1.01343111961 deviation of population
mean from sample mean
Interval
Minimum p 15.73656888
Maximum p 17.76343112

Range 2.026862239

Approximate σ Range/6
n is large

If given σ (population SD)

Sample Mean x̄ 520
# in Sample n 400
SD of Population σ 0.5

z star z* 2.576 Confidence level

90% 1.645
Margin of Error ME 0.0644 95% 1.96
99% 2.576
Interval
Minimum p 519.9356
Maximum p 520.0644

Range 0.1288

Confidence intervals of differences of paired means

Sample One Sample Two

Mean 119.88 Mean 120.6

# of Pairs 15
Δ0 0
 SD of Mean Differences 14.03788

Confidence Level 0.95 1 - Alpha Level

d.f. 14
SE of Mean Diff. 3.62456503
Difference in Mean 0.72
t critical or t* 2.144786688
t stat 0.198644525
P Value 0.845396637 2 tail

Confidence Interval = Difference of Means +- t*xSpxbeside Sp

0.72 (+) or (-) 7.77391882670263
-7.0539188267 8.49391882670263
If 0 is not within the confidence interval then reject the null hypothesis

Confidence Interval For Difference of Equal Variances

Sample One Sample Two

Mean x̄ 40.1 Mean x̄
# in Sample n 51 # in Sample n
Variance 1075.84 Variance
SD 32.8
Alpha Level α 0.05
Pooled SD 35.0160677404
Degrees Freedom d.f. 100
Mean Difference d bar -5.5
t star t* 1.98397151852

-5.5 (+) or (-) 13.7572844434697

-19.257284443 8.25728444346972

dence Interval For Difference of Unequal Variances

Sample One Sample Two

Mean 63 Mean
SD 19 19 SD
Variance 361 361 Variance
# in Sample 85 # in Sample
 Alpha Level α 0.05
Degrees Freedom d.f. 118.084629728
dbar 7
t critical t* 1.98027224927

7 (+) or (-) 4.51060433922384

2.48939566078 11.5106043392238

Confidence Intervals of difference of proportions

Sample One Sample Two

Sample Proportion p hat1 0.82222222222 0.822222222222222 p hat2

qhat 1 0.17777777778 qhat 2
x1 370 x2
n1 450 n2

Confidence 0.99 Two Sided

z* 2.576 1.645
SE 0.02878573639 1.96
Proportion Difference 0.05079365079 2.576

Confidence Interval
0.050793651 (+) or (-) 0.074152056948915
-0.0233584062 0.124945707742565

sample portion of icecream and it makes you phat

Prediction Interval for Simple Regression

Prediction Interval 0.95 APPROX: Y-HAT +/- 2Se

Alpha Level 0.05

# of observations n 17
Residual D.F. d.f. 15 n-2
SE of Regression s 13.0682
Sample Mean x̄ 76.5
SD of Sample s 8.8466
Intercept Beta 0 41.73079552
 Slope Beta 1 0.433
Prediction at given x-value 70
Point Prediction 72.04079552
t-value t 2.13144954556
SE of Prediction SE 13.6596401704 Should be a bit larger than SE of Regression
Margin of Error ME 29.1148338337

Prediction Interval 72.04079552 (+) or (-) 29.1148338337093

42.9259616863 101.155629353709

Prediction Interval for Multiple Regression NOT ON TEST

Prediction Interval 0.95

Alpha Level 0.05
# of observations n 30 n-k-1
Residual Degrees Freedom 27

Variable 1
Slope Beta 1 1.725
SD of B1 SD B1
Given value for pred. x 5

Variable 2
Slope Beta 1 15.389
Given value for pred. y 5

Intercept Beta 0 58.2

Point Prediction 143.77
t-value t 2.05183051648
SE of Prediction SE Should be a bit larger than SE of Regression but not on test
Margin of Error ME #VALUE!

Prediction Interval 143.77 (+) or (-) #VALUE!

#VALUE! #VALUE!
 Sampling Distribution for a Mean

Sample Mean x̄ 232 262

Population Mean μ 250 220
Standard Deviation σ 24 -36
# in Sample n 16 7.111111111

Z-Score -3 2
P(Left of Z) 0.00134989803
P(Right of Z) 0.99865010197
SD of sample mean = population SD / square root of n
SD of Sample Mean σx̄ 6

Sampling Distribution for a Proportion

# of Successes x 150
Sample Size n 300
Population Proportion p 0.52

q 0.48
Sample Proportion p̂ 0.5 equal to x/n

Z-Score -0.69337524528
P(Left of Z) 0.24403704658
P(Right of Z) 0.75596295342

Z = (p̂ - p)/(p*q/n)^(0.5)

Hypothesis Testing
Proportions (z value)

Sample Proportion p̂ 0.33 0.33

Hypothesized Population Proportion p0 0.38
# in Sample n 100 100
q0 0.62

test statistic z stat z -1.03010705429

 Alpha Level α 0.05
z star z* 1.645
USE Alpha One Sided Two Sided
ONLY 0.1 1.28 1.645
FOR 0.05 1.645 1.96
z* 0.01 2.33 2.576
If absolute value of z stat > z* then reject H0
Determine P-Value
z stat z -1.03010705429

Ha: p > p0 P 0.84852012294

Ha: p < p0 P 0.15147987706

TIVE Z STAT SCORE Ha: p ≠ p0 P 0.30295975412

TIVE Z STAT SCORE Ha: p ≠ p0 P 1.69704024588
If P value < α then reject the H0

Pooled Variances Version

Sample One
Mean 173280.4
onfidence level SD is in formula not SD 77691.5024488 77691.50245
1.645 the variance Variance 6035969552.75 6035969553
1.96 # in Sample 100
2.576 Δ0 0
Alpha Level α 0.05
Degrees Freedom d.f. 198
Pooled SD Sp 92447.3704434
Assuming equal VAR Beside Sp 0.14142135624
Larger SD/smaller SD<2 t stat 6.10734216448
Critical Value One - Tail t* 1.65258578362
Critical Value Two - Tail t* 1.97201747784

Determine P value
H0: μ1- μ2 = 0
 Ha: μ1- μ2 ≠ 0 P 5.26641364E-09

Ha: μ1- μ2 > 0 P 2.63320682E-09

Ha: μ1- μ2 < 0 P 2.63320682E-09

Alpha Level α 0.05
Two Proportions z test
Sample 1

# of successes x1 250
Sample Proportion 1 p hat 1 0.7788162 0.778816199
q hat 1 0.2211838
# in sample n 321

Population Proportion p 0.72142857143

z stat z 3.11698888131 3.170738064
SE dist. Of Differences SE 0.03342848852

P value
Ha: p1 - p2 > 0 P 0.00091354231

Ha: p1 - p2 < 0 P 0.99908645769

Ha: p1 -p2 ≠ 0 P 1.99817291537

0.00182708463

Chi-Squared Test

Independence and Homogeneity

Reference Other Sheet

Independence
H0: There is no relationship between the variables
Ha: There is a relationship between the variables
 Homogenity (similar to Independence)

Hypothesis Testing For Simple Linear Regression

slope b1 0.7
# in Sample n 66
Standard Error of the Slope SE(b1) 0.046

SD of Residuals Se 190.56
Alpha Level α 0.05
t stat 15.2173913
Critical Value One Tail t* 1.669013025
45.6 Critical Value Two Tail t* 1.997729654
51 d.f. 64
1376.41
37.1 P - Value
H0: B1 = 0
More often this Ha Ha: B1 =/0 6.09561243E-23
α
Ha: B1 > 0 3.04780621E-23 0.05

Ha: B1 < 0 3.04780621E-23

ME 0.0918955641
LCL ULC
0.608104436 0.7918955641

56
8 8
64 64
68
Sample Two

0.7714285714
0.2285714286
270
350

z* table
gression but not on test
 USE 'INDIVIDUAL DATA POINT' FIRST

z-score
Probability left of z-score
Probability right of z-score

Probability between z-scores

Probability on left and right of z-scores

Given Probability (from left)

Corresponding z-score

Mean and SD of a Binomial D

# in Sample
P(Success)
P(Failure)
Pop. Mean
Pop. SD

Hypothesis Testing
Means (t value)

equal to x/n Sample Mean x̄ 32 29.6666667

SD of Sample s 2 -12
# in Sample n 36 1
H0 Mean μ0 30 32.3333333

t stat t 6 -1
 Degree of Freedom 35
Alpha Level α 0.05 1 - Confidence Level
2 tail t star value t* 2.0301079283 Probability of rejecting the
1 tail t star value t* 1.6895724578 H0 when the H0 is true.
If t* < |t-stat|, we reject the H0

Determine P-Value
abs value t-stat t 6

Ha: μ > μ0 P 3.8604984E-07

Ha: μ < μ0 P 3.8604984E-07

Ha: μ ≠ μ0 P 7.7209968E-07

If P value < α then reject the H0

2 Sample T-test

Pooled Variances Version

Sample Two
Mean 253127.99 Mean of Differences
SD 105152.57 105152.57035 SD of Differences
Variance 1.106E+10 11057063051 # of Pairs in Sample
# in Sample 100

Unequal Variances
Degrees Freedom d.f. 182.272

t stat 6.1073422

H0: μ1- μ2 = 0 If t* < |t-stat|, we reject th

Ha: μ1- μ2 ≠ 0 P 5.987E-09

Ha: μ1- μ2 > 0 P 2.993E-09

 Ha: μ1- μ2 < 0 P 2.993E-09
Alpha Level α 0.05

Two Proportions z test

Sample 2 If P value < α then reject th

# of successes x2 255
Sample Proportion 2 p hat 2 0.6728232 0.672823219
q hat 2 0.3271768
# in sample n 379

Chi-Squared Test
ng For Simple Linear Regression

Calculating F Stat and P value

# in Sample n 25
# of Variables k 4
[((Sigma residuals)^2)/(n-2)]^1/2 F stat 8.888
k d.f. 1 4
n-k-1 d.f. 2 20
P Value 0.0002707205
Alpha Level 0.05
F Stat F* 2.866081402
 Normal Distribution Calculations Combining INDEPENDENT Random Variables

2.055 x Mean/Expected Value 110

0.98006049764 y Mean/Expected Value 100
0.01993950236 x SD 10
y SD 8

Left side Zscore Right side Zscore ADDING RV's

-3 3 New RV Mean 210
0.99730020394 New RV SD 12.80624847
0.00269979606

0.98
Mean 100
SD 15
2.05374891063 <Unstandardized x-value 130.8062337

Mean and SD of a Binomial Distribution

n 100
p 0.5
q 0.5
μ 50
σ 5
 1 - Confidence Level
robability of rejecting the
0 when the H0 is true.

10

1
Paired T-test 0

Mean of Differences d bar #DIV/0! 0

SD of Differences s #DIV/0!
# of Pairs in Sample n 0 0
H0 Mean μ0 10 Mean of differences = 0
Err:502 Ha Mean of differences does not equal 0
t stat t Err:502

Degree of Freedom
Alpha Level α 1 - Confidence Level
t star value t* #DIV/0! Probability of rejecting the
t star value t* H0 when the H0 is true.
If t* < |t-stat|, we reject the H0 #DIV/0!

Determine P-Value #DIV/0!

abs value t-stat t
 #DIV/0!
Ha: μ > μ0 P

Ha: μ < μ0 P

Ha: μ ≠ μ0 P

If P value < α then reject the H0

NDENT Random Variables

SUBTRACTING RV's
New RV Mean 10
New RV SD 12.80624847
 Significance α
Weak <.1
Moderate <.05
Strong <.01
Very Strong <.001
s does not equal 0
 Statistics Made Simple
CI for Proportions
P-hat 0.33 N
# Success
Q-hat 0.67 Confidence

Standard Error 0.047021271782035

Z* 2.5758293035489
Lower Bound 0.20888 ME
Upper Bound 0.45112 ME

CI for Means
X-bar 41.52 N
DF
S 31.6035647692226 Confidence

Standard Error 4.46941899159712

T* 2.00957523712924
Lower Bound 32.5383663 ME
Upper Bound 50.5016337 ME

Regression Line
X-bar 2.61673076923077 Sx
Y-bar 227512.044871795 Sy
R -0.86977
R-square 0.756497636600917
Predicting:
slope B1 = r*Sy/Sx -331151.76775 X-value
intercept B0 = ybar - B1*xbar 1094047.0648222 Y-predicted
Equation Y= -331151.77X + 1094047.06

Comparing Two Means (Unpooled Variance)

X1-bar 115 X2-bar
S 30 S
Var 900 Var
N 25 N

T-Stat 2.37053674184655 DF
P-value 0.0226703193075243000 # Side
2.37053674184655
Alpha 0.05
Conclusion Reject Ho
CI for Difference of Two Means (Unpooled Variance)
X-bar 17 DF
Confidence
 S 34.9857113690718

Standard Error 7.17137165600636

T* 2.02107539030627 ME
Lower Bound 2.5061 ME
Upper Bound 31.4939
Comparing Two Means (Pooled Variance)
X1-bar 115 X2-bar
S 30 S
Var 900 Var
Pooled Var 638.181818181818 Pooled S
N 25 N
T-Stat 2.27340831321669 DF
P-value 0.0279362809999985000 # Side
2.27340831321669
Alpha 0.05
Conclusion Reject Ho
CI for Difference of Two Means (Pooled Variance)
X1-bar - X2-bar 17 DF
Pooled S 25.2622607496205 Confidence

Standard Error 7.47775923100518

T* 2.01536757444376 ME
Lower Bound 1.9296 ME
Upper Bound 32.0704
Comparing Two Means (Paired)
D-bar 3.59259259259259 Delta Target
S 12.0760460205841
Var 145.830887491265
N 2

T-Stat 0.420724892888395 DF
P-value 0.746469977586447 # Side
0.4207248928884
Alpha 0.05
Conclusion Do Not Reject Ho
CI for Difference of Two Means (Paired)
D-bar 3.59259259259259 DF
S 12.0760460205841 Confidence
N 2

Standard Error 8.53905403107583

T* 12.7062047361747 ME
Lower Bound -104.9064 ME
Upper Bound 112.0916
 Hypothesis Test for Proportions
100 Ho p= 0.50 N
33 Ha p =/ or < or > 0.50 # Success
99% P-hat
Z-Stat -3.35865680586278
# Side 1
P-value 0.000391611356676
0.121118770 3.35865680586278
0.121118769746303 Alpha 0.05
Conclusion Reject Ho
Hypothesis Test for Means
50 Ho u= 30.00 N
49 Ha u =/ or < or > 30.00 DF
95% X-bar
T-Stat 4.05 S
# Side 2
P-value 0.000464333791966 4.05
8.9816337298687
8.9816337298687 Alpha 0.05
Conclusion Reject Ho
Probability A>B
0.212226791235495 Mean 75 Mean
80802.2581015785 SD 4.2 SD
Var 17.64 Var

Mean -5
2.5 SD 4.2
266167.645453107 Var 17.64
Z -1.19047619047619
Probability 0.116929641346372
Comparing Two Proportions
98 N 300 N
18 # Success 185 # Success
324 P-hat 0.616666666666667 P-hat
21 Q-hat 0.383333333333333 Q-hat

40.1337792642141 Z-stat 5.45891923448643

2 P-value 4.79041595280449E-08 # Side
<don’t touch this cell 5.45891923448643
Alpha 0.01
Conclusion Reject Ho
CI for Difference of Two Proportions
40.1337792642141 P-hat 0.241666666666667 Confidence
95%
 Standard Error 0.044270057182739
14.49388 Z* 1.95996398454005 ME
14.4938827686944 Lower Bound 0.15490 ME
Upper Bound 0.32843
Hypothesis Test for B1
98 Ho p= 0.00 B1
18 Ha p=/ 0.00 N
324
25.2622607496205 Se (SQRT(MSE)) 40,001.89604 Sum[(Xi-Xbar)^2]
21 SE 15139.6041482536
44 T-Stat -21.8732117765345 DF
2 P-value 4.24545482732779E-49 # of Tails
<don’t touch this cell
Alpha 0.05
Conclusion Reject Ho
CI for B1
44 B1 -331151.76775 DF
95% Confidence

SE 15139.6041482536
15.07043 T* 1.97548805823434 ME
15.0704334836654 Lower Bound -361059.8749 ME
Upper Bound -301243.6605
CI for Y (CI/PI)
0 Y-Predicted 266167.645453107 DF
CI or PI? CI Confidence
X-Test
Se 40001.90 X-bar
SE 3657.94780791221
1 T* 1.97548805823434 ME
2 Lower Bound 258941.4132 ME
<don’t touch this cell Upper Bound 273393.8777
Hypothesis Testing For Correlation Coefficient

Ho: Rho=0 Ha: Rho≠zero

1 r 0
95% n 1000
Alpha Level 0.05
T-value 0
P value 1
108.498968772 Conclusion Do Not Reject Ho
108.498968772107
 Estimating N for Proportions
1112 P-hat 0.50 Confidence
500 Q-hat 0.50 ME
0.449640287769784
# Side 2
Z* 1.95996398454005

<don’t touch this cell N 384.145882069412

Estimating N for Means

25 S 10 Confidence
24 DF 24 ME
38.1
10 # Side 2
T* 2.06389856162803
<don’t touch this cell
N 25.34013844551
N-DF 1.34013844551001 <-- Close to 1

Carton Probability
80 Mean 85 Mean
0 SD 15 SD
0 Var 225 Var
# Per Carton
Mean 2125 Min
SD 75 Max
Var 5625
Z -28.333333333333 Z2
Probability 0.99865010196837
Calculating Adjusted R2
200 R Squared R2
75
0.375 Adjusted R2 R2
0.625

F Stat For Full and Reduced Models

2
<don’t touch this cell Number in Sample n 20
Total Number of Variables k 4
Variables Taken Out q 2
R2 Full 0.2115
95% R2 Reduced 0.1905
 q d.f. 1 2
n-k-1 d.f. 2 15
H0: Reduced Model is Adequate F-Stat 0.1997463538364
0.08677 Ha: Reduced Model is not Adequate P Value 0.82108162719635
0.086767717671697
Calculating F* for F-stat

-331151.76775 df regresssion 4
156 df residual 15
Confidence 95.00%
6.981233 F* (F-star) 3.05556827590659

154
2

154
95%

29908.107
29908.107

154 PI: APPROX: Y-HAT +/- 2Se

95%
2.5
2.61673076923077

7226.232
7226.232
 95%
0.05

95%
4.1

0
0
0
25

2350

<= actual R2
0.64

0.568

Reduced Models

sst/ssm
Chi-Square Test of Independence Number of Rows (R) 2
Number of Columns (C ) 4
INSTRUCTIONS
RxC Table Col 1
Row 1 82
Row 2 44
Enter the Number of Rows and
Columns
In the Crosstabulation Table in
Cells D2 and D3 (Yellow).

Then Enter the Number of

Participants in Each
Cell of the Table (Observed
Frequencies)
Starting in Cell D6 (Yellow).

Enter the Level of Significance in

Cell H2.

Results Will Show in Green Cells.

Column Totals 126

RESULTS*
Chi-square Statistic 24.792
P-value 0.000
Conclusion Reject Ho
*Min(npi)>=5, i=1,2,…,k

Chi-Square Goodness of Fit

X2 Stat X2 = Σ (Observed - Expected)2

Expected

d.f. # categorical variables minus 1

H0: p1 = p2 = p3 = p4 =… pn = 1/n

Ha: at least one of the pn in not equal to 1/n

Alpha Level 0.01

Critical Value 11.3448667
P Value 0.58917587 P - Value Pr(X2 > X2 stat)
Conclusion Do Not Reject Ho
 Alpha Level of Significance 0.01
Degrees of Freedom 3
Critical Value 11.34486673
Col 2 Col 3 Col 4
72 139 53
53 174 83

125 313 136 0 0 0

Expected Frequency for Specific Cell "Eij" Chi-Square Term

Column total "i" 126 Observed 82
Row total "j" 346 Expected Freq. 62.28
Overall total 700 Chi-Square Term 6.244033398
Expected Freq. 62.28

1.92

> No discrepancy between observed and expected

> discrepancy between observed and expected

 RowTotals EXP FREQ
346 Row 1
354 Row 2
0 Row 3
0 Row 4
0 Row 5
0 Row 6
0 Row 7
0 Row 8
0 Row 9
Row 10

0
0 Totals
0 0 0 0 700

(O-E)^2/E
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Row 10
 Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4 Col 5 Col 6 Col 7
62.28 61.78571429 154.7114286 67.22285714 0 0 0
63.72 63.21428571 158.2885714 68.77714286 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
126 125 313 136 0 0 0

Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4 Col 5 Col 6 Col 7

6.244033398 1.688604459 1.595544622 3.009239326 0 0 0
6.102925298 1.650443906 1.559487116 2.941233917 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Chi-sq 24.79151204
Col 8 Col 9 Col 10 Totals
0 0 0 346
0 0 0 354
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 700

Col 8 Col 9 Col 10

0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0