DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THIS QUESTIONAIRRE!

WRITE YOUR ANSWER ON THE ANSWER SHEET PROVIDED.

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Aphantasia: A life without mental images

Close your eyes and imagine walking along a sandy beach and then gazing over the horizon as
the Sun rises. How clear is the image that springs to mind?

Most people can readily conjure images inside their head - known as their mind's eye. But this year
scientists have described a condition, aphantasia, in which some people are unable to visualise mental
images.

Niel Kenmuir, from Lancaster, has always had a blind mind's eye. He knew he was different even in
childhood. "My stepfather, when I couldn't sleep, told me to count sheep, and he explained what he
meant, I tried to do it and I couldn't," he says. "I couldn't see any sheep jumping over fences, there was
nothing to count."

Our memories are often tied up in images, think back to a wedding or first day at school. As a result, Niel
admits, some aspects of his memory are "terrible", but he is very good at remembering facts. And, like
others with aphantasia, he struggles to recognise faces. Yet he does not see aphantasia as a disability,
but simply a different way of experiencing life.

Mind's eye blind

Ironically, Niel now works in a bookshop, although he largely sticks to the non-fiction aisles. His condition
begs the question what is going on inside his picture-less mind. I asked him what happens when he tries
to picture his fiancee. "This is the hardest thing to describe, what happens in my head when I think about
things," he says. "When I think about my fiancee there is no image, but I am definitely thinking about her, I
know today she has her hair up at the back, she's brunette. But I'm not describing an image I am looking
at, I'm remembering features about her, that's the strangest thing and maybe that is a source of some
regret."

The response from his mates is a very sympathetic: "You're weird." But while Niel is very relaxed about
his inability to picture things, it is often a cause of distress for others. One person who took part in a study
into aphantasia said he had started to feel "isolated" and "alone" after discovering that other people could
see images in their heads. Being unable to reminisce about his mother years after her death led to him
being "extremely distraught".

The super-visualiser

At the other end of the spectrum is children's book illustrator, Lauren Beard, whose work on the Fairytale
Hairdresser series will be familiar to many six-year-olds. Her career relies on the vivid images that leap
into her mind's eye when she reads text from her author. When I met her in her box-room studio in
Manchester, she was working on a dramatic scene in the next book. The text describes a baby perilously
climbing onto a chandelier.

"Straightaway I can visualise this grand glass chandelier in some sort of French kind of ballroom, and the
little baby just swinging off it and really heavy thick curtains," she says. "I think I have a strong
imagination, so I can create the world and then keep adding to it so it gets sort of bigger and bigger in my
mind and the characters too they sort of evolve. I couldn't really imagine what it's like to not imagine, I
think it must be a bit of a shame really."

Not many people have mental imagery as vibrant as Lauren or as blank as Niel. They are the two
extremes of visualisation. Adam Zeman, a professor of cognitive and behavioural neurology, wants to
compare the lives and experiences of people with aphantasia and its polar-opposite hyperphantasia. His
team, based at the University of Exeter, coined the term aphantasia this year in a study in the journal
Cortex.

Prof Zeman tells the BBC: "People who have contacted us say they are really delighted that this has been
recognised and has been given a name, because they have been trying to explain to people for years that
there is this oddity that they find hard to convey to others." How we imagine is clearly very subjective -
one person's vivid scene could be another's grainy picture. But Prof Zeman is certain that aphantasia is
real. People often report being able to dream in pictures, and there have been reported cases of people
losing the ability to think in images after a brain injury.

He is adamant that aphantasia is "not a disorder" and says it may affect up to one in 50 people. But he
adds: "I think it makes quite an important difference to their experience of life because many of us spend
our lives with imagery hovering somewhere in the mind's eye which we inspect from time to time, it's a
variability of human experience."

Questions 1–5

Do the following statements agree with the information in the IELTS reading text?

In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE                          if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE                        if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN                if there is no information on this

1. Aphantasia is a condition, which describes people, for whom it is hard to visualise mental images.

                               

2. Niel Kenmuir was unable to count sheep in his head.                                

3. People with aphantasia struggle to remember personal traits and clothes of different people.                  

4. Niel regrets that he cannot portray an image of his fiancee in his mind.                              

5. Inability to picture things in someone's head is often a cause of distress for a person.                           

6. All people with aphantasia start to feel 'isolated' or 'alone' at some point of their lives.                           

7. Lauren Beard's career depends on her imagination.                                

8. The author met Lauren Beard when she was working on a comedy scene in her next book.                  

Questions 9–13

Complete the sentences below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

9. Only a small fraction of people have imagination as   as Lauren does.

10. Hyperphantasia is   to aphantasia.

11.There are a lot of subjectivity in comparing people's imagination - somebody's vivid scene could be

another person's  .
12. Prof Zeman is   that aphantasia is not an illness.

13. Many people spend their lives with   somewhere in the mind's eye.

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2
below.

Life lessons from villains, crooks and gangsters

(A) A notorious Mexican drug baron’s audacious escape from prison in July doesn’t, at first, appear to
have much to teach corporate boards. But some in the business world suggest otherwise. Beyond the
morally reprehensible side of criminals' work, some business gurus say organised crime syndicates,
computer hackers, pirates and others operating outside the law could teach legitimate corporations a
thing or two about how to hustle and respond to rapid change.

(B) Far from encouraging illegality, these gurus argue that – in the same way big corporations sometimes
emulate start-ups – business leaders could learn from the underworld about flexibility, innovation and the
ability to pivot quickly. “There is a nimbleness to criminal organisations that legacy corporations [with
large, complex layers of management] don’t have,” said Marc Goodman, head of the Future Crimes
Institute and global cyber-crime advisor. While traditional businesses focus on rules they have to follow,
criminals look to circumvent them. “For criminals, the sky is the limit and that creates the opportunity to
think much, much bigger.”

(C) Joaquin Guzman, the head of the Mexican Sinaloa drug cartel, for instance, slipped out of his prison
cell through a tiny hole in his shower that led to a mile-long tunnel fitted with lights and ventilation. Making
a break for it required creative thinking, long-term planning and perseverance – essential skills similar to
those needed to achieve success in big business.

(D) While Devin Liddell, who heads brand strategy for Seattle-based design consultancy, Teague,
condemns the violence and other illegal activities he became curious as to how criminal groups endure.
Some cartels stay in business despite multiple efforts by law enforcement on both sides of the US border
and millions of dollars from international agencies to shut them down. Liddell genuinely believes there’s a
lesson in longevity here. One strategy he underlined was how the bad guys respond to change. In order
to bypass the border between Mexico and the US, for example, the Sinaloa cartel went to great lengths. It
built a vast underground tunnel, hired family members as border agents and even used a catapult to
circumvent a high-tech fence.

(E) By contrast, many legitimate businesses fail because they hesitate to adapt quickly to changing
market winds. One high-profile example is movie and game rental company Blockbuster, which didn’t
keep up with the market and lost business to mail order video rentals and streaming technologies. The
brand has all but faded from view. Liddell argues the difference between the two groups is that criminal
organisations often have improvisation encoded into their daily behaviour, while larger companies think of
innovation as a set process. “This is a leadership challenge,” said Liddell. “How well companies innovate
and organise is a reflection of leadership.”

Left-field thinking

(F) Cash-strapped start-ups also use unorthodox strategies to problem solve and build their businesses
up from scratch. This creativity and innovation is often borne out of necessity, such as tight budgets. Both
criminals and start-up founders “question authority, act outside the system and see new and clever ways
of doing things,” said Goodman. “Either they become Elon Musk or El Chapo.” And, some entrepreneurs
aren’t even afraid to operate in legal grey areas in their effort to disrupt the marketplace. The co-founders
of music streaming service Napster, for example, knowingly broke music copyright rules with their first
online file sharing service, but their technology paved the way for legal innovation as regulators caught
up.

(G) Goodman and others believe thinking hard about problem solving before worrying about restrictions
could prevent established companies falling victim to rivals less constrained by tradition. In their book The
Misfit Economy, Alexa Clay and Kyra Maya Phillips examine how individuals can apply that mindset to
become more innovative and entrepreneurial within corporate structures. They studied not just violent
criminals like Somali pirates, but others who break the rules in order to find creative solutions to their
business problems, such as people living in the slums of Mumbai or computer hackers. They picked out
five common traits among this group: the ability to hustle, pivot, provoke, hack and copycat.

(H) Clay gives a Saudi entrepreneur named Walid Abdul-Wahab as a prime example. Abdul-Wahab
worked with Amish farmers to bring camel milk to American consumers even before US regulators
approved it. Through perseverance, he eventually found a network of Amish camel milk farmers and
started selling the product via social media. Now his company, Desert Farms, sells to giant mainstream
retailers like Whole Foods Market. Those on the fringe don’t always have the option of traditional,
corporate jobs and that forces them to think more creatively about how to make a living, Clay said. They
must develop grit and resilience in order to last outside the cushy confines of cubicle life. “In many cases
scarcity is the mother of invention,” Clay said.

Questions 14-21

Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs A-H. Match the headings below with the paragraphs. Write the
correct letter, A-H, in boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet.

14. Jailbreak with creative thinking 

15. Five common traits among rule-breakers 

16. Comparison between criminals and traditional businessmen 

17. Can drug baron's espace teach legitimate corporations? 

18. Great entrepreneur 

19. How criminal groups deceive the law 

20. The difference between legal and illegal organisations  

21. Similarity between criminals and start-up founders 

Questions 22–25

Complete the sentences below.

Write ONLY ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 22–25 on your answer sheet.

22. To escape from a prison, Joaquin Guzman had to use such traits as creative thinking, long-term

planning and  .

23. The Sinaloa cartel built a grand underground tunnel and even used a   to avoid the
fence.

24. The main difference between two groups is that criminals, unlike large corporations, often

have   encoded into their daily life.

25. Due to being persuasive, Walid Abdul-Wahab found a   of Amish camel milk farmers.

Question 26

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

26. The main goal of this article is to:

      A   Show different ways of illegal activity

      B   Give an overview of various criminals and their gangs

      C   Draw a comparison between legal and illegal business, providing examples

      D   Justify criminals with creative thinking

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40, which are based on Reading Passage 3
below.

Britain needs strong TV industry

Comedy writer Armando Iannucci has called for an industry-wide defence of the BBC and British
programme-makers. "The Thick of It" creator made his remarks in the annual MacTaggart Lecture at the
Edinburgh TV Festival.

"It's more important than ever that we have more strong, popular channels... that act as beacons, drawing
audiences to the best content," he said. Speaking earlier, Culture Secretary John Whittingdale rejected
suggestions that he wanted to dismantle the BBC.

'Champion supporters'

Iannucci co-wrote "I'm Alan Partridge", wrote the movie "In the Loop" and created and wrote the
hit "HBO" and "Sky Atlantic show Veep". He delivered the 40th annual MacTaggart Lecture, which has
previously been given by Oscar winner Kevin Spacey, former BBC director general Greg Dyke, Jeremy
Paxman and Rupert Murdoch. Iannucci said: "Faced with a global audience, British television needs its
champion supporters."
He continued his praise for British programming by saying the global success of American TV shows had
come about because they were emulating British television. "The best US shows are modelling
themselves on what used to make British TV so world-beating," he said. "US prime-time schedules are
now littered with those quirky formats from the UK - the "Who Do You Think You Are"'s and the variants
on "Strictly Come Dancing" - as well as the single-camera non-audience sitcom, which we brought into
the mainstream first. We have changed international viewing for the better."

With the renewal of the BBC's royal charter approaching, Iannucci also praised the corporation. He said:
"If public service broadcasting - one of the best things we've ever done creatively as a country - if it was a
car industry, our ministers would be out championing it overseas, trying to win contracts, boasting of the
British jobs that would bring." In July, the government issued a green paper setting out issues that will be
explored during negotiations over the future of the BBC, including the broadcaster's size, its funding and
governance.

Primarily Mr Whittingdale wanted to appoint a panel of five people, but finally he invited two more people
to advise on the channer renewal, namely former Channel 4 boss Dawn Airey and journalism professor
Stewart Purvis, a former editor-in-chief of ITN. Iannucci bemoaned the lack of "creatives" involved in the
discussions.

"When the media, communications and information industries make up nearly 8% our GDP, larger than
the car and oil and gas industries put together, we need to be heard, as those industries are heard. But
when I see the panel of experts who've been asked by the culture secretary to take a root and branch
look at the BBC, I don't see anyone who is a part of that cast and crew list. I see executives, media
owners, industry gurus, all talented people - but not a single person who's made a classic and enduring
television show."

'Don't be modest'

Iannucci suggested one way of easing the strain on the licence fee was "by pushing ourselves more
commercially abroad".

"Use the BBC's name, one of the most recognised brands in the world," he said. "And use the reputation
of British television across all networks, to capitalise financially oversees. Be more aggressive in selling
our shows, through advertising, through proper international subscription channels, freeing up BBC
Worldwide to be fully commercial, whatever it takes.

"Frankly, don't be icky and modest about making money, let's monetise the bezeesus Mary and Joseph
out of our programmes abroad so that money can come back, take some pressure off the licence fee at
home and be invested in even more ambitious quality shows, that can only add to our value."

Mr Whittingdale, who was interviewed by ITV News' Alastair Stewart at the festival, said he wanted an
open debate about whether the corporation should do everything it has done in the past.  He said he had
a slight sense that people who rushed to defend the BBC were "trying to have an argument that's never
been started".

"Whatever my view is, I don't determine what programmes the BBC should show," he added. "That's the
job of the BBC." Mr Whittingdale said any speculation that the Conservative Party had always wanted to
change the BBC due to issues such as its editorial line was "absolute nonsense".

Questions 27-31
Do the following statements agree with the information in the IELTS reading text?

In boxes 27–31 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE                       if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE                      if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN             if there is no information on this

27. Armando Iannucci expressed a need of having more popular channels.                                                 

28. John Whittingdale wanted to dismantle the BBC.                                                   

29. Iannucci delivered the 30th annual MacTaggart Lecture.                                                 

30. Ianucci believes that British television has contributed to the success of American TV-shows.            

31. There have been negotiations over the future of the BBC in July.                                                 

Questions 32–35

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.

32. Ianucci praised everything EXCEPT

      A   US shows

      B   British shows

      C   Corporation

      D   British programming

33. To advise on the charter renewal Mr Whittingdale appointed a panel of

      A   five people

      B   two people

      C   seven people

      D   four people

34. Who of these people was NOT invited to the discussion concerning BBC renewal?

      A   Armando Iannucci

      B   Dawn Airey

      C   John Whittingdale

      D   Stewart Purvis

35. There panel of experts lacks:

      A   media owners

      B   people who make enduring TV-shows

      C   gurus of Television industry

      D   top executives

Questions 36–40

Complete the summary below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 37–40 on your answer sheet.

Easing the strain on the licence fees

Iannucci recommended increasing BBC's profit by pushing ourselves more 36.  . He

suggests being more aggressive in selling British shows, through advertising and proper

international 37.  . Also, he invokes producers to stop being 38.   and

modest about making money and invest into even 39.   quality shows. However, Mr

Whittingdale denied any 40.   that the Conservative Party had always wanted to change
the BBC because of its editorial line.