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Lecture-2-Pascal's Law

1. Fluid statics is the study of fluids at rest, where only normal pressure forces exist. 2. Pressure is defined as the force per unit area and can be calculated using equations relating force and area. 3. According to Pascal's law, pressure in a static fluid is equal in all directions; a change in pressure at any point is transmitted undiminished to all other points in the fluid.

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Syed Wasim
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141 views12 pages

Lecture-2-Pascal's Law

1. Fluid statics is the study of fluids at rest, where only normal pressure forces exist. 2. Pressure is defined as the force per unit area and can be calculated using equations relating force and area. 3. According to Pascal's law, pressure in a static fluid is equal in all directions; a change in pressure at any point is transmitted undiminished to all other points in the fluid.

Uploaded by

Syed Wasim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fluid Statics

Lecture - 2
Fluid Statics
 Fluid Statics means the study of fluid at rest.
 At rest, there are no shear stresses, the only force is the normal
force due to pressure is present.
 Pressure is defined as:
 “Normal Force per Unit Area” Or
“The amount of force exerted on a unit area of a substance or
on a surface.”
 This can be stated by the equation:
F dF
p (For Finite Area) p (For Infinite Area)
A dA
 Units : N/m2(Pa), lbs/ft2 (psf), lbs/in2 (psi)
Example
A load of 200 pounds (lb) is exerted on a piston confining
oil in a circular cylinder with an inside diameter of 2.50
inches (in). Compute the pressure in the oil at the piston.
Solution:
Principles about Pressure
 Two important principles about pressure were described by
Blaise Pascal, a seventeenth-century scientist:
1. Pressure acts uniformly in all directions on a small volume
of a fluid.
2. In a fluid confined by solid boundaries, pressure acts
perpendicular to the boundary.
Direction of fluid pressure on boundaries
Pressure at a point is same in all
directions and Pascal’s Law
Pascal’s Law
 According to Pascal’s Law, Pressure or intensity of

pressure at a point in a static fluid will be equal in


all directions.

Let us consider one arbitrary fluid element of


rectangular shape ABC as displayed here in
following figure. Let us assume that width of fluid
element ABC perpendicular to the plane of paper is
unity.
Pascal’s Law and its Derivation

Sin θ= Pzy/Pz
Pz.Sin θ= Pzy

Cos θ= Pzx/Pz 90- θ Pz


Pz.Cos θ= Pzx θ
θ
θ

Pz

Pzy
θ

Pzx
Pascal’s Law and its Derivation

 Let us consider the following terms as mentioned here


 PX = Pressure acting in X- direction over the face AB
 PY = Pressure acting in Y- direction over the face AC
 PZ = Pressure acting in Z- direction over the face BC
 θ = Angle ABC, as displayed above in figure
 dx, dy and ds : Fluid element dimensions
 ρ = Density of the fluid
 Let us analyse here the forces acting on the fluid element
ABC
Pascal’s Law and its Derivation

 Force on the face AB, AC and BC


 FAB = PX x Area of face AB = PX. dy. 1 = PX. dy
 FAC = PY x Area of face AC = PY. dx. 1 = PY. dx
 FBC = PZ x Area of face BC = PZ. ds. 1 = PZ. ds
 Weight of the fluid element,
 W = Volume x Density of fluid x acceleration due to gravity
 W = Area x width of fluid element x Density of fluid x
acceleration due to gravity
 W = (AB x AC/2) x 1 x ρ x g = (dy dx/2) x ρ x g
Pascal’s Law and its Derivation

Considering the forces in X-direction


 FX – FZX = 0

 PX. dy- PZX. ds = 0 PZX = PZ.Cos θ


 PX. dy- PZ.Cos θ.ds = 0

 PX. dy = PZ. ds Cos θ

 As we can see from above fluid element ABC, Cos θ =dy/ds


so,
 dy = ds Cos θ

 PX. dy = PZ. dy

 PX = PZ
Pascal’s Law and its Derivation

Considering the forces in Y-direction


 FY – FZY – W= 0
 PY. dx- PZY. ds - (dy dx/2) x ρ x g = 0 PZY = PZ.Sin θ
 PY. dx- PZ. Sin θ ds - (dy dx/2) x ρ x g = 0
 PY. dx - PZ. ds Sin θ - (dy dx/2) x ρ x g = 0
 As fluid element is very small and therefore, we can neglect the weight of
fluid element
 PY. dx - PZ. ds Sin θ = 0
 As we can see from above fluid element ABC, Sin θ =dx/ds so, dx = ds Sin
θ
 PY. dx - PZ dx = 0
 PY = PZ
Pascal’s Law and its Derivation

 From above two expressions mentioned above, we can write


following equation as:
 PX = PY = PZ
 We can say from above equation that pressure at any point in
X, Y and Z directions will be same.
 Pascal’s Law provides the base for any hydraulic system or we
can say that complete hydraulic system is based on the
principle of Pascal’s Law.

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