Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

EXERCISE 1.01

1 0
2 a 10 b 100 c 1000
3 a 99 b 999 c 9999
4 0
5 2019
6 4 and 25
7 a 11 b 6 c 12
d 36 e 5 f 15
g 2 h 1 i 99
j 1 k 2 l 12
8 a 3 b 4 c 2
d 5 e 2 f 4
g 4 h 1 i 1
9 12 cards, with $3 left over.
10 45 000 km
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

PUZZLE

Nines and sevens

9 999 − 99
1 9× 9 + 9 + 9 + or
9 9
7 7
2 + + (7 + 7)×7
7 7

3 7 × 7 ÷ (.7 × .7)
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

EXERCISE 1.02
1 a 1, 2, 5 and 10 6 a 45° is a factor of 360°, it goes in exactly.
b 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 18 b No, because 50° is not a factor of 360°.
c 1, 3 and 9
7 True
d 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21 and 42
e 1 8 a Yes b No c No
f 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30 and 60 9 16
g 1 and 13 10 A $6 stamp would be best. 6 is the highest
h 1 and 29 common factor of 18 and 48, and would involve
2 a 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, … using fewer stamps than $2 or $3 stamps.
b 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, … 11 2520
c 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, …
d 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, … 12 a Wednesday
e 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, … b  onday. 35 is a multiple of 35 but is not
M
f 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, … a multiple of 10.
g 75, 150, 225, 300, 375, 450, … c  uesday. There could not have been one
T
h 41, 82, 123, 164, 205, 246, … atlas sold because then the money left over
3 a 10 b 30 ($25) is not a multiple of $10. There could
c 12 d 30 not have been two atlases sold because
then the cost ($70) exceeds the takings
4 a 2 b 3
of $60.
c 16 d 15
d Thursday
5 a False (1 does not) b True
c True d True
e True f False
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

PUZZLE

What am I?
441
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

Investigation

Perfect numbers
1 1 is not a perfect number. It has no factors except
for itself.
2 28. Factors of 28, excluding itself, are 1, 2, 4, 7 and 14;
1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28.
3 Factors of 496, excluding itself, are
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 31, 62, 124 and 248;
1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 31 + 62 + 124 + 248 = 496.
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

EXERCISE 1.03

1 b, c, d, f, h, j
2 91 is not prime because 7 × 13 = 91
3 11
4 8
5 11
6 1
7 101
8 Yes
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

PUZZLE

Prime Boeings
1 727, 757, 787

2 707 = 7 × 101
717 = 3 × 239
737 = 11 × 67
747 = 3 × 3 × 83
767 = 13 × 59
777 = 3 × 7 × 37
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

EXERCISE 1.04

1 a −5 b 8 c −13

d 98 e 1 f 0
2 Twizel, Alexandra, Christchurch,
Nelson, Blenheim, Dunedin,
Greymouth, Milford Sound
3 {−10, −8, −5, −3, 0, 6, 7}
4 a 6>3 b −9 <4
c 8 > −2 d −3 <1
e 7 > −8 f −2 < 1

g −4 > −10 h −5 < 6

i −11 < −8 j 0 > −15

5 a False b True
c False d True
6 a = −5, b = −3, c = −9,
d = 0, e = 2
7 a −21 °C b 7 °C
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

PUZZLE

AD–BC
1 ‘Before Christ’

2 ‘Anno Domini’, which is

Latin for ‘Year of our Lord’.

3 14 AD if we assume there
is a Year 0, otherwise 15 AD.

4 79 years if we assume there

is a Year 0, otherwise 78 years.
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

PUZZLE

Consecutive integers 2
–3 –1 –4
Eight integers
(Other answers are possible.) 0 3 1
–2

Nine integers 0 –2 2
(Other answers are possible.) –3 4 –4
–1 1 3
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

EXERCISE 1.05
1 a 1 b -
9 c -1
d -
9 e -
5 f -18
g -
2 h 7 i 3
j -
8 k -
6 l -9
m 15 n 3 o -10
p -
2 q -
3 r 79
s -
4 t 4

2 a 139 b 585 c -858

d -4313 e 937 f 115
g 8431
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

PUZZLE

Magic square

−
3 1
−
1 3
−
3 1
−
1 3
−
3 1
−
1 3
−
3 1
−
1 3

Solution
1 –3 –1 3
–1 3 1 –3

3 –1 –3 1
–3 1 3 –1

Other answers are possible.

Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

EXERCISE 1.06
1 a -
11 b 3 c 8
d 4 e -4 f -
8
g -
8 h -1 i 38
j 1 k -10 l 9
m -
17 n 2 o 6
p -
13 q 2 r -
9
s 10 t -80

2 a -3895 b -1219
c -80 804 d 13 931
e -369 f 360
g 2561
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

PUZZLE

The missing dollar

There is no missing dollar. The $2 stolen
by the porter should be subtracted from
$27 to get $25, not added to what the three
men have paid. The men have actually
only paid $27 after the refund - the porter
has $2 of this amount, and the other $25
is with the manager. As far as the original
$30 is concerned, the three men have $3,
the porter has $2 and the manager has $25.
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

EXERCISE 1.07

1 a -40 b -14 c 24
d 200 e 16 f -40
g -36 h -28

2 a 24 b -10 c 160
d 8 e -30 f 64
g -1 h 24
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

PUZZLE

How many, how much?

1 $74
2 37
3 $518
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

EXERCISE 1.08
1 a -5 b 10 c -
1
d 2 e -7 f -
4
g -5 h -5

2 a -4 b -20 c 5
d -9 e -3 f -9
g 1 h -31
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

PUZZLE

The credit card quartet

x=7
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

EXERCISE 1.09

1 a -12 b 7 c 4
d 56 e -14 f -1
g 31 h 24 i -40
j 42

2 a -47 b 12 c -3
d -4 e 6 f 8
g 11 h -4 i 9
j 4
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

EXERCISE 1.10

1 a Overdrawn
b An overdraft of $24.
27 − 51 = −24
2 4 − −9 = 13; that is, the temperature
has risen by 13 °C.
3 a −78 b −97 c 3
d −12 e 13
4 a 5 b U2

5 13 °C
6 a 57 years old
b 39 years old
c 32-and-a-half years
d 40 AD if we assume there is a
Year 0, otherwise 41 AD.
7 a 10 × 4 + 5 × −7
b 5

8 a i 4 ii 70
b i 10 ii 66
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

PUZZLE

Why did Rupert take some

sausages to the hairdressers?
He thought he was going to a
barber queue.
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

PUZZLE

Jumbled integers

0 1
−
-2 −3

Answer

3 -
1 -
2 3 0 -
4 -
4 2 0 -
3 1
-
1
-
4 0 -
3 1 -
1 1 2 0

1 -
3 2 -
1 -
2 2 3 -
2 -
3 -
2 3 4
-
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

EXERCISE 1.11

1 a 84 b 56 c 42 6 a 17 b 768 c 80
d 133 e (-1)3 f (-7)6 d 0 e 400 f 1114

2 a 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 7 a False b True c True

b 10 × 10 × 10 d False e False f True
c -3 × -3 × -3 × -3 × -3 × -3 × -3
d -2 × -2 × -2 × -2 × -2 × -2 × -2 × -2 8 a 32 768 b 1024 c 81
d 8 e 4096 f 729
3 a 9 b 196 c 512
d 512 e 1296 f 16 384 9 a 312 = 311 × 3 = 177 147 × 3 = 531 441
g 9 h 405 b 310 = 311 ÷ 3 = 177 147 ÷ 3 = 59 049

4 a 16 b -32 c 729 10 64
d 1 e 625 f -161 051
11 a 64 b 60
5 a 9.61 b 117.649
c 58.0644 d 244.140 625
e 0.0625 f 0.0144
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

PUZZLE

What happens at
the end?
1
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

EXERCISE 1.12

1 a 4 b 9 c 7 7 a 7
d 12 e 1 f 20 b 7
2 a 6 b 9 c 7 8 a 1000
d 2 e 11 f 29 b 4
c 5
3 a 2.5 b 2.36 c 0.31
d 101
d 0.7
e 7
4 81
9 a False
5 2 b True
6 a 1.732
b 2.999 824
c 3
Number and Algebra 1 Number properties and operations

PUZZLE

Dominoes
1 28

2 55
Number and Algebra 2 Decimals

EXERCISE 2.01

1 a 47.5 b 0.8 c 0.24

d 0.096 e 0.01

2 a 8 tenths and 5 hundredths

b 9 tenths
c 1 one, 3 tenths and 8 hundredths
d 5 hundredths
e 7 tenths and 3 thousandths

3 a a = 8.4, b = 10.9, c = 11.5

b a = 3.25, b = 3.47, c = 3.11
c a = 4.94, b = 5.18, c = 5.05
d a = 8.85, b = 9.075, c = 8.925

4 a 13.8 b 0.7 c 0.91

d 0.06 e 1.3 f 0.2386

5 0.037, 0.04, 0.082, 0.403, 0.8

6 a 1.24 m
b Kim, Cameron, Lee
c Chris Smith, Lee Brown,
Tracy Evans, Pat O’Sullivan
Number and Algebra 2 Decimals

EXERCISE 2.02

1 12.732

2 20.372

3 710.8043

4 115.053

5 0.1016

6 17.45

7 1.58

8 431.814

9 0.67

10 0.0967
Number and Algebra 2 Decimals

EXERCISE 2.03
1 a 9.4 b 2.8 c 7.51
d 10 e 7.93 f 48.7
g 0.583 h 518.86 i 2.019
j 0.3968

2 a 0.3 b 3.28 c 1.55

d 0.4 e 4.5 f 7.61
g 0.007 h 2.03 i 11.89
j 6.3

3
+ 4.9 1.5 1.78 13.8
5.1 10 6.6 6.88 18.9
4.05 8.95 5.55 5.83 17.85
1.44 6.34 2.94 3.22 15.24
Number and Algebra 2 Decimals

EXERCISE 2.04
1 3.567 08

2 102.34

3 1.2

4 0.72

5 66.672

6 102

7 115.468 02

8 1.1289

9 0.015

10 0.9376
Number and Algebra 2 Decimals

EXERCISE 2.05
1 0.6 9 0.078
2 0.33 10 4.32
3 11.2 11 0.005 05
4 0.1 12 0.000 54
5 0.72 13 0.000 28
6 5.544 14 307.36
7 0.008 15 35.7555
8 0.034 16 0.4 0.02 0.1
×
0.5 0.2 0.01 0.05
0.6 0.24 0.012 0.06
0.03 0.012 0.0006 0.003
Number and Algebra 2 Decimals

EXERCISE 2.06
1 22.3 9 61.5

2 80.6 10 2800

3 2.7 11 500

4 13 12 15 000

5 4 13 250

6 750 14 4.02

7 2.3 15 0.4

8 5.95
Number and Algebra 2 Decimals

PUZZLE

Correcting a wrong answer

812.5
Number and Algebra 2 Decimals

EXERCISE 2.07
1 $22.50 15 $2944
2 $44.40 16 0.56 m or 56 cm
3 Three; pay with a $5 note 17 a 125.90 b 18.9 m
and the change is a $1 coin
18 9.025
and two 20-cent coins.
19 a $232.95 b $79.05
4 $18.55
20 $27.45
5 50
21 $2.40
6 $1.75
22 a Company Y b 10 cents
7 26
23 Profit of $152.
8 $9.80
24 The takings ($1847) should be a multiple of $7.50,
9 2.5 litres
but they are not.
10 50.35 m
25 $668
11 a $46.94 b $3.10
26 $1.15
12 $138.50
27 a Smaller b Larger
13 $14.15 c When multiplying by a decimal greater than
1, numbers become larger.
14 $9.55
When multiplying by a decimal less than 1,
numbers become smaller.
Number and Algebra 3 Fractions

EXERCISE 3.01
3 1 32 1
1 a b 5 12 or
4 8 64 2
5 30 10
c 13 or
12 81 27
3 2
2 a b
4 5 14 One-tenth
1 7 3 4
c d 15 a b
2 30 5 7

{ 73 , 21 , 95 , 35 }
8 4 6 Ron
e f 16
100 90 6 1
7 is less than because
{ 205 , 195 , 145 , 209 , 199 }
3 a One-quarter 13 2
6 is less than half of 13. 17
b Three-tenths
c Four-fifths 3 4 5 3 3 4 18 Hotel A
8 , , , , ,
d Thirty-one-thousandths 8 8 8 4 5 5
e One-eightieth 3
9
f Eleven-fortieths 20
3 1
10 a or
4 6 2
4
b
11
2 3
11 a b
5 5
Number and Algebra 3 Fractions

PUZZLE

The heaviest money box

Vernon
Number and Algebra 3 Fractions

PUZZLE

A cross within a square

1
5
Number and Algebra 3 Fractions

EXERCISE 3.02
1 2 2 2 1
1 a b c 5 a b
4 3 3 3 3
3 4 4 7
d e f 6
2 5 5 10
2 1 9
g h i 3 7
3 3 32
1 1 3
j 1 k l 8
29 3 8
5 7 3 7
m n o 9 a ; 7 and 24 have
39 36 37 24
no common factors.
2 a 4 b 25 c 8
1
d 25 e 2 f 13 b
3
4 1
3 10
5 3
4 One-quarter of a slab
each.
Number and Algebra 3 Fractions

EXERCISE 3.03
1 8 1
1 a b c
3 15 10
8
d
15
5 3 2
2 a b c
8 4 3
5 3
d e
6 2
5 8 3
3 a b c
72 45 20
Number and Algebra 3 Fractions

PUZZLE
Number nine cake
or
4 5 6 4 5
6
3 7 3 7
2 8 2 8
1 9 1 9
0 0

or
4 5
6
3 7
2 8
1 9
0
Number and Algebra 3 Fractions

EXERCISE 3.04
1
1
20
2 2
3 $6
4 $2.40
5 a 15 b 24 c 35
3
6
14
7 73 (Assuming it is not a leap-year.)
8 Colin because he saves $37.50,
while Debbie only saves $36.
9 78
10 4300
7
11
15
12 4
13 327 m2
Number and Algebra 3 Fractions

EXERCISE 3.05
3 3 2
1 a b c
2 4 3
6 10 4
d e f or 4
5 7 1
1 2 1
g h or 2 i
8 1 15
1
j
100
2 a Yes b No c Yes
d No e Yes f No
g Yes h Yes i No
j No
Number and Algebra 3 Fractions

PUZZLE

Egyptian fractions

5 7 11
1 a b c
6 72 12
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 a + b + c +
2 6 3 4 5 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 a + + + or + + + + +
2 3 8 168 2 4 8 16 56 112
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
b + + + + + + + + + + +
2 4 16 64 512 601 9616 19 232 38 464 76 928 153 856 307 712
1 1 1 1
4 a + b +
3 5 4 7
 Number and Algebra 3 Fractions

EXERCISE 3.06
4 20 3
1 a b c
9 21 8
18 9 1
d e f
25 32 2
50 1
2 a 8 b c
3 3
1
d
12
4 16 10
3 a b c
9 15 9
1
d
9
4 50 glasses
Number and Algebra 3 Fractions

EXERCISE 3.07
2 4 7
1 a b c
3 7 9
29 3 2
d e f
31 4 5
1
g h 1 i 1
4
15
j
13

1 6 1
2 a b c
2 31 4
1 5 3
d e f
3 6 10
1
g 3 h
5

9
3 a b 1
5
Number and Algebra 3 Fractions

PUZZLE

Apples, oranges and peaches

1 Oranges, peaches, apples

2 21 oranges weigh the

same as 10 apples.
Number and Algebra 3 Fractions

EXERCISE 3.08
11 11 11
1 a b c
12 15 12
7 23 13
d e f
10 30 3
5 4 1
2 a b c
6 63 4
1 11 5
d e f
12 20 24

31 67
3 a b
30 44
Number and Algebra 3 Fractions

EXERCISE 3.09
13 7
1 a b
20 20
9
2
20
1 3
3 a b
4 4
9
4
20
4
5
15
3
6
20
3
7
10
5
8
6
9 48 000 km
Number and Algebra 3 Fractions

EXERCISE 3.10
2 3 5
1 a 1 b 3 c 3
3 4 11
4 1
d 7 e 10 f 1
9 44
11 2
g 0 h 8 i 2
12 31
1
j 20
2
7 19
2 a b
2 4
18 9
c or
10 5
39 66 41
d e f
5 7 6
41 19 413
g h i
20 8 100
207
j
5
Number and Algebra 3 Fractions

EXERCISE 3.11
1 1 2
1 a 3 b 1 c 5
8 4 3

35
2 a 2 b
54

4
3 a 4 b 6 c 10
5
1 11
d 4 e 5
6 20
2 23 9
4 a 2 b c 1
3 24 10

19
5 7
24
1 4
6 a 1 b 2 c 4
5 15
2 1 1
d 3 e 8 f 41
3 12 6
Number and Algebra 3 Fractions

EXERCISE 3.12
2
1 2 bottles
3
1
2 5 hours
4
1
3 16 chairs
2
2
4 18 ; that is, 19 candles because
11
18 would not be enough.
3
5 1 cups
10
1
6 3 packets
12
7 140 litres
7
8 7 pounds
10
1
9
9
10 7
3
11 3 tanks
8
12 a 2040 b 2300
Number and Algebra 3 Fractions

EXERCISE 3.13
7 3
1 a 0.5 b 0.375 c 0.6 5 Yes, = 0.6 3 is between = 0.6
11 5
d 0.72 e 0.6 f 0.85 9
and  307.
= 0.692 
g 0.16 h 0.015 i 0.48 13
j 0.116 k 0.2 7 l 0.06 6 Gerald
m 0.584 n 0.25
o 
0.142 857  7 Cinema A has the better deal. Its
2 a 0.7 b 0.83 c 0.792 3
tickets are selling for = 0.6 of
d 0.04 e 0.093 5
f 0.004 65 the usual price, whereas Cinema
3 4 73 5
3 a b c B’s tickets are selling for =
5 7 100 8
0.625 of the usual price.
3 4 5 47 1
4 , , , , 8
7 9 11 100 2 8 a = 0.7 2
11
b 0.75
Number and Algebra 3 Fractions

EXERCISE 3.14
1 39
1 6
2 50
1 9
2 7
10 25
4 17
3 8
5 20
1 1
4 9
4 8
29 43
5 10
100 125
Number and Algebra 4 Percentages

EXERCISE 4.01
1 a 25% b 50% c 80%
d 37.5% e 85% f 47%
g 68% h 31.6% i 225%
2
j 266 %
3
2 a 20% b 10% c 85%
d 41% e 9% f 4%
g 12.5% h 99% i 130%
j 0.6%

3 
58.3%
Number and Algebra 4 Percentages

EXERCISE 4.02
1 1 3
1 a b c
2 5 5
1 19 9
d e f
20 20 25
2 17 6
g h i
25 25 5
3
j
8
2 a 0.4 b 0.49 c 0.06
d 0.53 e 0.01 f 1.5
g 0.319 h 0.125 i 0.028
j 0.0006

1
3
30
Number and Algebra 4 Percentages

EXERCISE 4.03
1 a 55% b 25% 15 a 156.25% b Less than 100%
2 a 63% b 1% c 12.5% 16 a 16.2 b 12.5
3 60% c To express the value as a
percentage.
4 82%
5 20% 17 a
Anita Adams 56.25%
6 50%
Neil Armstrong 52.5%
7 75%
8 91% Rebecca Barton 88.75%

9 a 84.8% b 15.2% Simon Bolivar 81.25%

10 30% b Dividing by 80 and then
11 57.3% multiplying by 100 is the same
100
12 Whiteware as multiplying by , which
80
is 1.25.
13 Kowhai School
14 68.8%
Number and Algebra 4 Percentages

EXERCISE 4.04
1 16.6%
2 2.2%
3 Original Recipe is 10.8% fat by weight, Extra Crispy
is 12.4% fat by weight. Extra Crispy is fattier.
4 French Fries
5 Filet-o-Fish
6 Yes, a Quarter Pounder with cheese is 15.0% fat by
weight; without cheese it is only 12.8% fat by weight.
7 39%
Number and Algebra 4 Percentages

EXERCISE 4.05
1 a 15 b 36 c 19
d 2356 e 2
2 a $367.50 b $194.99
c 16 cents d 24 cents
e $5.13
3 a 90 litres
b 22.8 g
c $400
d 6.346 km or 6346 m
e 620 g
Number and Algebra 4 Percentages

EXERCISE 4.06
1 96 13 For Zap, 15% of 1125 mL
2 27 = 168.75 mL is active.
For Sharp, 22% of 750 mL
3 9 km
= 165 mL is active.
4 375 The cost per mL of active
5 Yes, Bruce gets a bonus because ingredient for Zap is
6.7% (1 dp) of his calls result in a $3.50 ÷ 168.75 = 2.074 cents.
purchase, which is higher than 5%. The cost per mL of active
ingredient for Sharp is
6 18 days
$3.00 ÷ 165 = 1.818 cents.
7 49 000 Sharp is the best buy because
8 a 8 b 42 each mL of active ingredient
costs less.
9 a $75.00
b $15.50 14 a $2600
c $40.94 b $7300
c $17 500
10 16.5 m2
1
11 $1057.50 15 13 %
3
12 $550 000
Number and Algebra 4 Percentages

Investigation

Spaceship Earth
1 509 104 200 km2
2 147 640 200 km2
3 3.48%
4 5.16%
Number and Algebra 4 Percentages

EXERCISE 4.07
1 a $46 b 8125 litres
c 900 m d 532.48 kg
2

2 a $450 b 22 litres
c 6208 ha d 61 320 kg
3 $14.58 per hour
4 a 87 b 493
5 a $37.39 b $336.53
6 385
7 a $96.75 b $51.75
c $17.25
8 $496.08
Number and Algebra 4 Percentages

Investigation

Depreciation
Number and Algebra 4 Percentages

EXERCISE 4.08

1 20% 13 $ 1357.50 if paying in notes and coins;

otherwise $1357.55.
2 20%
14 $19.17
3 a $408 b $768
c $2102.40 15 30%
4 $67.50 16 6.1%
5 $31.47 17 30%
6 30% 18 Iona
7 14% 19 $807 272
8 3.3% 20 a 25%
9 20% b 20%
c The first (or original) number is
10 19% different from one year to the next.
11 37.5%
12 15%
Number and Algebra 4 Percentages

Investigation

The house market

1 It takes 10 years. See the spreadsheet The house
market Answers.xls. This is available on the
Beta Mathematics Workbook companion CD, or can
be downloaded from www.mathematics.co.nz.

2 No. Regardless of the starting value, it will take

10 years to double in value if the prices increase
by 8% each year. This can be seen by putting
different values in cell A3 in the spreadsheet.
Number and Algebra 4 Percentages

EXERCISE 4.09

1 a 36 cents b $108 c $48.08

d $2.51 e $531
2 a $276 b $13.80 c $265.65
d $6.44 e $4.08
3 a $21.60 b $165.60
4 $11.96
5 $11.74
6 $517.50
7 $13.68
8 20.5 cents
9 a $2.82 b $18.78
10 a $180.78 b $27.12
11 $538.04
Number and Algebra 4 Percentages

PUZZLE

The coloured casino tokens

1 5

2 Max

3 Max

4 7
Number and Algebra 4 Percentages

EXERCISE 4.10
1 a $1000 b $60
c $129 600 d $450
e $1125
2 $16 200
3 $60
4 a $2400 b $6400
5 $46 575
6 a $80 b $800
c 6% d 1.5 years
Number and Algebra 4 Percentages

EXERCISE 4.11
1 a 60 b 80 c 3500
2 a 900 m b $400 c 550 g
3 240
4 120

5
Dining room $750
furniture
TV set $399
Washing machine $600

6 6500
7 12 m2
8 6000
9 a 80 b 28
10 400
11 27
Number and Algebra 5 Ratios and rates

EXERCISE 5.01
1 a 2 : 5 b 18 : 11 9 3 : 4
c 4 : 75 d 6 : 5 10 4 : 11
e 8 : 5
11 7 : 3
2 a 2 : 5 b 9 : 8
12 4 : 1
c 1 : 4 d 3 : 4
e 2 : 1 f 5 : 7 13 a 2 : 3 b 2 : 1
3 a 3 : 2 b 3 : 8 14 3 : 7
c 1 : 3 d 3 : 4 15 a 7 : 17 b 2
e 2 : 3 f 3 : 5 c More d 64 : 25
4 a 3 : 5 b 4 : 5 e The ratio interior cabins : balcony
c 1 : 2 d 8 : 7 cabins cannot be simplified be
cause 375 and 748 have no
5 a 7 : 3 b 5 : 1
common factor.
c 5 : 4 d 3 : 1
e 3 : 8 f 1 : 5 16 1 : 19
6 a i F ii H 17 The ratio would change to
iii J iv C 15 blue : 8 yellow.
b F 18 a 10 kumaras
7 Less sweet b 180 carrots; 300 onions;
8 The ratios are different. Yellow 90 carrots and 150 onions
volume : orange volume = 1 : 8. (Other answers are possible.)
Yellow surface area : orange surface
area = 1 : 4.
Number and Algebra 5 Ratios and rates

EXERCISE 5.02
4 5 4%
1
9
2 5
2 6
7 12
8 7 73%
3
9
8 1021 mL (to
4 30%
the nearest
mL)
Number and Algebra 5 Ratios and rates

EXERCISE 5.03

1 a $20, $30 8 $7200

b 15 kg, 25 kg
9 190
c 22 cm, 66 cm
d $8, $4 10 $2000
e 500 people, 2000 people
11 Hemi $100 and Ian $50.
f $40.80, $27.20
12 a Jane : Sarah = 2 : 3
2 a 5 hours
b Jane $24, Sarah $36
b 20 hours
13 Deirdre should get $2880,
3 28
Eva should get $4320.
4 $80 14 Nga should get $105 000,
5 240 mL of oil, 960 mL of petrol Martin should get $63 000.

6 195 15 52

7 25
Number and Algebra 5 Ratios and rates

PUZZLE

Bath temperature
1 3
8
2 30 °C
Number and Algebra 5 Ratios and rates

EXERCISE 5.04
1 a $50 b $250 7 1 hour 15 minutes
2 a 18 litres b 400 km 8 a $75/m2 b $67 500
3 a 75 km b 450 km c 640 m2
c 2 hours d 75 km/h 9 a 281
4 a 75 b 16 minutes b 6.14 runs per over
c 900 10 a 5 minutes
d 900 pieces per hour b 420 litres
5 a $60 b $165 11 6 hours 40 minutes
c 7.5 m 12 a Henry: 48 m2/h;
6 a 3000 litres/h Rose: 54 m2/h

b 0.83 litres/second b Rose
c 3 000 000 mL/h 1
d 833 mL/second 13 8 ha
3
(to the nearest whole number)
Number and Algebra 5 Ratios and rates

Investigation

Colour-mixing (RGB)
1 0 : 0 : 0
2 a 1 : 0 : 1
b 0 : 1 : 1
3 In grey the three colours contribute equally - it will be
somewhere between about 200 : 200 : 200, which is a very
light grey (almost white), and 50 : 50 : 50, which is a very
dark grey (almost black).
4 a Lilac, mauve, lavender, purple
(The description can vary.)
b 135 : 108 : 153; lilac, mauve, lavender, purple
(The description can vary.)
c The colours are the same ‘tint’ but the second one is
darker.
d 15 : 12 : 17; the colour becomes very dark - almost
black. B

5 a A flamingo pink colour.

b A light green.
c A rich purple.
6 Answers will vary.

R G
Number and Algebra 5 Ratios and rates

EXERCISE 5.05

1 $19.90 12 a 24 jars
b 105
2 21 minutes
13 a 50 minutes
3 $1.60
b 720
4 8 days
14 $4.80
5 25 minutes
15 16 hours
6 $13 500
16 10.8 minutes
7 75 skeins
17 72 minutes
8 84 minutes
18 9.6 kg
1
9 21 bags
3 19 113 minutes
10 1 second 20 2.4 days
11 12 days
Number and Algebra 5 Ratios and rates

PUZZLE

Thinking RATIOnally
1 hx
hours
y

2 xz
workers
k
Number and Algebra 6 Approximations, standard form and estimation

EXERCISE 6.01

1 a 4 b 6 c 5
d 2 e 3 f 4
g 6 h 6 i 5
j 5
2 a 1 b 2 c 3
d 6 e 5 f 5
3 a 2 b 6 c 3
d 4 e 4 f 4
g 6 h 7
4 a 2 b 4
c To show the exact balance in
dollars and cents.
5 a 3
b To record it with the same degree
of accuracy as the other readings.
Number and Algebra 6 Approximations, standard form and estimation

PUZZLE

A century of PO Boxes
21
Number and Algebra 6 Approximations, standard form and estimation

EXERCISE 6.02

1 a 7 b 7 c 9 7 a 3.7 m b 2.1 m c 4.7 m d 6.9 m

d 30 e 30 f 50 000 8 66.5
2 a 7.9 b 5.6 c 58 9 a i $73.40 ii $5.40
d 350 e 57 000 iii $7.00 iv $6.90
f 0.61
b i Lowest price $67.36, highest price $67.45
3 a 6.33 b 17.9 c 45 300 ii Lowest price $5.06, highest price $5.15
d 14.1 e 0.128 f 559 iii Lowest price $7.96, highest price $8.05
iv Lowest price $226.76, highest price $226.85
4 a 8.358 b 74 660 c 63.73
d 0.004 107 e 86.68 f 7.483
5 a 13.9 b 1.45 c 1.445
d 2.999 e 3 f 0.67
g 0.1556 h 49

6
Number 1 sf 2 sf 3 sf 4 sf
a 49.285 50 49 49.3 49.29
b 0.18537 0.2 0.19 0.185 0.1854
c 311.92 300 310 312 311.9
d 673 800 700 000 670 000 674 000 673 800
e 498 905 500 000 500 000 499 000 498 900
Number and Algebra 6 Approximations, standard form and estimation

EXERCISE 6.03

1 a 63 b 630
c 6300 d 63 000
2 a 18.11 b 181.1
c 1811 d 18 110
3 a 4.95 b 49.5
c 495 d 4950
4 a 0.073 b 0.73
c 7.3 d 73
5 a 740 b 89 120
c 180 d 1445.6
e 13 f 923 000
Number and Algebra 6 Approximations, standard form and estimation

EXERCISE 6.04

1 5.07 × 101 11 1.5 × 106

2 5.748 × 102 12 8 × 103

3 6.310 × 102 13 1.8 × 100

4 8.92 × 102 14 9.2 × 101

5 4.9 × 104 15 3.133 × 101

6 6.822 × 101 16 5.111 86 × 102

7 9.1 × 100 17 2.567 × 107

8 8.32 × 105 18 4.5 × 1011

9 1.2142 × 101 19 2.6 × 100

10 8.711 × 100 20 3.43 × 105

Number and Algebra 6 Approximations, standard form and estimation

EXERCISE 6.05

1 610
2 1800
3 93
4 420 000
5 73.3
6 5.65
7 8010
8 78 000
9 166
10 26.45
11 3.158
12 409 000 000
13 50 330
14 111 700
15 6000
Number and Algebra 6 Approximations, standard form and estimation

EXERCISE 6.06

1 a 1.0 × 106 6 4.6 × 109 years

b 1.0 × 109
7 2.6 × 104 light years
c 1.0 × 1012
8 2 200 000 light years
2 a $8 972 000 000 000
= 8.972 × 1012 9 a 5.974 × 1024 kg
b 302 800 000 = 3.028 × 108 b 5.974 × 1021 tonnes
c $29 640 = 2.964 × 104
10 a 6.671 × 1021; 3.546 × 1012
3 1.295 33 × 109 people; b 1 881 169 920. This gives
9.560 98 × 106 km2 the number of ways in
which a puzzle can be
4 384 000 km
reflected, rotated, and
5 1 516 500 000 000 000 km3 so on, to essentially give
the same puzzle.
Number and Algebra 6 Approximations, standard form and estimation

PUZZLE

An awfully long time

1 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour, 24 hours in a day,
100 years in a century
2 Every fourth year is a leap year. 365.25 is the average (mean) of
365, 365, 365, 366.
365 + 365 + 365 + 366 1461
i.e. = = 365.25
4 4
3 3.155 76 × 109
4 Not every fourth year is a leap year - for example 2100, 2200 and
2300 will not be.
In some years an extra second is added to the time globally to allow
for variation in the Earth’s rotation around the sun.
Number and Algebra 6 Approximations, standard form and estimation

EXERCISE 6.07

1 a 0.01
b 0.0001
c 0.1
d 0.000 01
e 0.001
f 0.000 000 1

2 a 0.000 001
b 0.000 000 01
Number and Algebra 6 Approximations, standard form and estimation

EXERCISE 6.08

1 a 0.071
b 0.0058
c 0.63
d 0.000 042
2 a 0.143
b 0.0368
c 0.008 01
d 0.000 68
e 0.0244
f 0.016 45

3 a 0.000 000 008 171

b 0.000 000 020 5
c 0.000 740 33
d 0.0060

4 a 0.000 000 000 000 512

b 0.000 000 000 006
c 0.000 000 091 13

5 a 0.000 000 000 042

b 0.000 000 000 001 28
c 0.000 000 000 064
d 0.000 000 000 000 000 064
Number and Algebra 6 Approximations, standard form and estimation

EXERCISE 6.09

1 3.5 × 10-3
2 1.8 × 10-2
3 7.1 × 10-1
4 5.6 × 10-6
5 1.4 × 10-3
6 7.5 × 10−8
7 1.1 × 10-12
8 1.013 × 10-1
9 9.8 × 10-1
10 6.639 × 10-1
11 5.611 × 10-3
12 6.8609 × 10-7
13 2 × 10-1
14 8 × 10-7
15 1.38 × 10-4
Number and Algebra 6 Approximations, standard form and estimation

EXERCISE 6.10

1 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 027 2 g

2 1.0352 × 10-13 light-years
3 0.000 16 m
4 0.000 000 001 m
5 1.6 × 10-3 watts
6 a 0.000 002 6 kg
b 0.0026 g
c 1 000 000
Number and Algebra 6 Approximations, standard form and estimation

EXERCISE 6.11

1 a 4600 2 a 1.8 × 104

b 0.0046 b 1.8 × 10-4
c 189 000 c 6.73 × 102
d 0.000 018 9 d 6.73 × 10-1
e 0.035 52 e 5.44 × 10-6
f 99 100 f 5.44 × 101
g 7 034 000 g 1.92 × 100
h 0.000 081 16 h 9.3 × 10-2
i 6.667 i 9.3 × 109
j 0.5301 j 2.8 × 10-5
Number and Algebra 6 Approximations, standard form and estimation

EXERCISE 6.12
1 a 6
b 10
c 20
d 35
e 1
f 50

2 a 500
b 600
c 200
d 1200
e 900
f 1000

3 a 10
b 20
c 50
d 70
e 120
f 90
Number and Algebra 6 Approximations, standard form and estimation

EXERCISE 6.13
80
1 3 × 4 = 12 6 a 80 =
1
2 100 × 5 = 500 200
b 4=
3 1000 × 4 = 4000 50
100
4 21 ÷ 3 = 7 c 50 =
2
5 a 56 = 7 × 8 12 × 3
7 a 9=
4
b 80 = 2 × 40
40× 4
c 42 = 6 × 7 b 80 =
2
d 100 = 20 × 5
8 a 159.29
e 45 = 3 × 15
b 581.378
f 320 = 40 × 8
c 153.419 306
d 8.206 198 812
e 20.903 184
f 4.598 152 39
Number and Algebra 6 Approximations, standard form and estimation

EXERCISE 6.14
1 I t is unlikely to be exact - it would be a 8 a 7.92/100 × 804 ≈ 0.08 × 800 = 64 litres
‘guesstimate’. It would be almost impossible b Cost ≈ 60 × $1.60 = $96 ≈ $100
to count that number of people exactly.
9 a 300 × 0.2 = 60 litres
2 a 40 × 20 = $800 b 60 × $8 = $480 = $500, to the nearest
b $800 × 50 = $40 000 hundred
3 E
 ach ‘square’ shaped block (except for the ones at
10 One approach would be to look at a 1 cm by
the back) has 10 rows and about 15 seats per row, so
1 cm square in the photo. Each square has
about 10 × 15 = 150 seats. There are 16 blocks, but to
about 9 × 9 ≈ 80 tiles. The photo is rectangular
allow for them ‘tapering off’ toward the back a better
and measures about 12 cm by 9 cm = 108
estimate would be 14. The total number of seats at
cm2 ≈ 100 cm2. Therefore the photo shows
stage level ≈ 150 × 14 = 2100. The area of seats in
approximately 80 × 100 = 8000 tiles.
the sloping section looks about the same as the area
at the stage level, or a bit more, so the total number 11 400 000 × $1.60 = $640 000.
of seats could be about 4500. 12 Both of the first two jobs used 1 bottle per
600
4 ≈ 50 = 12 50 m2, approximately ( 779 ≈ 800 = 50 and
16 16
5 39 000 ÷ 300 = 130 (Other answers are possible.) 459 500
≈ = 50 ).
6 300 × $5 = $1500 10 10
Therefore, the next job might need 22 bottles
7 T
 he lahar took 2 hours 8 minutes to reach the 1128 1100
Tangiwai road bridge. This is about 2 hours. ( 50 ≈ 50 = 22 ).

The distance from the crater to the bridge is about
3000 3000 2100 2100
40 km. The average speed = distance ÷ time = 13 a ≈ = 10 and ≈ =7
295 300 295 300
40 km ÷ 2 h = 20 km/h. Before rounding,
b No, because each estimate is too low.
the average speed = 39.4 ÷ 2.13 = 18.468 75 km/h.
Number and Algebra 7 Formulae and substitution

EXERCISE 7.01

1 4y

2 3x
x
3
2

4 abc

5 2xy
2x
6
y

7 6
x
8 4q
3p
9 6xy

10 3xy
 Number and Algebra 7 Formulae and substitution

EXERCISE 7.02
1 a x+5 b x−7 5 a 2 b 9
c x − 20 d x−4 c 6+x d 6−y
e 7x f 8x
6 a x − 20 b x + 15
g 2x h x + 18
1 x
x c 2x d x or
i j x−3 2 2
5
7 a 3d b d−6
k 6x + 8 l 2x − 4
c 100d
x d
2 a b x+8 8 a d − 70 b
8 2
c 8×x d x−8 c d+a
8 9 a 5x b 20 − 3x
e f x+x x
x c d 16x + 7
g x×x h 8−x 4
10 55 − 4y cm
3 a Multiply x by 3, or 3 times x.
b Add 7 to x, or 7 more than x. 11 a V = x3
c Subtract 13 from y, or 13 less PRT
b I=
than y. 100
h
d Multiply x by 4 and add twice c A = ( a + b)
2
y to the result. x + x2
e Multiply x by 3, and then take d x= 1
2
away 1. e y = 180 − 2x
f Divide x by 6, or x divided by 1
f A = bh
6. 2
4 a x+2 b x+y g T = (n − 2) × 180
c x−3 d x−t
Number and Algebra 7 Formulae and substitution

EXERCISE 7.03

1 a 11 b 1 c 16
d 20 e 9 f 21
g 0 h 16 i 20
j 48 k 1 l 9
m 10 n 2

2 a 25 b 17 c 35
d 10 e 36 f 2
Number and Algebra 7 Formulae and substitution

EXERCISE 7.04

1 a 10 b 24 c 12
d 8 e 3 f 37
g 2 h 0 i 7.5
j 5
2 a 12 b -2 c -2
d 8 e -5 f -13
g -2 h -40 i 2
j 16
3 a 7 b -2 c 23
d -72 e 6 f -16
g -9 h 36 i -8
j 289
Number and Algebra 7 Formulae and substitution

Investigation

Hot cross buns

1 24
2 pq
3

4 8
5 p + q − 2
Number and Algebra 7 Formulae and substitution

EXERCISE 7.05

1 a 7 a $4275 b C = 2n + 35h + 360

c C = 3n
d Smartdrives: 2 × 1000 + 35 × 6 + 360 = 2570
Cobbleco: 3 × 1000 = 3000
The cheaper company is Smartdrives, and
the amount saved is $430.
b 13
8 380 g
c Wayne. The correct pattern is M = 2T + 1.
d 161 9 a i $5 ii $3.50
iii $3
2 a
b The graph approaches a lowest possible
price of $2 per book.

b (C) P = 5S + 1 c 101 10 16 km

3 15 cm2 11 a 37° b 45°

c A 3-iron. d n = 12
4 a A suitcase weighs about 20 kg.
b 660 kg 12 a 62.6 kg b 76.6 kg
c 43.8 kg d 48.7 kg to 60.8 kg
5 a $44 b $111
13 a 540 000 joules b 135 000 joules
6 a The number of cups. c four
b The number of tea bags.
c 12
Number and Algebra 7 Formulae and substitution

EXERCISE 7.06

See the spreadsheet Exercise 7-06 Answers.xls. This is

available on the Beta Mathematics Workbook companion CD,
or can be downloaded from www.mathematics.co.nz.
1 a See Worksheet ‘Question 1a’ on the spreadsheet.
b See Worksheet ‘Question 1b’ on the spreadsheet.
2 See Worksheet ‘Question 2’ on the spreadsheet.
3 a h = 71 + 2.9l
b =71+2.9*A3
c See Worksheet ‘Question 3’ on the spreadsheet.
Number and Algebra 7 Formulae and substitution

Investigation

Floor joists

1 (B), (A), (C)

2 a 300 mm b 467 mm

 5x 
3 D = 25  + 2 
 3 

Number and Algebra 8 Simplifying algabraic expressions

EXERCISE 8.01

1 8cd 14 210mnq

2 6fg 15 2r
-

3 2ap 16 45fgh

4 8ab 17 12xy
-

5 6pqr 18 30pq
-

6 10def 19 xy

7 6pqr 20 12x
-

8 8cde 21 21d
-

9 6a 22 30ab

10 10q 23 9pq

11 16pqr 24 24xyz

12 8abc 25 12pqr
-

13 pqr
Number and Algebra 8 Simplifying algabraic expressions

EXERCISE 8.02
1 6x 19 16x − y
2 4x 20 3x − 19
3 9x 21 5x − y
4 7p 22 11x + 1
5 x 23 7x − 2
6 -
2x 24 -
4x + 7
7 30p 25 -
3x + 12
8 7x 26 -
7x + 4
9 4x 27 -
6x − 7
10 x 28 9p + 5q
11 6x + 6y 29 14x − 5y
12 8x + 3 30 8x − 9y
13 4x + 7 31 11x + 5y − 12
14 14x + 3y 32 -
8x − 6
15 2x + 4y 33 x + 8x
- 2

16 2x + 3y 34 7x2 − 9x
17 -
2x + 3y 35 x + 6x − 1
- 2

18 3x − 2y
Number and Algebra 8 Simplifying algabraic expressions

EXERCISE 8.03

1 a 10x b 20x
c 3x − 1 d 7x + 20
2 a 3p, 5p
(Other answers possible.)
b x + y, 5x + 2y
(Other answers possible.)
c 3x − 2, 2x − 6
(Other answers possible.)
3 a 8x + 3y
b 18c + 38p
4 a a

2a

b 1 2 a2
a or
2 2

c 3a 2
2
Number and Algebra 8 Simplifying algabraic expressions

PUZZLE

The 3x triangle

x+2

Other answers are possible.

x–2 x–3

x x–1 x+1
Number and Algebra 8 Simplifying algabraic expressions

EXERCISE 8.04
1 a 3 a b 28

c
Height of Number of
shape (x) matchsticks (n)
b Number of Number of 1 12
squares (x) dots (d)
2 20
1 4 3 28
2 7 4 36
3 10 5 44
4 13
d 8 e n = 8x + 4
5 16

c 1 d 61 4 a

2 a

b (A) Number of dots = 2 × number Step (n) 1 2 3 4 5
of circles − 2 Number of cubes (c) 1 3 5 7 9
c d = 2c − 2
b 2 c c = 2n − 1
d 22
Number and Algebra 8 Simplifying algabraic expressions

EXERCISE 8.04
5 a

Step (n) 1 2 3 4 5
Number of cubes (c) 6 9 12 15 18
b 3 c m = 3n + 3

6 a
Number of Number of
lamp-posts (l) flags (f)
1 0
2 4
3 8
4 12
5 16
6 20

b This rule only works for l = 1 and l = 5.

For example if you use l = 2, you get f = 1, not f = 4.
c f = 4(l − 1) or f = 4l − 4
d 112
e 52
Number and Algebra 8 Simplifying algabraic expressions

EXERCISE 8.04

7 a
n 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of squares (s) 1 4 7 10 13 16

b 3 c s = 3n − 2
8 a 8
b 12
c p = 4s − 4 or p = 4(s − 1)
d s=2
e 288
9 a $250
b b = 20w + 250
10 At each step seven matchsticks are added on.
At the beginning there were nine matchsticks, so
there are two more at that stage.
The rule is m = 7h + 2.
When n = 85, n = 7 × 85 + 2 = 597.
Number and Algebra 8 Simplifying algabraic expressions

PUZZLE

Fooled again
1 10

2 n + (n - 1)(n - 2)(n - 3)(n − 4)

Number and Algebra 8 Simplifying algabraic expressions

EXERCISE 8.05

1 r3 9 8a2

2 y4 10 6cd2

3 p2 11 16qr2

4 h6 12 8r3

5 6x2 13 4x3

6 2y3 14 16x2y

7 6q2 15 6x4

8 3p2
Number and Algebra 8 Simplifying algabraic expressions

EXERCISE 8.06

1 a x9 b r3 c q5
d x6 e x8

2 a x3 b x3 c x2
d x e x5

3 a x8 b y15 c x8y12
d x2y2 e x18y6 f 1
g 1

4 a x4 b 1 c 2x2
d 0

5 p = 6

6 k = 9
Number and Algebra 8 Simplifying algabraic expressions

EXERCISE 8.07

1 a 12x7 b 18x3 c 16x3

d 10x5 e 20x4 f 96x10
g 30x7 h 72x9

2 a 2x4 b 2x c 7x3
2
d 2x2 e 2x3 f 5x2

g 4xy

3 a 25x2 b 16x6 c 36x8

d 16x4y2 e 8x12

4 (E) simplifies to 4x.

5 p = 3, r = 15

6 2x and 10x7; 4x3 and 5x5

(Other answers are possible.)

7 20y15

8 a = 15, p = 11
Number and Algebra 8 Simplifying algabraic expressions

EXERCISE 8.08

1 3y3 7 5x10

2 5x 8 x8

3 4y6 9 10y50

4 9x8 10 xy3

5 2x 11 7x3y2

6 8y9 12 6xy2
Number and Algebra 8 Simplifying algabraic expressions

Investigation

Skid marks
x
1 Speed = 24×
3

2 98.0 km/h (1 dp)
3, 5 See the spreadsheet Skid mark Answers.xls. This is available
on the Beta Mathematics Workbook companion CD, or can be
downloaded from www.mathematics.co.nz.
4
Number and Algebra 9 Expanding and factorising

EXERCISE 9.01

1 5x + 15
2 5x − 15
3 pq + 4p
4 pq − 4p
5 x2 + 7x
6 x2 − 7x
7 10x2 + 15x
8 18x2 − 6x
9 8x − 2
-

10 -24x + 8
Number and Algebra 9 Expanding and factorising

EXERCISE 9.02

1 7x + 7y 17 -10x − 5
2 10p − 10q 18 -21x + 14
3 5x − 10 19 30x + 24
4 6x + 12 20 10 + 20x
5 2x − 6 21 -18 + 12x or 12x − 18
6 -
4x − 20 22 10 − 30x or -30x + 10
7 -
3x + 18 23 6xy + 6xz
8 x2 + 5x 24 2pq − 2pr
9 x − 6x 2
25 3x2 + 2x
10 pq + pr 26 -x2 − 3x
11 ab − ac 27 6x2 − 3x
12 xy + 5x 28 4x2 + 28x
13 xy − 4x 29 14x2 − 21x
14 12x + 6 30 12pq + 30pr
15 12x − 10 31 12cd − 32c
16 -20x + 4 32 -2x2 − x
Number and Algebra 9 Expanding and factorising

EXERCISE 9.03

1 a 6x + 6 b 6x + 22
c 4x − 2 d 4x + 16
e 6x + 20 f -
2x + 13
g 12x − 21 h 6x + 8
i -
x + 2 j x−3
k 28x − 8 l -
x+8
m 2x − 6 n 12x − 7
o -
15x p 16x + 6

2 a 6x + 10 b 7x + 27
c -
3x − 13 d 4x + 13
e 2x + 14 f -
5x − 20
g 4x − 18 h 2x − 10
i -
2x − 18 j -
3x − 10
k 7x + 23 l -
29x + 46
m 5x + 3 n -
26x − 9

3 8(x - 1) + 5(x + 1) = 13x - 3

4 2(x + 7) + 3(x + 4) + 4 × 4 = 5x + 42
Number and Algebra 9 Expanding and factorising

EXERCISE 9.04

1 6(a + b) 9 3(a + 2b)

2 2(p − q) 10 12(x + 2y)
3 12(x + y) 11 2(2c + 3d)
4 10(d − e) 12 4(4x − 5y)
5 2(p + q − r) 13 3(2x + 3y + 7z)
6 7(c − d + e) 14 4(2p + q − 3r)
7 3(c − g − d) 15 8(2a − 3b + c − d)
8 4(x + 2y)
Number and Algebra 9 Expanding and factorising

EXERCISE 9.05

1 3(x + 2) 15 2(2x + 1)

2 4(x + 2) 16 3(5x − 7)

3 2(3x + 4) 17 7(2x + 5)

4 4(2x + 3) 18 4(4x − 1)

5 4(3x − 2) 19 5(3x − y)

6 3(x + 10) 20 23(2x + 1)

7 2(2x + 3) 21 30(2x − 3)

8 7(3x + 2) 22 5(6x − 1)

9 2(2x + 9) 23 15(3x + 2)

10 3(2x + 3) 24 3(2x − 3y + 4z)

11 5(x − 3) 25 6(4p − 3q + 5r)

12 8(3x − 2) 26 3(a + 2b + 6)

13 5(x + 1) 27 4(x + y − 1)

14 7(x − 1) 28 4(10x + 2y + 1)
Number and Algebra 9 Expanding and factorising

EXERCISE 9.06

1 p(q + r) 15 x(3 + y − z)

2 a(c + f) 16 2x(2 − 3y)

3 f(g − h) 17 3x(y + 2p)

4 a(b + 2) 18 ab(4c − 5d)

5 b(c − 3) 19 7xy(3z + 5p)

6 x(6 − a) 20 x(y + 1)

7 p(3 + q) 21 ac(d + 1)

8 x(4 − y) 22 qr(2p − 1)

9 a(cg − 2) 23 y(6x − 1)

10 p(q − r + 2) 24 6a(2x + y)

11 pq(r + t) 25 3e(d + 20f)

12 xy(w − z) 26 6x(4y + 3)

13 x(3y − 4) 27 6px(7 - 3q)

14 p(6q − 5r) 28 3px(2y + z)

Number and Algebra 9 Expanding and factorising

EXERCISE 9.07

1 x(3x + 5)

2 3x(2 − x)

3 x2(1 + x)

4 x2(2x + 5)

5 3x2(2 + 3x)

6 2(2x2 + 1)
7 x(3x2 − 1)

8 x(x2 + x − 1)

9 12x(2x - 1)

10 2x3(2x2 + 3)
Number and Algebra 9 Expanding and factorising

PUZZLE

The Tenz family

Adam lives in Nelson.

Bernice lives in Invercargill.
Colin lives in New Plymouth.
Denise lives in Auckland.
Evan lives in Greymouth.
Fleur lives in Napier.
Gary lives in Dunedin.
Hannah lives in Wellington.
Ian lives in Wanganui.
Jill lives in Christchurch.
Number and Algebra 10 Solving equations

EXERCISE 10.01

1 a x = 3 b x=9
c x = 15 d x = 17
e x = 63 f x = 18
g x = 78 h x = 202
i x = 0 j x = 15

2 a x = -4 b x=4
c x = -9 d x = -5
e x = -2 f x = -3
g x = -14 h x = -1
i x = 2 j x = -24
Number and Algebra 10 Solving equations

EXERCISE 10.02
15 3
1 x=4 16 x= or 3
4 4
2 x=3
8 2
3 x = −5 17 x= or 2
3 3
4 x = −4 −
4
5 x = −7 18 x=
7
6 x=4 −
19 x = 18
7 x=3
20 x=6
8 x = −12
3 1
9 x=9 21 x= or 1
2 2
10 x = −5 22 x=3
1 −
3
11 x= 23 x=
2 2
12 x = −2 1
13 x = −7 or − 1
2
1 24 x = 11
14 x=
3 25 x = −5
3
15 x=
4
Number and Algebra 10 Solving equations

EXERCISE 10.03

1 x = 16 6 x = 200
2 x = 30 7 x = -15
3 x = 24 8 x = -40
4 x = 42 9 x = 7
5 x = 3- 10 x = -100
Number and Algebra 10 Solving equations

EXERCISE 10.04

1 x=4 7 x = -1

2 x=3 8 x = -5

3 x = 14 9 x=0

4 x=6 10 x = -8

5 x = 15 11 x = 5

6 x=9 12 x = 15
Number and Algebra 10 Solving equations

PUZZLE

Upside-down equation
n=8
Number and Algebra 10 Solving equations

EXERCISE 10.05

1 a x=4 b x=3 f x=5

c x=1 d x=2 g x = −5
−
e x = −2 f x=3 x=
4
h
g x=3 h x = −1 5
i x=4 j x = −3 3 1
i x= or 1
2 a x = −4 b x=2 2 2
4 7 1 j x = −19
c x= d x= or 3
5 2 2
−
4 or − 1 3 18
e x= 1
3 3 4 8
Number and Algebra 10 Solving equations

EXERCISE 10.06
1 a x + 6 = 14; x = 8 8 a 43 and 45 12 a n = 14
b x − 8 = 17; x = 25 b One following after the other. b It is the number of days a
c 4x = 28; x = 7 c x + x + 1 + x + 2 = 24 large-size car can be hired.
x − 3x + 3 = 24 c 17p + 60 = 1250; p = 70, that is,
d = 4 ; x = −8
2 d x=7 the rate for hiring a medium-
e 10 − x = 13; x = −3 9 a 3x + 120 = 360 size car is $70 per day.
2 a 3x + 4 = 22 b x = 80° 13 35n + 90 = 1000; n = 26
b x=6 14 a 6x + 22 = 100
3 a 2x − 8 = 12 10 90x + 40 = 175; x = 1.5,
b x = $13
b x = 10 i.e. an hour and a half.
15 8x − 30 = 240; x = $33.75
4 a x + 10 11 a x + 12 16 a $416
b x + x + 10 = 70 b 6x + 152 = 344; x = 32

=
c x = 30 cm x c More than $13.60.
d 40 cm

=
5 a (B) 3x + 6 = 45
x + 12
b x = 13
6 a 2x − 5 = 11 b x + x + 12 + x + 12 = 42
b x=8 3x + 24 = 42
7 a 2x − 10 = 100 c x=6
b x = 55 kg d 18 cm
Number and Algebra 10 Solving equations

EXERCISE 10.07

1 x = −3 9 x = −2 15 1
15 x= or 7
2 2
2 x = −6 10 x=6 16 x = −9
3 x = −6 11 x = −3 17 x = −1
5 1
4 x=4 12 x= or 2 18 x=1
2 2
13 x = −7 19 7 2
5 x=4 x= or 1
1 5 5
6 x=2 14 x=
2 20 x=2
7 x=8
8 x=4
Number and Algebra 10 Solving equations

PUZZLE

The cool sunglasses

They are made up of the
letters cool.
Number and Algebra 10 Solving equations

EXERCISE 10.08
1 a Corresponding angles on 7 x + x + 12 = 70; x = 29
parallel lines are equal. T-shirt costs $29, sweatshirt costs
b 3x = x + 40 $41
c x = 20° 8 Meter 1: 29; meter 2: 66;
d Each marked angle is 60°. meter 3: 132
2 5x = x + 8; x = 2 9 6x = x + 6; 1.2
3 3x − 12 = x; x = 6 10 5x + 40 = 3x + 120; x = $40
4 a Opposite sides in a rectangle 11 a 3 hours
are the same length. b DJ 1 would work longer,
b 2x + 1 = x + 5 and the social could run for
c x = 4 cm another 17 minutes.
d Each side is 9 cm.
5 3x + 6 = 5x − 10; x = 8
6 a No, because only whole
numbers are possible for the
‘number of eggs’.
1
b 5.5 or 5 minutes. You could
2
check by seeing if the point
1
(5, 5 ) lies on a line
2
through the other points.
c n=8
d An omelette made with eight
eggs takes 7 minutes to cook.
Number and Algebra 10 Solving equations

EXERCISE 10.09

1 2x + 14 10 -
x−6

2 3x + 12 11 -
x+4

3 2x − 6 12 -
x + 17

4 7x + 42 13 6x − 3

5 6x + 8 14 -
15x − 10

6 15x − 6 15 12x − 32

7 -
3x − 12 16 -
2x + 14

8 -
2x − 10 17 -
x−3

9 -
5x + 30 18 -
4x + 8
Number and Algebra 10 Solving equations

EXERCISE 10.10

1 a 7x + 8 b 16x + 6
c 7x − 1 d 8x + 6
e -
5x + 2 f 11
g 7x + 4 h x−1
i 8x + 30 j -
2x + 4
k -
6x + 6 l 10x − 13
m -
5x − 2 n -
2x + 18

2 a 5x + 10 b 5x − 12
c -4x − 9 d 12x + 3
e -x + 4 f 9x − 10
g 5x + 10 h x−8
i x − 23 j -
5x − 15
Number and Algebra 10 Solving equations

EXERCISE 10.11

1 x = 11 12 x=0
2 x=2 13 x = 12
3 x=3 7 1
14 x= or 3
−1
2 2
4 x= 5 1
15 x= or 2
5 x=2 2 2
6 x = −2 16 x = 16

7 x=1 17 x=0
21 1
8 x = −4 18 x= or 5
−
4 4
1 19 x=3
9 x=
2
10 x=8 20 x=0
11 x= −26
Number and Algebra 10 Solving equations

EXERCISE 10.12

1 a 2(n − 5) = 48
2n − 10 = 48
b 29
2 10.25 km
3 6(3c + 1) = 204; c = 11
4 a x = 7; this is the price paid to hire each movie last month.
b i a = 11, b = 3, c = 297
ii $24
5 13(x − 2) = 143; x = 13
6 a The total cost of fencing the side next to the road.
b 15(3x + 60)
c 80 m by 140 m
7 14 on one side and 70 on the other.
8 0.39(x − 41 000) + 14 670
= 32 129.91; x = $85 769
9 3(x - 5) + 2 = 29; x = 14, that is, Ashleigh is 14 years old.
Number and Algebra 10 Solving equations

EXERCISE 10.13

1 a x=8 b x=6 7 a x = −3
c x = 15 d x = 20 b x = −22
e x=6 c x = 16
2 a x=2 b x = 27 17 1
d x= or 4
c x=9 d x=6 4 4
15 1 e x = 16
e x= or 7
2 2
3 a x = 11 b x = 13 8 a When multiplying by 4,
Ashley should have only
4 a x=2 multiplied 8 by 4, but not 7.
5 1
b x= or 2 b 3x − 7
2 2 =8
4
1
5 a x= 3 x − 7 = 32
2
21 1 3 x = 39
b x= or 10
2 2 x = 13
6 a x=5
−
15 1
b x= or − 7
2 2
c x=4
−
23 3
d x= or − 2
10 10
Number and Algebra 10 Solving equations

EXERCISE 10.14

x+3
1 = 2; x = 7
5
x−8
2 = 5; x = 38
6
3x
3 = 12; x = 16
4
2x
4 = 14; x = 35
5
x+8
5 = 11; x = 14
2
x + 15
6 = x − 1; x = 9
3
Number and Algebra 10 Solving equations

PUZZLE

Granddad’s family

90
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

EXERCISE 11.01

1 3x − 12 9 x2 − 2x
2 -
2x − 2 10 x2 + 3x
3 4x − 12 11 x2 − x
4 -
5x + 10 12 x2 + 4x
5 7x + 7 13 x2 − 5x
6 2x − 2 14 x2 + x
7 -
4x + 8 15 x2 − 7x
8 -
10x − 20
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

EXERCISE 11.02

1 x2 + 13x + 30

2 x2 + 4x − 4

3 x2 + 3x − 10

4 x2 + x − 42

5 x2 + 2x − 15

6 x2 − 6x + 8

7 x2 − 4x − 5

8 x2 + 4x + 3

9 x2 − 2x − 15

10 x2 − 12x + 20
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

EXERCISE 11.03

1 x2 + 6x + 8

2 x2 + x − 12

3 x2 + 6x + 5

4 x2 + 2x − 8

5 x2 − 7x + 12

6 x2 − 3x + 2
7 x2 + 10x + 21

8 x2 − 3x − 4

9 x2 + 3x − 10

10 x2 − 12x + 32
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

EXERCISE 11.04
1 x2 + 5x + 6 14 x2 + 11x + 18
2 x2 + 6x + 5 15 x2 + x − 42
3 x2 + 12x + 36 16 x2 + 10x + 9
4 x2 + 12x + 32 17 x2 − 9x − 22
5 x2 + 13x + 42 18 x2 + 10x + 25
6 x2 + 5x + 4 19 x2 − 17x + 72
7 x2 + x − 6 20 x2 + 9x − 36
8 x2 + 3x − 40 21 x2 − 5x − 36
9 x2 − 6x − 40 22 x2 − 9x + 18
10 x2 + 9x − 36 23 x2 − 3x − 10
11 x2 − 8x + 15 24 x2 − 16x + 60
12 x2 − x − 72 25 x2 − 3x − 88
13 x2 − 5x + 4
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

EXERCISE 11.05

1 x2 + 4x + 4

2 x2 + 6x + 9

3 x2 − 10x + 25

4 x2 − 4x + 4

5 x2 + 2x + 1

6 x2 − 12x + 36
7 x2 + 14x + 49

8 x2 + 20x + 100

9 x2 − 24x + 144

10 x2 + 18x + 81

11 x2 − 30x + 225

12 x2 + 40x + 400
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

EXERCISE 11.06

1 x2 − 4
2 x2 − 16
3 x2 − 81
4 x2 − 64
5 x2 − 36
6 x2 − 1
7 x2 − 100
8 x2 − 121
9 x2 − 225
10 x 2 - 14
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

PUZZLE

Dollar days
1 Caitlin is paid $1 more than Dennis.

2 Suppose Caitlin works x hours for $x per hour.

Caitlin is paid x × x = $x2 in total.
Dennis works (x + 1) hours for $(x − 1).
Dennis is paid (x + 1)(x − 1) = $x2 − 1 in total.
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

EXERCISE 11.07

1 2x2 − x − 3

2 2x2 + 3x − 2

3 3x2 − 20x + 12

4 15x2 − x − 2

5 2x2 − 15x + 28

6 12x2 − 13x + 3
7 4x2 + 20x + 25

8 9x2 − 6x + 1

9 100x2 − 140x + 49

10 64x2 − 9
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

EXERCISE 11.08

(Note: the two pairs of brackets can be in either order.)

1 (x + 3)(x + 4)
2 (x + 3)(x + 5)
3 (x + 1)(x + 2)
4 (x + 2)(x + 5)
5 (x + 2)(x + 3)
6 (x + 2)(x + 7)
7 (x + 1)(x + 14)
8 (x + 3)(x + 6)
9 (x + 1)(x + 18)
10 (x + 3)(x + 3)
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

Investigation

x-blocks
1 x2 + 5x + 6

2 (x + 3)(x + 2)

3 x + 3 + x + 2 + x + 3 + x + 2
= 4x + 10

4, 5
x+5

x+4
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

EXERCISE 11.09

(Note: the two pairs of brackets can be in either order.)

1 (x − 7)(x + 2) 9 (x − 20)(x + 1)
2 (x + 3)(x − 1) 10 (x + 4)(x − 3)
3 (x − 6)(x + 1) 11 (x − 3)(x − 4)
4 (x − 9)(x − 1) 12 (x + 1)(x − 17)
5 (x − 2)(x − 9) 13 (x − 3)(x + 2)
6 (x + 3)(x − 6) 14 (x + 9)(x − 5)
7 (x + 6)(x − 2) 15 (x − 13)(x − 3)
8 (x + 10)(x − 2)
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

PUZZLE

Which swimmer was the winner?

Quentin
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

EXERCISE 11.10

1 a x(x + 2) b x(x − 8)
c x(x + 10) d x(x − 7)
2 a (x + 3)(x − 3)
b (x − 10)(x + 10)
c (x + 6)(x − 6)
d (x − 2)(x + 2)
e (x + 8)(x − 8)
f (x − 9)(x + 9)
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

EXERCISE 11.11

1 a (x + 2)(x + 3) b (x − 3)(x − 6)
c (x + 3)(x − 2) d (x + 1)(x − 12)
e (x − 4)(x + 4) f (x + 6)(x + 2)
g (x + 10)(x − 2) h (x − 8)(x + 3)
i (x − 1)(x − 5) j (x + 3)(x − 11)
2 a (x + 4)(x + 3) b (x + 7)(x − 7)
c (x − 10)2 d (x + 6)(x − 1)
e (x + 1)(x + 2) f (x − 1)(x + 1)
g (x − 9)(x + 3) h (x + 7)(x − 5)
i (x − 1)2 j (x − 6)(x − 8)
3 (x + 3)
4 (x + 120)
5 (x − 25)
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

EXERCISE 11.12
1 (x + 10)(x + 1)
2 (x − 3)(x + 3)
3 No factors
4 (x − 6)(x − 3)
5 x(x + 7)
6 (x − 6)(x + 5)
7 (x − 24)(x − 1)
8 No factors
9 No factors
10 (x + 7)2
 Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

PUZZLE
The Age of Augustus
1 Augustus de Morgan was born in 1806 (he
was 43 years old in the year 1849).
2 It is very unlikely that anyone alive today
was y years old in the year y2. There are
two cases to look at: y = 44 and y = 45.
(i) y = 44. Someone born in 1892 would
have been 44 years old in the year 1936,
so would be older than 116 now. The
oldest living person at the time of
writing (November 2007) is Edna
Parker, born in 1893, so is age 114.
No one else currently alive was born
before her.
(ii) y = 45. Anyone that will be 45 years
old in the year 2025 would have been
born in 1980. They can make that claim
in 2025, but not yet!
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

EXERCISE 11.13

1 2(x + 2)(x + 5)

2 5(x − 3)(x + 2)

3 3(x − 7)(x − 3)

4 2(x + 2)(x − 2)

5 3x(x − 3)

6 6x(x + 4)

7 10(x + 4)(x + 1)

8 4(x − 5)(x + 5)

9 2(x + 24)(x − 1)

10 4(x − 2)(x + 9)
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

PUZZLE

Dog Leg Park

The area is c2 − d2 or (c − d)(c + d).

Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

EXERCISE 11.14

1 a x = 2 or x = −2 b x = 9 or x = −9
c x = 10 or x = −10 d x = 1 or x = −1
2 a x = 3 or x = −3 b x = 5 or x = −5
c x = 8 or x = −8 d x = 4 or x = −4
3 a x = 2 or x = −2 b x = 3 or x = −3
c x = 4 or x = −4 d x = 5 or x = −5
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

EXERCISE 11.15

1 x = −2 or x = 3 11 x = 4 or x = 2

2 x = −1 or x = 4 12 x = −6 or x = −5

3 x = 5 or x = −8 13 x = 2 or x = 3

4 x = 2 or x = 8 14 x = −4 or x = 15

5 x = −9 or x = −1 15 x = 1 or x = −30

6 x = −20 or x = 7 16 x = −8 or x = −19

7 x = 4 or x = −2 17 x = 17 or x = 14
1
8 x = 6 or x = 8 18 x = 2 or x = 4
−
3
9 x = −12 or x = −3 19 x = 4 or x = 5

10 x = 7 or x = −1 20 x = 0 or x = 6
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

EXERCISE 11.16

1 x = 3 or x = 5 11 x = 5 or x = 2

2 x = 1 or x = 6 12 x = −6 or x = −1

3 x = 10 or x = 2 13 x = 1 or x = 3

4 x = −3 or x = −7 14 x = −8 or x = −9

5 x = −2 or x = −1 15 x = −2 or x = 15

6 x = 4 or x = −3 16 x = −30 or x = 2

7 x = 2 or x = −7 17 x = 17 or x = −1

8 x = 8 or x = −1 18 x = 10 or x = 20

9 x = 6 or x = 5 19 x = 0 or x = −3

10 x = 12 or x = −2 20 x = 0 or x = 4
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

EXERCISE 11.17

1 a x = −3 or x = −2 b x = 3 or x = 5
c x = 4 or x = −1
2 a x = 2 or x = 5 b x = 3 or x = −2
c x = 15 or x = −3
3 a x = −1 or x = −10 b x = 1 or x = 10
4 a x = 5 or x = 0 b x = 2 or x = 6
5 x = 3
Number and Algebra 11 Two pairs of brackets

Investigation

The dimensions of the sand-pit

5 m by 5 m
Number and Algebra 12 Two-dimensional graphs

EXERCISE 12.01

1 a A = minibus; B = ship; 6 a i 45 kg ii 90 lb
C = bicycle; D = train b
50
b Either extend the vertical axis or
40

Weight in kg
change the scale on the vertical axis.
30
2 a Nga b Chris
20
c Nguyen d Sue
10
3
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
C
× Weight in lb
Height

×A
7 a $950 b 80 m2 c $800
×
B d
Weight 1200

Cost of painting ($)

4 In general, the taller a student is, the 1000
higher they can clear the high-jump. 800

5 a 48 km/h (or 50 km/h when 400

rounded) 600
b 80 km/h 200
c 62 mph
d i 64.4 km/h 20 40 60 80 100
Area to be painted (m2)
ii 55.9 mph
e 120 m2. This is the area for which the
two lines intersect on the graph.
Number and Algebra 12 Two-dimensional graphs

EXERCISE 12.01
8 10 a 5 °C -

b 3 hours
Height of flag

c It reached room temperature at

5 am, then later on in the morning
(9 am) the room temperature increased.
1
d 1 hours e 6:30 pm
2
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 11
Time (seconds)
100

Temperature (°C)
a 80
9 Container Depth–time
graph 60

Bowl A 40
20
Trough A
Cylinder B 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (minutes)
Cuboid B
Cone A
b
Number and Algebra 12 Two-dimensional graphs

EXERCISE 12.01

12

A
Depth

C B

Time

13
Height above ground

Time
Number and Algebra 12 Two-dimensional graphs

Investigation

BMI graphs for boys and girls

1 Pink 8 Several reasons are possible:
2 a Healthy weight i growth in height is faster than
b Overweight growth in weight between 2 years
3 BMI = 22.37; he is on the boundary old and 4 years old, (ii) children
between healthy weight and learn to walk at this age, and (iii)
overweight. children lose ‘puppy fat’ at this age.

4 6 years old and 8 years old 9 a He weighs less than 50 kg.

b She weighs between 45 kg and 65 kg.
5 14 years old (Year 10). The 50th
percentile for a BMI of 19 is roughly 10 The graphs should keep rising because
level with an age of 14 for both boys adults have stopped growing in height
and girls. by age 20 but continue to put on weight;
however, the graphs will ‘flatten out’ to
6 The boy is 11 years old or more.
some extent.
7 The BMI is between 21 and 24.
11 Boys have a higher BMI for under 7 and
over 15; girls have a higher BMI for
between 7 and 15.
Number and Algebra 12 Two-dimensional graphs

EXERCISE 12.02

1 a 10 km
b 2 hours 15 minutes
c 1 km
d 15 minutes
e The line showing the car journey is steeper than the line showing the bus journey.
2
Distance from
home (km)

2
1

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Time (minutes)

3 a 1340 hours b 2 hours 40 minutes

c 8.5 km d 45 minutes
e The two groups are walking together at the same speed.
Number and Algebra 12 Two-dimensional graphs

EXERCISE 12.02

4 (B) Student walks to a friend’s place, has

a rest, continues walking slightly faster to
school in order to get there on time.
(C) Student walks steadily to school.
(D) Student cycles to school, is sent home
because is in wrong uniform, cycles home,
changes, cycles back to school.
(E) Student travels to school by bus, which
stops at regular intervals.
5 a Red b Orange
c Both groups stopped for lunch between
12:30 pm and 1:30 pm; the lunch stops were
6 km apart.
d Just before 3:30 pm. e 15 km
f 1 hour g 60 km
h The red group; between 1:30 pm and 4 pm.
i the red group drifted downstream with
the current for 2.5 hours and covered 6 km.
The current speed is
distance 33 - 27 6 km .
= = = 2.4 km/h
time 2.5 2.5 h
j The orange group were paddling against the
current.
Number and Algebra 12 Two-dimensional graphs

EXERCISE 12.02

6 a 1500 hours b 1 hour 8 a 4:15 pm b 370 km

c 3 d Christchurch c, d
e Keruru in Christchurch, Kea in 370
Auckland
f No, because the horizontal parts of
the graph do not overlap.

Distance from Christchurch (km)

7
Distance (km)

4 230

Motorist
2

150 Truck-driver
2 4 6
Time (minutes)

11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time of day
e 140 km
Number and Algebra 12 Two-dimensional graphs

EXERCISE 12.02

9 (A) A passenger train leaving from Dunedin at 3 pm and

arriving at Invercargill at 5:50 pm.
(B) A train that has broken down 80 km from Dunedin.
(C) A goods train which has already left Dunedin and
arrives at Invercargill at about 6:10 pm.
(D) A passenger train leaving from Invercargill at 3 pm
and arriving at Dunedin at 5:50 pm.
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.01

1 y

6 B
C
4
2 A
E
–2
x
–4 2 4 6
–2
D
–4
F

2 A = (1, 3) B = (3, 1)
C = (-4, -2) D = (-3, 5)
E = (-2, 0) F = (5, -3)
G = (0, 6) H = (0, 0)
3 a {A, B, C} b {G, H, I}
c {D, E, F}
4 A star
5 (11, 5)
6 a (3, 1)
b An infinite number.
c The x-co-ordinate is 3.
d (3, 10) or (3, -10)
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

PUZZLE

Which vegetable is most

environmentally friendly

Green peas.
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

Investigation

Wholly equilateral
1 False

2 This is not possible.

Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.02

1 a Co-ordinates are (2, 6), (1, 3), c Co-ordinates are (2, 0), (1, -1)
(0, 0), (-1, -3) and (-2, -6). (0, -2), (-1, -3) and (-2, -4).
y y

8
y = 3x 4 y=x–2
6
4 2
2 x
–4 –2 2 4
x –2
–4 –2 2 4 6
–2
–4
–4

–6

b Co-ordinates are (2, 3), (1, 2) d Co-ordinates are (2, 5), (1, 3)
(0, 1), (-1, 0) and (-2, -1). (0, 1), (-1, -1) and (-2, -3).
y
y

6
4
y=x+1 4 y = 2x + 1
2
–2 2
–4 x
2 4 x
–4 –2 2 4
–2
–2
–4
–4
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.02

2 a y
c y

y = 2x + 3 y=x–3

3 x
3

x –3
–2 – 1

b y d y

2
y=x+4 y = 12 x
4
–4 –2 x
2 4
2
–2

–4 –2
x
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.03
1 3 4
1 a 1 b c 2
3
1
1 1 4
d e f 0 2
4 2
2 5 (B), (G), (C), (E), (F),
c (A), (D)
2
a b e 6 a 3 b
5
d
f
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.04
1 c y
1 a 5 b
4
3 1
c d y= 3x
5 2 2

e 2 f 3 x
3 1
g h 1
2 4

y
2 a
y = 3x
y
x d

y = 2x
x
b y

y = 12 x

x
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.04
e y h y k y

y = 13 x y = 14 x
y = 1x
x x x

f y i y l y

y = 53 x y = 5x
y=x
x x x

y y
g j
y = 35 x y = 23 x

x x
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

Investigation

The water-pipe

2 3 4 5 6
1 4 1 2 3

1 Length of farm on plan
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
Width of 2 2 4 4 6 6 8
farm on 3 3 4 7 6 7 10
plan 4 4 6 6 10 8 10
5 5 6 7 8 13 10
6 6 8 10 10 10 16
2 j
3 m + n − 1
4 3p − 2
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.05
-
1
1 a -
1 b c -
4
4
- -
1 3
d e
5 4

2 c
b
a
e
d

3 -
6
-
1
4
3
5 a -
1
b -
2
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.06

1 y 4 y

y = –2x y= –5 x
3
x x

2 y 5 y

y = – 23 x y = –x
x x

y y
3 6

y= –3 x
2
y = 2x
x x
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.06
7 y 9 y

y = 25 x
y= –1x
3
x x

8 y 10 y

y = –4x
y=x
x x
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.07
1 a 3 b −1 c 5 d −10

e 125 f −7 g 0 h 0

y y y y
2 a b c d
y=x–1
y=x+5
y=x+4 y=x+1
x x
x
x

y y y
e f g
x
x
y=x
x
y=x–6 y=x–3
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.08
1 a 2 b 4 c -
3
2 -
d e 1 f 1
3 4
g 1 h -8 i -
1

2 a 3 b -1 c 2

d -
5 e 1 f 0

g 4 h 0 i 2

3 a y b y

y = 2x + 1 2 y = 3x + 2
1
x x

y y y
c d e
x
1 y = 1x + 1
x 2
x
–4
y = 25 x – 4
–3 y = 2x – 3
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.08

y y y
4 a b c

y = –2x + 5 y = –3x + 4
5 y = –2x – 1 4
x
–1
x
x

d y e y f y

y= – 5x +4
y = –x + 1 y= – 1x +2 3
2
2 4
1
x x
x
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.08

5 a Yes b 2
6 a 2
-
b 5 c y

5 y = 5 – 2x

7 a y b y c y

y = –5x + 1
y = 12 x + 2 y = 43x + 3
1 3
x x

d y e y f y
6
y= –3x –1 y = 23 x – 1
2 y = 6 – 3x

x x
–1 –1

x
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.08
y
8 y = 2x + 3 14

9 a y = 2x − 1 y = 12 x + 2

b y = x + 1 x
c y = -x + 2 y = 2x + 1
− y = 2x – 3
1
d y=
2
x−1

10 C = (2, 7)
a The gradients will be the same.
11 1 × 42 - 4 = 21 - 4 = 17
2 b Steeper lines have bigger gradients.
12 No, because 6 ≠ 36 - 5 × 5. c It cuts the y-axis above (0, 0) if the
y
y-intercept is positive, it cuts the
13
y = 2x + 1
y-axis below (0, 0) if the y-intercept
is negative.

y = –x + 4
x

(1, 3)
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.09

1 a y b y

x=5
y=1
x x

c y d y

x = –2

x x

y = –3

2 a x = 5 b y = 2
c x = -2 d y = -4
3 a False b False c True
d True e True f False
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.09
y
4 a, b c  y = -2
y=2
2

x
–2

y = –2

5 The image is in the same place.

y
6 a, b c  y = 4

y=4
x = –4
x
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.10

1 a 1.5 litres 3 a
y
b
y

12

scarves sold
Number of
6
Fuel used (litres)

9 3

6 x
3 6 9 12
Temperature (°C)
3

x -
2 4 6 8 1 −
1
Time used (hours) b  2 c y = x+6
2
3 3 d  7 e  12 °C
y= x
c 2 or 1.5 d 2
1 f It would become horizontal, and
e About 2 2 hours (actually 2 hours
continue to the right along the x-axis.
40 minutes).
2 a 10 m2 b 3
c 4 d y = 3x + 4
e We need 4 m2 for storing equipment,
and each person in the class needs
3 m2 of floor area.
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.10
y 2
4 a 5 a
3 2
b Allow 3 of an hour (i.e. 40 minutes)

per kilogram to cook the turkey.
2 1
c t = 3 w + 2
Area mown (m2)

d y

Cooking time (hours)

4

3
x
Time (minutes) 2

b 5 1
c y = 5x − 4
0 x
d 46 m2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
e Values less than 0.8 minutes. Weight of turkey (kg)
e 3.75 kg
f The time scale is split up into 10-minute intervals
because the given time information is in multiples of
10, and also it makes it easy to split up the hours. The
weight scale is chosen to match the time scale so that it
is easy to relate the gradient and y-intercept with the
equation.
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.10

6 a P ossible answers are five tokens and 16 notes, 10 tokens and 12 notes, 15 tokens
and eight notes, 20 tokens and four notes.

b
Number of $4 game tokens (x) 5 10 15 20
Number of $5 notes (y) 16 12 8 4

c y

24

20
Number of $5 notes

16

12

0 x
4 8 12 16 20 24
Number of $4 tokens

−
4
d  y = 5 x + 20

Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

Investigation

Glove-sizing
1 y
14

12

10
Continental glove size

0 x
3 6 7 8 9 10
English glove size

–6

2 y = 2x - 6
3 6
4 The width of most people’s knuckles is
between 7 cm and 14 cm.
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.11
1 a Co-ordinates are (-2, 5), c Co-ordinates are (-2, 9), (-1, 4), e Co-ordinates are (-2, 9), (-1, 5),
(-1, 2), (0, 1), (1, 2) and (2, 5). (0, 1), (1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 4) and (4, 9). (0, 3), (1, 3), (2, 5) and (3, 9).
y y y

y = x2 + 1 y = (x – 1)2 y = x2 – x + 3
1 1
x x 3
1
x

d Co-ordinates are (-2, 9), (-1, 3),

b Co-ordinates are (-2, 2), (-1, -1),
(0, -2), (1, -1) and (2, 2). (0, 0), (1, -1), (2, 0), (3, 3) and (4, 8).
y y

y = x2 – 2x
y = x2 – 2
x x
2
–2
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.11
2 See the spreadsheet Ex 13-11 Qn 2 Answers.xls. This is available on the Beta Mathematics
Workbook companion CD, or can be downloaded from www.mathematics.co.nz

a b

c
Number and Algebra 13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.12
1 a y c As the number of workers increases, the
100 number of instant messages increases faster
80 and faster.
60 3 a y
40 900
20
700
x
1 2 3 4 5 500

b 80 m 300
c 4.5 seconds 100
d The graph becomes steeper and steeper, 2 4 6 8 10
x
showing the computer is accelerating
towards the ground. b $200 c 9 m
2 a 2400
b y
120
100
80
60
40
20
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
Measurement and Geometry 14 The metric system, scales and tables

EXERCISE 14.01
5 Y
 ou could measure the height of a stack of
10, say; then multiply by 100. The height
would be about 2.6 m
Measurement and Geometry 14 The metric system, scales and tables

PUZZLE

Can you fathom this?

1 A foot was the length of a typical adult human foot.

2 3 feet = 1 yard (and is about 1 arm’s length)

3 1 fathom = 6 feet (and is the height of a tall person)

© Photographer: Sebastian Kaulitzki | Agency: Dreamstime.com
Measurement and Geometry 14 The metric system, scales and tables

EXERCISE 14.02

1 a m b km 9 m cm mm 16 1547
c cm d mm
a 6.3 630 6300 17 a 7600 m
2 a 12 m b 1.9 m b 5 500 5000 b 7.6 km
c 18 mm d 1.3 km c 0.12 12 120 18 27 minutes
e 590 km f 4 mm d 0.08 8 80
3 a 1.2 m b 0.492 m e 0.497 49.7 497
c 18.5 m f 12.8 1280 12 800

4 a 3500 mm b 78 200 mm 10 a 6700 m b 4000 m

c 400 mm c 1.3 m d 1.1 m
e 11.25 m f 600 m
5 a 1.5 km b 0.75 km
c 46.83 km 11 3.764 km

6 a 2000 m b 4700 m 12 6400 m

c 350 m
13 a 25.8 cm
7 a 534 cm b 7 cm b Multiply by 10.
c 3.2 cm d 49 cm
14 2 km
8 a cm b m
15 42 195 m
c km d mm
e cm
Measurement and Geometry 14 The metric system, scales and tables

PUZZLE

How thick is photocopy paper?

0.1 mm
Measurement and Geometry 14 The metric system, scales and tables

EXERCISE 14.03

1 a 5000 g b 5480 g 8 a $48.46

c 60 000 g d 700 g b $6.60
2 a 8 kg b 7.36 kg 9 a i $7.90
c 0.45 kg d 0.0112 kg ii $63.20
b $39.50/kg
3 a 53 000 mg b 800 mg
10 $43.76
4 a 50 g b 8.6 g
11 11
5 a 6 tonnes b 13.255 tonnes
12 a i $5.10
c 0.439 tonnes
ii $2.51
6 a 11 000 kg b 6420 kg b 73 cents
c 75 kg c 13 or 14

7 13.36 kg 13 53
Measurement and Geometry 14 The metric system, scales and tables

EXERCISE 14.04

1 a 6000 mL b 45 000 mL 10 Cans

c 850 mL d 4.9 mL Volume: 6 × 333 mL = 1998 mL = 1.998 litres.
e 15 mL f 20 441 mL Cost of cans is 0.45 × 6 = $2.70.
2 a 5 litres b 0.75 litres Cost per litre is 2.70 = $1.35/litre.
$1.35/litre
1.998
c 88 litres d 0.0683 litres Plastic bottle
e 0.002 litres f 100 litres Cost per litre is 2.50 = $1.67/litre.
1.5
3 a 4.5 litres b 1.55 litres It is cheaper to buy the six-pack of cans.

4 a 3850 mL b 5550 mL 11 a 20 mL
b 6 years old
5 15 c 13 years old
6 3.3 litres or 3300 mL d 4
e 5 days
7 4.7 litres or 4700 mL
12 a 40 g
8 $2.94 b 600 g
9 14
Measurement and Geometry 14 The metric system, scales and tables

Investigation

Decimal time in France

1 Longer. There would
only be 1000 of these
seconds in a day, instead
of 86 400 of our seconds.
2 If there were 10 days in a
month then a month
would no longer
correspond roughly to

© Photographer: James Steidl | Agency: Dreamstime.com

the periods of the moon.
If in addition there were
10 months in a year
then there would only be
100 days in a year,
instead of 365, and so the
calendar would go too
fast in relation to the
seasons.
Measurement and Geometry 14 The metric system, scales and tables

EXERCISE 14.05

1 a 0630 b 2145 6 0700 or 7 am

c 1200 d 1340 7 a 8 minutes
e 0255 f 2330 b 25 minutes
g 0000 h 1030 c 1021
i 2315 j 1645
8 a 3.45 b 1005
2 a 7:30 am b Midnight c 1747
c 9 am d 9 pm
e midday f 3:55 pm 9 a 1 hour 15 minutes
g 7:20 pm h 8:40 pm b 1 hour 55 minutes
i 11:20 pm j 12:10 am 10 a 3 hours 50 minutes
3 1200 b 1420

4 a 1940 b 2100 11 3 minutes 20 seconds

c 1810 d 1956 12 1 hour 15 minutes
5 8 is incorrect. The third digit in
24-hour time must be between 0 and 5
inclusive, because there are only 60
minutes in an hour.
Measurement and Geometry 14 The metric system, scales and tables

PUZZLE

The time in Letterland

(C) and (E)
L
K A

J B

I C

H D

G E
F
Measurement and Geometry 14 The metric system, scales and tables

EXERCISE 14.06

1 a 333 mL b 45 litres
c 600 mL d 2.2 m
e 105 kg f 1600 litres
g 350 mL h 2 litres
i 10 mL j 38 m
k 3.5 kg l 32 cm
m 22 mm n 364 km

2 a 8 g b 333 mL
c 65 mm d 1.2 kg
e 90 L f 15 cm
g 2151 km h 4.8 m

3 a Nearest day
b Nearest cm
c Nearest mm
d Nearest kg
e Nearest tonne
1
f Nearest of a second
100
g Nearest 5 minutes
Measurement and Geometry 14 The metric system, scales and tables

PUZZLE

Best before when?

1 8 July 2002
2 231/09
 dvantages: It may serve as identification for a
3 A
particular batch in case there are complaints about the
product. Another reason is to avoid confusion
between the DD/MM/YYYY used in some countries
and the MM/DD/YYYY format used in North
America.
 isadvantages: Both customers and retailers may
D
find it confusing because it requires relatively
complicated calculations both of today’s date and the
date on the packet before deciding whether stock is
past its use-by date.
Measurement and Geometry 14 The metric system, scales and tables

EXERCISE 14.07

1 a 842 km 3 a 7 minutes
b Blenheim b 11 minutes
c Picton and Blenheim c Well-done
d Takaka and Milford Sound
4 a 7367 units
e 10 km
b 8505 units
f Milford−Queenstown = 296 km.
c
Queenstown−Mt Cook = 272 km. 8
9 0 1
2 2
1 0 9
8 8
9 0 1
2 2
1 0 9
8
When these are added the result is 568 km, 7
6 5 4
3 3
4 5 6
7 7
6 5 4
3 3
4 5 6
7

which is 12 km more than the direct route 1000 100 10 kWh per div
from the table: Milford−
Mt Cook = 556 km. 5 a 6.8 cm
b 9.05 cm
2 a 75 minutes or 1 hour
c 2.83
15 minutes 7
b 75 minutes or 1 hour d a = c
3
15 minutes
c Rare
Measurement and Geometry 14 The metric system, scales and tables

EXERCISE 14.07

6 a 1.8 m3 8 a 2.4 m
b 3.5 m3 b 2.9 m
c 20 m2 c Size 14, because 70 cm is close to the
d i 20 bags 71 cm waist measurement for size 14.
ii 1.5 m3 d Cushla will need 3.10 m for the jacket
e i It should be twice the amount and 2.95 m for the skirt; this is 6.05 m
needed for 20 m2 altogether, so 6 m is not quite enough.
i.e. 2 × 1.4 m3 = 2.8 m3. e $43.66
ii About 26 bags of cement,
1.3 m3 of sand and 5 m3 of
builder’s mix.

7 a A = 1250 mL, B = 600 mL, C = 150 mL

b 20 mL
Measurement and Geometry 15 Area of polygons

EXERCISE 15.01

1 a 18 cm2 b 12 cm2
c 16 cm2 d 20 cm2
e 3000 cm2 f 20 cm2
g 60 cm2 h 108 cm2
2 62 370 mm2
3 Eight bags
4 208 cm2
Measurement and Geometry 15 Area of polygons

EXERCISE 15.02

1 a 4 cm b 8 cm 9 a 28 m b 22.361 cm
c 8 cm d 15 cm c 8.185 cm
2 a 28 cm b 36 cm
10 144 m
c 26 cm d 20 cm
3 128 cm 11 a 180 m
b The mesh may not touch the edges
4 a 2240 m b 21 760 m
of the driveway, the mesh might
5 56 cm overlap in places, the mesh might
6 21 cm have to be cut before being placed
7 No, the perimeter of a 3 cm × 4 cm rec in position so more would be
tangle is 14 cm, while the perimeter of a required at first, the surface may not
2 cm × 6 cm rectangle is 16 cm. be flat so that the mesh bends, etc.
8 a
Side length Area Perimeter
2 cm 4 cm2 8 cm
5 cm 25 cm2 20 cm
6 cm 36 cm2 24 cm
7 cm 49 cm2 28 cm
8.4 cm 70.56cm2 33.6 cm
10 cm 100 cm2 40 cm
12 cm 144 cm2 48 cm

b 4 cm
Measurement and Geometry 15 Area of polygons

PUZZLE

Prisoner in the middle

X
Measurement and Geometry 15 Area of polygons

Investigation

The soccer field

The perimeter of the field is 2 × 100 + 2 × 50 = 300 m.
The centre line measures 50 m. 10 m
The extra lines needed for the penalty areas measure
15 m 50 m
2 × (10 + 15 + 10) = 70 m.
The total length of all the lines is 300 + 50 + 70 = 420 m.
The width of the lines is 0.04 m.
The area of the lines is 420 × 0.04 = 16.8 m2. 100 m

The number of litres of paint required is 16.8 ÷ 2 = 8.4

litres.
(Note: the overlapping on the corners is ignored in this
answer.)
Measurement and Geometry 15 Area of polygons

EXERCISE 15.03

1 8 cm2 8 54 cm2

2 42 cm2 9 36 cm2

3 20 cm2 10 51 cm2

4 30 cm2 11 132 cm2

5 60 cm2 12 36 cm2

6 42 cm2 13 124 cm2

7 72 cm2
Measurement and Geometry 15 Area of polygons

Investigation

Halving triangles

1 Draw a line from one corner to the middle

of the opposite side. The two triangles
formed each have the same height, and
their bases are equal.

2 Repeat the process above. Take each

triangle, and from one corner, draw a line
to the middle of the opposite side.
Measurement and Geometry 15 Area of polygons

EXERCISE 15.04

1 a 40 cm2 b 48 cm2
c 35 cm2 d 72 cm2
e 50 cm2 f 30 cm2
g 104 cm2 h 21.2 cm2
i 120 cm2 j 30 cm2

2 a 96 cm2 b 9.6 cm
Measurement and Geometry 15 Area of polygons

PUZZLE

Honey, I’ve shrunk the area!

In the ‘rectangle’ drawing, the

trapezium pieces overlap the
triangle pieces.
Measurement and Geometry 15 Area of polygons

EXERCISE 15.05

1 a 78 cm2 b 68 cm2
c 360 cm2 d 108 cm2
e 240 cm2 f 124 cm2
g 68 cm2 h 67.5 cm2
i 144 cm2 j 532 cm2
2 4300 cm2
24 25
3 a b
49 49
Measurement and Geometry 15 Area of polygons

PUZZLE

The four blocks

B C
1 400 cm2
F G
2 Between 0 and 400 cm2.

E H
A D
Measurement and Geometry 15 Area of polygons

EXERCISE 15.06

1 a 60 cm2 b 480 cm2 10 50 m

2 24 m2 11 290 m2
3 a 5409 cm2 b 46.8% 12 25 m2
4 55 m2 13 64 m
5 1433.5 cm2 14 a No, because 250 mm divides
exactly into both 3 m and 5 m.
6 a 150 cm2 b 60
b 240
7 a 16 500 m2 b 660 m2
15 1300
8 (D) because the envelope has
16 a 50 m2
a front and a back, and also needs
b 5 cm, because it is the depth.
overlapping edges when glued
c 1700
together.
9 4050 cm2
Measurement and Geometry 15 Area of polygons

EXERCISE 15.07

1 a 400 ha b 3900 ha 7 a Abel Tasman

c 832 ha d 10 040 ha b 4000.36 km2
c Mt Cook (Aorangi)
2 a 6.3 ha b 0.4 ha
d 3 085 036 ha = 30 850.36 km2
c 13.76 ha d 3.95 ha
e 11.4%
3 a 550 000 m2 b 64 000 m2
8 Golf courses require 3 × 7 = 21 ha.
c 3500 m2 d 490 m2
Polo field requires 200 × 500
4 a 2 km2 b 68.2 km2 = 100 000 m2 = 10 ha.
c 550 km2 d 0.803 km2 Equestrian course requires 0.2 km2
= 20 ha.
5 5 790 000 m2 = 579 ha
Total land required is at least 51 ha
(dividing by 10 000).
= 0.51 km2.
579 ha = 5.79 km2
0.5 km2 is not enough.
(dividing by 100).
9 154 500 m2 or 15.45 ha
6 300 000 m 2
Measurement and Geometry 16 Circles – circumference and area

EXERCISE 16.01

1 a 62.83 cm 9 Both paths are the same

b 15.83 m length, 12.57 cm.
2 a 12.57 cm 10 607.1 cm
b 1131 mm 11 a 94.25 mm b 98.96 mm
3 39 990 km 12 a The Earth takes 1 year =
4 471 cm 365.25 × 24 = 8766 hours
5 True to orbit the sun.
b The distance travelled is the
6 235
circumference of a circle with
7 1339 mm or 133.9 cm radius 1 49 000 000s km. This
8 a 46.27 m is 936 195 000 km (6 sf). The
b 20.14 cm speed is 936 195 000 km ÷ 8766
c 41.71 cm h = 106 800 km/h (4 sf).
d 96.82 cm
Measurement and Geometry 16 Circles – circumference and area

EXERCISE 16.02

1 a 271.72 m2 b 12 707.62 cm2

c 88.25 m2 d 26.06 cm2
e 6939.78 m2 f 59.94 cm2
2 1018 m2
3 113.1 km2
4 34 636 cm2
5 a 124 mm
3 mm

124 mm
3 mm 3 mm

3 mm

b 10 936 mm2
6 25%
Measurement and Geometry 16 Circles – circumference and area

PUZZLE

Pizza please
470 g

© Photographer: Dreamstime Agency |

Agency: Dreamstime.com
Measurement and Geometry 16 Circles – circumference and area

EXERCISE 16.03

1
1 a b 8 cm2
4
1
2 a b 37.70 cm2
3
3 65.97 cm2
4 a 736.3 cm2 b 61.96 cm2
5 351.9 cm2
6 a 201.1 cm2 b 32 cm2
c True d 18.27 cm2
Measurement and Geometry 16 Circles – circumference and area

PUZZLE

Circular leftovers

All of the patterns have the same

shaded area.

(A) (B) (C)

(D) (E)
Measurement and Geometry 16 Circles – circumference and area

EXERCISE 16.04

1 0.4312 m

2 6.685 m

3 466.6 m

4 30.83 m

5 32 cm

6 318 mm

7 170 m
Measurement and Geometry 16 Circles – circumference and area

EXERCISE 16.05

1 a 3.868 m b 18.70 cm
c 1.376 cm d 0.7979 km
2 a 3.545 m b 7.089 m
c 22.27 m
3 3.2 m
4 29 m
5 a 78.54 cm2 b 157.1 cm2
Measurement and Geometry 16 Circles – circumference and area

PUZZLE

The first and last ever School Certificate

Mathematics exam question

283.7 m2
Measurement and Geometry 16 Circles – circumference and area

EXERCISE 16.06

1 a 11.43 m2
b 102.5 cm2
c 1122 cm2
2 Both designs need the same amount - i.e. area is 2146 mm2.
3 a 616 cm2
b 292 cm2
4 a
5m

30 m
40 m

30 m

40 m

b 1579 m2
 17 Volume and surface area

EXERCISE 17.01

1 a 24 cm3 b 36 cm3
2 a 72 cm3 b 36 m3
c 1020 m3
3 a 90 cm3 b 72 cm3
c 73.44 m3 d 10 240 cm3
4 6 cm
5 6.2 m
6 72 cm3
7 a 216 m3 b 117.649 cm3
8 a 8 cm b 11 m
c 4.291 cm d 79.370 m
 17 Volume and surface area

Investigation

Volume conversions
1 True
2 Yes
3 1000

4 Volume in cm3 Volume in mm3
512 512 000
8 8 000
89 000 89 000 000
9 9 000
71 000 71 000 000

5 64 m3; 64 000 000 cm3. These volumes are equivalent,

so there are 64 000 000 ÷ 64 = 1 000 000 cm3 in 1 m3.

6 Volume in m3 Volume in cm3

64 64 000 000
2 2 000 000
500 500 000 000
800 800 000 000
0.05 50 000
 17 Volume and surface area

EXERCISE 17.02

1 a 300 cm3
b 240 m3
c 400 mm3
2 240 000 cm3
3 a 0.12 m
b 1.2 m3
4 15
5 144 000 cm3
6 204 288 cm3
7 a 4.5 m3

b 4050 kg
c 8.1 tonnes
8 a 213 m2
b 0.15 m
c 31.95 m3
9 0.251 m or 25.1 cm
10 1 m
 17 Volume and surface area

EXERCISE 17.03

1 a 90 cm3 b 800 cm3

c 225 m3
2 a 60 cm3 b 80 cm3
c 80 cm3
d 140 cm3 e 330 cm3
3 Area of cross-section Height Volume
a 12 cm2 2 cm 24 cm3
b 45 m2 10 m 450 m3
c 31 cm2 17.4 cm 539.4 cm3
d 8 m2 2.45 m 19.6 m3
 17 Volume and surface area

EXERCISE 17.04

1 96 cm3
2 a x = 0.6, y = 4.8, z = 1.2
b 1.728 m3
3 108 m3
4 48 000 cm3
5 787 cm2
6 4264 cm3
7 963 m3 (rounded from 963.144 m3)
 17 Volume and surface area

EXERCISE 17.05

1 a 226.2 cm3 b 3633 m3 d Rubble is less compacted than the

2 a 50.27 m 3
b 2601 cm 3 rock where it is removed from, there
would be places where excavations
3 62.83 cm 3
needed to go beyond the minimum
4 36 290 m3 diameter of 7.6 m, there would be
5 0.8906 m3 places where access would be needed
6 a 5500 cm b 276 500 cm3 between the service tunnel and each
7 0.015 90 m3 main tunnel.
8 a Adding on the thickness of concrete to 9 211
the radius of a large tunnel you get
10 2262 seconds = 37 minutes 42 seconds
1.5 + 3.8 = 5.3 m, so the diameter
including the concrete part is 11 43 980 cm3
2 × 5.3 = 10.6 m. A greater volume of
rock than the finished volume would
have been excavated before the tunnel
was lined.
b 7.8 m
c 11 315 000 m3

 17 Volume and surface area

Investigation

The Arch of Constantine

1 The archways are the same depth as the Arch itself.
2 a 519.6 m3
b 3.25 is the radius of the semi-circular part at the top of the archway.
It is half of the width of the archway.
c 8.25 is the height of the archway walls before they start curving.
It is the overall height (11.5 m) minus the radius of
the semi-circular part (3.25 m).
3 175.0 m3
4 Volume = V(cuboid) - V(central archway) − V(side archways)
= 25.7 × 21 × 7.4 − 519.6 − 2 × 175.0
= 3124 m3
 he Arch does not have smooth faces - there are protrusions
5 T
and indentations in many places.

Courtesy of Allan Crawford

 17 Volume and surface area

EXERCISE 17.06

1 a 4 mL b 500 litres 11 a 804.2 cm3

c 300 mL b The label of 750 mL is likely to be
d 2 litres e 45 litres correct when allowing for the
2 a 40 b 6 thickness of the glass. To calculate
c 8000 d 49 700 the volume of wine exactly we would
e 800 f 45 useninterior measurements and would
also have to assume the bottom of the
3 a 3 kg b 46.8 kg bottle was completely flat.
c 0.6 kg
12 a 4247 m3
4 a 50 g b 8000 g
b 4 247 000 litres
c 788 g c 212 400 litres
5 a 160 litres b 160 kg
13 $45
6 34.56 cm 3
14 121.5 kg
8 3456 mL 15 a 13 to 14 days
9 a 38.23 m3 b 38 230 litres b 75 g
10 a 3 b 8 c A cylinder is only an approximate
c 100 model because a tube of toothpaste is
not perfectly round and flattens out
towards the base. At the other end the
nozzle protrudes, so at both ends the
tube lacks the flat, round base that
cylinders have.
 17 Volume and surface area

PUZZLE

I have suction
This machine sucks.
 17 Volume and surface area

PUZZLE

Tug of war
40 kg
 17 Volume and surface area

EXERCISE 17.07

1 a 52 cm2 b 74 cm2
2 a 126 cm2 b 36 cm2
3 56 cm2
4 180 cm2
5 204 cm2
6 a Isosceles trapezium
b 1952 cm2
7 64 m2
8 a Rectangle
b Because the cut exposes wood which originally was not on a surface.
c 2000 cm2
9 a Volume of cuboid = 18 × 10 × 3 = 540 m3.
1 3
Volume of triangular prism = 2 ×10×12 × 9 = 540 m .

b The cuboid has the greater surface area (528 m2).
It exceeds the surface area of the prism (444 m2) by 84 m2.

 17 Volume and surface area

EXERCISE 17.07

10 a b Edge length Surface area

1 6
2 24
3 54
4 96
…
8 384
11 4.64 m2 …
x 6x2
12 a 8 m2 b 20 000
13
2.5

4.2

2.6
Area of front and back = 2 × 2.6 × 2.5 = 13 m2
Area of both sides = 2 × 4.2 × 2.5 = 21 m2
Area of floor and ceiling = 2 × 2.6 × 4.2 = 21.84 m2
Total area to be painted: (13 + 21 + 21.84) m2 = 55.84 m2
Number of litres needed = 55.84 = 3.723 litres , that is, 3.7 litres to the nearest 100 mL.
15
 17 Volume and surface area

PUZZLE

Wine and cheese

6 cm by 8 cm by 12 cm
 17 Volume and surface area

EXERCISE 17.08

1 a 502.7 cm2
b 85.77 m2
c 177.3 cm2

2 a 1407 cm2
b 144.5 m2

3 728.8 cm2

4 37 960 mm2

5 0.7118 m2

6 Area of bottom: πr2 = π × 2.42

= 18.096 m2.
Area of top: πr2 = π × 2.42
= 18.096 m2.
Area of curved surface = 2πrh
= 2 × π × 2.4 × 3 = 45.239 m2
Total surface area = 18.096 + 18.096 + 45.239 = 81.431 m2.
Area to be coated inside and outside = 2 × 81.432 = 162.86 m2.

Total cost = 162.86 × $8.50
= $1384.33, i.e. $1400, approximately.
 17 Volume and surface area

PUZZLE

The three cubes

1 704 cm2

2 800 cm2
Measurement and Geometry 18 Angles 1 – Intersecting and parallel lines

EXERCISE 18.01

 b EDF
1 a ABC 

 b ∠STR
2 a EFD


3 a BAC 
b EFD

4 a = ∠PRQ
b = ∠RSQ
c = ∠QPR
d = ∠PTS
e = ∠QTR
f = ∠PQR

5 a 4 b 1 c 6
d 3 e 5 f 2
Measurement and Geometry 18 Angles 1 – Intersecting and parallel lines

EXERCISE 18.02

1 a 54° b 59° c 118°

d 92° e 21°

2 a 83° b 105° c 101°

d 71°

3 a 131° b 34° c 15°

Measurement and Geometry 18 Angles 1 – Intersecting and parallel lines

INVESTIGATION

Security sensors
1 a b c d  10%

2 a 3 a 3 b

b  10 more (11 in total) c d  80

4
Measurement and Geometry 18 Angles 1 – Intersecting and parallel lines

EXERCISE 18.03

1 a 111° b 039° 5 a Whakatane

c 322° d 239° b Mt Ruapehu
c East Cape
2 a N b N d New Plymouth
e Auckland
f 020°
g 073°
h 331°
i 129°
c d N j 205°
N
(Note that answers for parts f-j are based on
using the full-page version of the North Island
map in the blackline master. If students use the
diagram in the book it is not quite so accurate.)
k Gisborne
l Bay of Islands
3 a 090° b 270°
c 045° d 225° 6 a 6.2 km
b 338°
4 a South
b North 7 230°
c North-west
d South-east
Measurement and Geometry 18 Angles 1 – Intersecting and parallel lines

EXERCISE 18.04

1 a = 110°, b = 58°, c = 90°,

d = 210°, e = 90°, f = 47°,
g = 129°, h = 50°, i = 73°,
j = 47°, k = 86°, l = 94°,
m = 20°, n = 91°, o = 89°

2 a ∠’s at a pt add to 360°

b vert. opp. ∠’s =
c ∠’s on line add to 180°

3 a = 135° (∠’s on line add to 180°)

b = 102° (vert. opp. ∠’s =)
c = 135° (∠’s at a pt add to 360°)
d = 38° (∠’s on line add to 180°)
e = 142° (vert. opp. ∠’s =)
f = 148° (∠’s at a pt add to 360°)
Measurement and Geometry 18 Angles 1 – Intersecting and parallel lines

EXERCISE 18.05

1 a x = 70° (∠ sum of  is 180°)

b x = 28° (∠ sum of  is 180°)
c x = 134° (∠ sum of  is 180°)
d x = 66° (∠ sum of  is 180°)
e x = 60° (∠ in equilat. )
f x = 73° (isos. , base ∠’s =)
g x = 36° (isos. , base ∠’s =)
h x = 52° (isos. , base ∠’s =)
y = 76° (∠ sum of  is 180°)
i x = 75° (∠ sum of  is 180°)
y = 75° (isos , base ∠’s =)
j x = 34° (∠ sum of  is 180°)
y = 34° (isos. , base ∠’s =)
k x = 128° (isos. , base ∠’s =,
then ∠ sum of  is 180°)
l x = 81° (∠ sum of  is 180°,
then isos. , base ∠’s =)

2 112.5°

3 a 60° b 150°
c 15° d 75°
Measurement and Geometry 18 Angles 1 – Intersecting and parallel lines

EXERCISE 18.06

1 a x = 130° (ext. ∠ of  = sum of int. opp. ∠’s )

b x = 122° (ext. ∠ of  = sum of int. opp. ∠’s)
c x = 31° (ext. ∠ of  = sum of int. opp. ∠’s)
d x = 110° (isos , base ∠’s =, then ext. ∠ of  = sum of int. opp. ∠’s)
e x = 120° (∠’s at a pt add to 360°, then ext. ∠ of  = sum of int. opp. ∠’s)
f x = 139° (vert. opp. ∠’s =, then ext. ∠ of  = sum of int. opp. ∠’s)

2 a x = 68°, y = 44°
b x = 111°
c x = 130°, y = 50°
d x = 62°

3 x = 19° (vert. opp. ∠ ‘s =, then ∠ sum of  is 180°)

4 α = 50°
Measurement and Geometry 18 Angles 1 – Intersecting and parallel lines

EXERCISE 18.07

1 a Corresponding g x = 66°, y = 110°

b Co-interior h x = 50°
c Alternate i x = 50°
d Alternate j x = 79°, y = 36°, z = 65°
e Corresponding k x = 80°
f Co-interior l x = 31°, y = 74°, z = 75°
m x = 122°
2 a b b c
c a d e 5 Translation

3 a x = 70° (corresp. ∠’s =, || lines) 6 Rotation

b x = 60° (co-int. ∠’s add to 180°, || lines)
7 Yes, because the two alternate angles are equal.
c x = 73° (corresp. ∠’s =, || lines)
d x = 119° (co-int. ∠’s add to 180°, || lines) 8 N
 o, because the two co-interior angles
e x = 100° (corresp. ∠’s =, || lines) add to 182°, not 180°.
f x = 95° (alt. ∠’s =, || lines)
9 Yes
4 a x = 50°, y = 50°
b x = 139°, y = 139° 10 q and r
c x = 65°, y = 115°, z = 65°
d x = 68°, y = 68°, z = 68° 11 a and d; and c and f
e x = 68° 12 a 8 b 16 c   8
f x = 70°
Measurement and Geometry 18 Angles 1 – Intersecting and parallel lines

PUZZLE

Parallel framework
18
Measurement and Geometry 18 Angles 1 – Intersecting and parallel lines

EXERCISE 18.08

1 a 3x + 7x = 180° (∠’s on line add to 180°); x = 18°

b 5x + 3x + x = 360° (∠’s at a pt add to 360°); x = 40°
c x + 2x + 36° = 180° (∠’s on line add to 180°); x = 48°
d 2x + x + 60° = 180° (∠ sum of  is 180°); x = 40°
e 2x = x + 15° (alt. ∠’s =, || lines); x = 15°
f 3x + x + 40° = 180° (co-int. ∠’s add to 180°, || lines); x = 35°
g 2x + x = x + 40° (ext. ∠ of  = sum of int. opp. ∠’s); x = 20°
h 5x = 3x + 62° (ext. ∠ of  = sum of int. opp. ∠’s); x = 31°
i 3x + 6x = 180° (corresp. ∠’s =, || lines and ∠’s on line add to 180°); x = 20°

2 a x = 15°; the three angles are 90°, 60° and 30°.

b x = 10°; the three angles are 70°, 60°and 50°.
Measurement and Geometry 18 Angles 1 – Intersecting and parallel lines

PUZZLE

What day is it?

Today is yesterday tomorrow.
Measurement and Geometry 18 Angles 1 – Intersecting and parallel lines

EXERCISE 18.09

O X E D
D B H A L V E S
A C U T E R G M
I U R I
L I S O S C E L E S O V E N
Y E O E U
P E X I T S S O C K S
A N E A U A
P L U S T Q L B E E P N
A T H R E E U T T T E S T
R A R I E R B R
A K I L R A E P
L A O A N C A E
L R P R O T R A C T O R N
V E R T E X E T I D
L F C O R R E S P O N D I N G
L A G C
E M U L T I P L Y U
X L
C O M P L E M E N T A R Y
O R
O
N
 Measurement
Measurement andand Geometry
Geometry 19 Angles 2 - polygons

EXERCISE 19.01

1 a = 62°, b = 80°, c = 63°, d = 83°, e = 72°; 360°

2 a = 74°, b = 93°, c = 94°, d = 99°; 360°

3 a = 135°, b = 50°, c = 100°, d = 75°

4 a = 130°, b = 110°, c = 120°, d = 90°, e = 90°

5 a Concave
b Convex
c Convex
d Concave
e Concave
f Convex

6 Yes

7 No, because a and b are equal (vertically opposite angles).

8 (A)
 Measurement
Measurement andand Geometry
Geometry 19 Angles 2 - polygons

INVESTIGATION

Chessboard squares

1 Size of Number
square
1×1 64
2×2 49
3×3 36
4×4 25
5×5 16
6×6 9
7×7 4
8×8 1
Total 204

2 7
17
 Measurement
Measurement andand Geometry
Geometry 19 Angles 2 - polygons

EXERCISE 19.02

1 360°

2 360°

3 50°

4 85°

5 a 108° b 38°
c 33° d 62°
 Measurement
Measurement andand Geometry
Geometry 19 Angles 2 - polygons

EXERCISE 19.03

1 540°

2 900°

3 a 3 b 180°
c Quadrilateral d 360°
e 360° f 5
g 360° h Hexagon
i 720° j Octagon
k 1080° l 360°
m (n − 2)180°

4 a 50° b 120°
c 90° d 102°
e 210° f 85°
g 120° h 124°

5 a 4x − 20 = 360; x = 95°
b 3x + 210 = 540; x = 110°
c 6x + 30 = 720; x = 115°

6 1800°

7 32
 Measurement
Measurement andand Geometry
Geometry 19 Angles 2 - polygons

EXERCISE 19.04

1 3 a 30° b 150°
Name of Number Sum of Each
polygon of sides exterior exterior 4 a 160 b 18
angles angle
5 36
Equilateral 3 360° 120°
triangle 6 24
Square 4 360° 90°
7 The angles are not all equal to each other.
Pentagon 5 360° 72°
Hexagon 6 360° 60° 8 a x = 120°
Octagon 8 360° 45° b No, the interior angles are not
all equal to each other.
Decagon 10 360° 36°
(7 - 2)×180 4°
9 a 7 b 128
7
2
Name of Number Sum of Each 10 a Yes, because 15° is a factor of 360°.
polygon of sides interior interior
angles angle b No, because if the interior angle was 155°,
the exterior angle would have to be 25°,
Equilateral 3 180° 60° and 25° does not divide exactly into 360°.
triangle
Square 4 360° 90° 11 x = 72°, y = 54°
Pentagon 5 540° 108° 12 x = 36°, y = 72°, z = 36°
Hexagon 6 720° 120°
Octagon 8 1080° 135° 13 30 cm
Decagon 10 1440° 144° 14 12 cm
 Measurement
Measurement andand Geometry
Geometry 19 Angles 2 - polygons

PUZZLE
PUZZLE

Irregular polygons

2 T
 he interior angles are not all equal, some are 90°
and others are 270°.
Measurement and Geometry 20 Tessellation

EXERCISE 20.01
1 5 Yes, all quadrilaterals tessellate.

The cross does tessellate.

3 Yes

7 a 6 b

4 a

b Yes
Measurement and Geometry 20 Tessellation

EXERCISE 20.01

9 Yes 12

10 Yes

13 a The ‘Z’ shaped tetromino.

11 a 120° b 108° b
c They would need to be placed
together at one point, and the
interior angles (108° each)
are not a factor of 360° (angles
at a point).
Measurement and Geometry 20 Tessellation

INVESTIGATION

Hexagonal cobblestones

1 3
Number Number Number of Number Number of
of black of white black in top of black in white
row bottom row
cobblestones cobblestones
1 2 15
1 6
2 3 23
2 11
3 4 31
3 16
4 5 39
4 21
5 6 47
5 26
6 31

2 Number of white = 5n + 1. 4 Number of white = 8n + 7.

Measurement and Geometry 20 Tessellation

PUZZLE

Chopping up trominoes

1 2 3

(Other answers are possible.)

Measurement and Geometry 20 Tessellation

EXERCISE 20.02

1 4 a No b No c

6 a Equilateral triangle, square and hexagon.

b
3
Measurement and Geometry 20 Tessellation

PUZZLE

Hearts, diamonds,
clubs and spades
Measurement and Geometry 20 Tessellation

PUZZLE
PUZZLE
I have suction

This machine sucks.

Measurement and Geometry 20 Tessellation

INVESTIGATION

Tessellating jigsaw pieces

1 3 a The red and yellow pieces (the two on the right).

b i The red piece tessellates.
ii

c
2

d It must have the same number of indentations as protrusions;

it must have matching (same size and shape) pairs of
indentations and protrusions.
e Traditional jigsaw puzzles have straight edges - the pieces at
the outside cannot be the same shape and size as ones in the
middle.
Measurement and Geometry 21 Three dimensions

EXERCISE 21.01

1 a Square b Yes 7 a 5
b 8
2 a 8 b 12 c 5
c 6 d Rectangle d Yes
e Yes
8 a Yes
3 a 4 b 6 b Isosceles
c 4 d Yes
9 a No
4 Equilateral triangle b No
5 Q
c EH, EB, EC
U

P T
10 a AE, BF, DH
b DCGH
R c H
V

S W 11 a 10 vertices, 15 edges, 7 faces

b Equilateral
6 D A
H E 12 a 45°
C
b 45°
B c 45°
G F d 90°
Rewi e 60°
Measurement and Geometry 21 Three dimensions

PUZZLE

Cheesy cylinder

Vertical cut

Vertical cut

Horizontal cut
Measurement and Geometry 21 Three dimensions

EXERCISE 21.02

1 30 5 E
F H
2 28
G
3 a b c
B D
C

6 C
B D
A
4 a F H
2 E

3 2

7
b

4
5
1
8
Measurement and Geometry 21 Three dimensions

EXERCISE 21.02

9 a b c

10 a 8 b 24 c 24 d   8

11 a 8 b

12 a Spade
b Club
c Anchor
Measurement and Geometry 21 Three dimensions

EXERCISE 21.03

1 A cuboid. 6 a E F
2
H G

D C
A B
b   F
3 a B b
7

8
4 a E and F b
or

5
Q P
R
S

B Six different
C
answers are
A D possible.
Measurement and Geometry 21 Three dimensions

EXERCISE 21.03

9 a B and E 11 a 3 b
b C and D
c Because they each have two sides
that join up to a 3 m edge.
d
2m 12 2 cm 2 cm

3m 2 cm 2 cm

3m
2 cm 2 cm
4m

10

4 cm

2 cm 2 cm
Measurement and Geometry 21 Three dimensions

EXERCISE 21.04

1 a b c
1 1 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 3
3 a A B
1 1 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 3
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
2 a D C

b A D

4 a Clockwise
b
b Travel up in a straight line to
the top then turn right and drop
down quickly. Go up again to the
right, drop suddenly then go
through a tight right-hand turn and
c go up again in a straight line. Go
down while turning to the left, then
go up while turning to the right. Go
down and return to the start.
Measurement and Geometry 21 Three dimensions

EXERCISE 21.04

Top Front Side

5

a Rugby posts

b Netball hoop

c TV set
(Cathode ray)

d Bed

e Submarine
Measurement and Geometry 21 Three dimensions

EXERCISE 21.04

6 4
7 a b

Top Front Side (right)

Top Front Side (right)

8 a b

Top Front Side (right)

c Top Front Side (right)

Top Front Side (right)

9 a
1 1 b 2 1 1 2
2 1 1 1 1 1

10 a b
Measurement and Geometry 21 Three dimensions

PUZZLE

The exposed surface

A pentagon with one axis of symmetry.

B
A
Measurement and Geometry 22 Pythagoras

EXERCISE 22.01

1 a i Hypotenuse is f.
ii f 2 = e2 + g2
b i Hypotenuse is r.
ii r2 = p2 + q2
c i Hypotenuse is x.
ii x2 = y2 + z2
d i Hypotenuse is h.
ii h2 = g2 + i2
e i Hypotenuse is c.
ii c2 = b2 + d2

2 a 10 b 15
c 50 d 9.220
e 11.31 f 37.01
Measurement and Geometry 22 Pythagoras

EXERCISE 22.02

1 15 cm 6 13.45 cm
2 7.810 cm 7 34 cm
3 9.220 cm 8 101 cm
4 25 cm 9 11.77 cm
5 11.31 cm 10 778.2 cm
Measurement and Geometry 22 Pythagoras

EXERCISE 22.03

1 3 m 6 4.359 m
2 6 m 7 23.52 m
3 5 m 8 7.937 m
4 24 m 9 3.439 m
5 12 m 10 488.5 m
Measurement and Geometry 22 Pythagoras

EXERCISE 22.04

1 4.34 m (3 sf) 6 4367 mm

2 112 mm 7 6.3 m (2 sf)
3 2.21 m (3 sf) 8 105 mm
4 58.83 m 9 479 m
5 38 m 10 a 6.15 m
b 0.10 m
Measurement and Geometry 22 Pythagoras

PUZZLE
PUZZLE
Sides of the diamond
148 cm
=

=
=
=
Measurement and Geometry 22 Pythagoras

EXERCISE 22.05

1 a ✺ ❢ 3 11.66 m
4 a
x
g 2m
cin
Stay Bra
3.7 m Pole
x 4m
b 4.472 m
1.4 m
5 a
b  3.425 m Yacht N

2 a x
7 km
Base
Pole 24 km
Wall x
3.6 m b 25 km
c 50 km

6 a 125 m
0.4 m
b  3.622 m b 45 m
Measurement and Geometry 22 Pythagoras

EXERCISE 22.05

7 11 a A
m
2.8 Height C
e= x 29 km
Tap 12 km
42 km B 31 km
1.6 m b 84 km
x2 = (2.8)2 − (1.6)2 12 a Opening
= 7.84 − 2.56
b
= 5.28
x = 5.28 = 2.3 m (2 sf)
5 cm x
8 40 m
20 cm
9 The distance from the farm to the
showgrounds = 2 × 692 + 82 2 . Using Pythagoras to calculate the

The return distance is twice this widest diagonal measurement of
- i.e. 214.3 km, which exceeds the aperture:
the range. It would not be safe to x2 = 202 + 52 = 425
make this flight. x = 425 = 20.6

The two largest measurements of
10 275 mm (to the nearest mm) the parcel are both larger than
this, so the parcel will not fit
through.
Measurement and Geometry 22 Pythagoras

PUZZLE
PUZZLE
The wooden lamp-post
16.88 cm

To be
removed

x
Measurement and Geometry 22 Pythagoras

PUZZLE
PUZZLE
The Jurassic Park puzzle
Do you think he saw us?
Measurement and Geometry 22 Pythagoras

INVESTIGATION

The tractor and the gate

(i) When driven as close as possible to the
left: 2.83 m.
(ii) When driven along the middle: 2.96 m.

Fence

3 m Gate
2m

x Fence
Measurement and Geometry 22 Pythagoras

EXERCISE 22.06

1 422 + 292 = 1764 + 841 = 2605

512 = 2601
422 + 292 ≠ 512, so the triangle is not right-angled.

2 182 + 38.52 = 324 + 1482.25 = 1806.25

42.52 = 1806.25
182 + 38.52 = 42.52, so the triangle is right-angled.

3 (D)

4 652 + 722 = 4225 + 5184 = 9409

972 = 9409
There is a pair of opposite angles that are each 90° and
the other pair are equal because of alternate angles, so
all four angles are 90°, and therefore the parallelogram
is a rectangle.
Measurement and Geometry 22 Pythagoras

EXERCISE 22.07

1 T
 eresa has forgotten to square the side lengths. 5 a P

The correct answer is 17.

2 a I t is impossible for the third side of a triangle
to measure more than the sum of the other
two sides (4 cm in this example).
b The square root key − i.e. b 15.65 units
x
c 2.828 cm (4 sf) c 3.91 m
3 a x is one of the two shorter sides and must be 6 The height of triangle P is 4 cm (from x2 = 52 − 32).
less than the hypotenuse, which is 6 cm. The height of triangle Q is 3 cm (from x2 = 52 − 42).
b He used the + key instead of the - key. Area of triangle P = 1
×6× 4 = 12 cm 2 .
2
4 a x = 5 cm, y = 13 cm b x = 12 cm, y = 5 cm Area of triangle Q= 21 × 8× 3 = 12 cm2 .

c x = 25 cm d x = 7 cm, y = 25 cm Both triangles have the same area.
e x = 17 cm
Measurement and Geometry 22 Pythagoras

INVESTIGATION

The ants and the sugar bowl

7.810 m

Ant
colony

2m Bowl of
sugar
3m
6m
Measurement and Geometry 23 Trigonometry 1 - an introduction

EXERCISE 23.01

1 a Hypotenuse 5
Triangle Hypotenuse Opposite Adjacent
b Adjacent
side side
c Opposite
∆PQR PR QR PQ
2 a Opposite
∆STU TU SU ST
b Adjacent
∆VWX VX VW WX
c Hypotenuse
∆ABC BC AB AC
3 a Adjacent
b Hypotenuse
c Opposite
4 a Opposite
b Hypotenuse
c Adjacent
Measurement and Geometry 23 Trigonometry 1 - an introduction

INVESTIGATION

40° right-angled triangles

1 o
Triangle o h h (to 2 dp)
45 70 45
a = 0.64
mm mm 70

37 57 37
b = 0.65
mm mm 57

34 54 34
c = 0.63
mm mm 54

38 59 38
d = 0.64
mm mm 59

44 68 44
e = 0.65
mm mm 68

88 140 88
f = 0.63
mm mm 140

22 35 22
g = 0.63
mm mm 35

2 0.642 787 610

Measurement and Geometry 23 Trigonometry 1 - an introduction

EXERCISE 23.02

1
Given angle 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80°
Opposite side 13 mm 26 mm 50 mm 59 mm 67 mm 72 mm 76 mm
Hypotenuse 76 mm 76 mm 76 mm 76 mm 76 mm 76 mm 77 mm
Ratio of
opposite side
to hypotenuse, 0.17 0.34 0.5 0.66 0.78 0.88 0.95 0.99
as a decimal

2
Given angle sin (to 9 dp) sin (to 2 dp)
10° 0.173 648 178 0.17
20° 0.342 020 143 0.34
30° 0.5 (exactly) 0.5 (exactly)
40° 0.642 787 609 0.64
50° 0.766 044 443 0.77
60° 0.866 025 403 0.87
70° 0.939 692 620 0.94
80° 0.984 807 753 0.98
Measurement and Geometry 23 Trigonometry 1 - an introduction

EXERCISE 23.03

1 187.94 m
2 500 m
3 273.60 m
4 76.60 m
5 a 2.12 m b 3.90 km
c 0.47 m d 5.81 m
e 163.16 km f 34.79 cm
Measurement and Geometry 23 Trigonometry 1 - an introduction

EXERCISE 23.04

1 0.7071 5 0.2419
2 0.4848 6 0.7986
3 0.1392 7 0.6320
4 0.9925 8 0.9995
Measurement and Geometry 23 Trigonometry 1 - an introduction

EXERCISE 23.05

1 2.270 cm 5 11.47 cm
2 1.035 cm 6 6.676 m
3 7.552 m 7 3.719 km
4 22.07 cm 8 2.560 cm
Measurement and Geometry 23 Trigonometry 1 - an introduction

INVESTIGATION

The cos ratio

1 2 cos (65°) = 0.422 618 262
a
Triangle a h – (to 2 dp)
h 3 cos (37°) = 0.798 635 510
22
a 22 mm 52 mm = 0.42
52
29
b 29 mm 68 mm = 0.43
68
35
c 35 mm 81 mm = 0.43
81
38
d 38 mm 89 mm = 0.43
89
51
e 51 mm 120 mm = 0.43
120
23
f 23 mm 29 mm = 0.79
29
64
g 64 mm 80 mm = 0.80
80
42
h 42 mm 52 mm = 0.81
52
81
i 81 mm 101 mm = 0.80
101
Measurement and Geometry 23 Trigonometry 1 - an introduction

EXERCISE 23.06

1 68.4 m 5 a 2.12 m
2 866 m b 2.25 km
c 0.17 m
3 751.76 m
d 15.97 m
4 64.28 m
e 136.92 km
f 34.79 cm
Measurement and Geometry 23 Trigonometry 1 - an introduction

EXERCISE 23.07

1 0.7071 5 0.9703
2 0.8746 6 0.6018
3 0.9903 7 0.7749
4 0.1219 8 0.0332
Measurement and Geometry 23 Trigonometry 1 - an introduction

EXERCISE 23.08

1 4.455 cm 5 8.030 cm
2 3.864 cm 6 2.697 m
3 9.326 m 7 1.208 km
4 11.74 cm 8 3.942 cm
Measurement and Geometry 23 Trigonometry 1 - an introduction

EXERCISE 23.09

1 a = 8.988 m 7 n = 5.346 m
b = 4.384 m p = 2.724 m
2 c = 7.314 m 8 q = 5.286 m
d = 6.820 m r = 5.871 m
3 e = 18.47 cm 9 s = 20.08 cm
f = 23.64 cm t = 80.53 cm
4 g = 42.40 cm 10 u = 17.10 m
h = 26.50 cm v = 13.85 m
5 i = 0.6180 km 11 w = 14.34 m
j = 1.902 km x = 4.386 m
6 k = 0.1040 m 12 y = 8.211 cm
m = 0.4891 m z = 3.485 cm
Measurement and Geometry 23 Trigonometry 1 - an introduction

EXERCISE 23.10

1 1.2 m
2 3.346 m
3 1.145 m
4 5.955 m
5 14.16 m
6 9.235 cm
7 2.783 m
8 0.726 m
9 T
 he two walls measure 5.92 m and 12.69 m.
The total length is 19 m (to the nearest metre).
10 a 7.55 m
b 4.90 m
11 a 7.654 m
b 36.96 m
12 a 4.774 m
b 3.538 m
c 8.924 m
Measurement and Geometry 23 Trigonometry 1 - an introduction

EXERCISE 23.10

1 0.1763 6 1.997
2 0.6249 7 6.314
3 1 8 11.43
4 0.1405 9 28.64
5 1.600 10 44.07
Measurement and Geometry 23 Trigonometry 1 - an introduction

EXERCISE 23.11

1 0.1763 6 1.997
2 0.6249 7 6.314
3 1 8 11.43
4 0.1405 9 28.64
5 1.600 10 44.07
Measurement and Geometry 23 Trigonometry 1 - an introduction

EXERCISE 23.12

1 a = 11.92 m 6 f = 16.63 m
2 b = 8.660 m 7 g = 13.49 m
3 c = 17.39 m 8 h = 123.1 m
4 d = 881.6 m 9 i = 5.412 km
5 e = 21.45 m 10 j = 59.40 cm
Measurement and Geometry 23 Trigonometry 1 - an introduction

EXERCISE 23.13

1 sin 5 cos
2 tan 6 tan
3 tan 7 cos
4 sin 8 tan
Measurement and Geometry 23 Trigonometry 1 - an introduction

EXERCISE 23.14

1 2.12 m 6 8.91 m
2 2.62 m 7 4.73 m
3 6.55 m 8 1.34 m
4 2.51 m 9 2.14 m
5 10.5 m 10 4.19 m
Measurement and Geometry 24 Trigonometry 2 - calculating any side length

EXERCISE 24.01

Hypotenuse BC DE GH
Opposite side AB EF GI
Adjacent side AC DF HI
Measurement and Geometry 24 Trigonometry 2 - calculating any side length

EXERCISE 24.02

1 a = 5.88 cm 6 f = 4.60 cm
2 b = 4.46 cm 7 g = 6.34 cm
3 c = 4.79 cm 8 h = 29.54 cm
4 d = 3.93 cm 9 i = 13.49 cm
5 e = 5.25 cm 10 j = 9.37 cm
Measurement and Geometry 24 Trigonometry 2 - calculating any side length

EXERCISE 24.03

1 2.14 m 8 55 m
2 40 mm
9 942 m
3 52 mm
10 17 m
4 2.18 m
5 27.5 m 11 32 m
6 a
12 3.3 m
x
13
Width of gib-board that
40° nail will go through
14 cm x
b  12 cm
y
7 a
20 mm 40°

x
6 km The end of the nail will be
28° 12.9 mm from the surface of the
gib-board so will not go
through all of it.
b 5.3 km c 2.8 km
Measurement and Geometry 24 Trigonometry 2 - calculating any side length

EXERCISE 24.03

1 a 7.832 m
b 13.86 cm
c 4.801 cm
d 2.996 cm
e 17.92 m
f 11.41 cm
g 13.82 m
h 123.2 cm
i 8.115 cm
j 7.132 cm

2 a 29.71 cm
b 75.40 m
Measurement and Geometry 24 Trigonometry 2 - calculating any side length

EXERCISE 24.05

1 6 km 7 1662 m
2 a 8 a b 3.84 m
x
4m 19°
15°
b 15 m
x
3 176 mm
4 2.98 m
5 a
x 1.25 m
8.42 m
9 13 m
35°
10 a 9.47 m
b 14.68 m b You have to assume the rope is straight, which is
6 a b 79 km unrealistic unless there is a very strong current,
and even then it is likely to sag a bit. You have
to assume the seafloor is flat, which is unlikely
if it is rocky. You have to assume the end of
74 km x the anchor is touching the seafloor, which is
probably realistic because of its weight.
20°
11 711 m
12 11.86 m
Measurement and Geometry 24 Trigonometry 2 - calculating any side length

INVESTIGATION

The cuboctahedron
1 Tetrahedron
2 No
3 6
4 Equilateral triangles; 8
5 24; yes
6 12
7 473.2 cm2
Measurement and Geometry 24 Trigonometry 2 - calculating any side length

PUZZLE

Trig decoding
When the going gets tough
the tough get going.
Measurement and Geometry 25 Trigonometry 3 - calculating angles

EXERCISE 25.01

1 6.2° 9 0.5°
2 52.5° 10 12.9°
3 29.2° 11 48.9°
4 24.0° 12 80.4°
5 43.2° 13 90°
6 53.9° 14 30°
7 30.0° 15 45°
8 29.6°
Measurement and Geometry 25 Trigonometry 3 - calculating angles

INVESTIGATION

Inverse tan check

2 It should be 35°.
7
3 10

4 0.7

5 34.99° (2 dp)
Measurement and Geometry 25 Trigonometry 3 - calculating angles

EXERCISE 25.02

1 48.6° 7 62.7°
2 29.0° 8 60°
3 67.4° 9 9.3°
4 59.0° 10 57.7°
5 54.0° 11 31.2°
6 32.0° 12 49.7°
Measurement and Geometry 25 Trigonometry 3 - calculating angles

EXERCISE 25.03

1 45.6° 6 44.9°
2 51.3° 7 43.0°
3 36.9° 8 77.0°
4 40.3° 9 30.4°
5 55.7° 10 47.9°
Measurement and Geometry 25 Trigonometry 3 - calculating angles

EXERCISE 25.04

1 a 10 m b cos(A) = 1.3 = 0.26

1.2 m 5

A
A = 74.9°

b 6.9°
This angle is in between 74° and 78°
1.8 m so the ladder has been positioned safely.
2 a b  23.0°
7 039°
8 a Finish
4.6 m A
90 25

3 28.4° Start A

4 26.6°
5 38.7° b 16.1°

6 a 9 a 75.5°
b c o-int. ∠’s add to 180°, || lines,
Ladder or ∠ sum of quadrilateral is 360°
5m Wall
10 24.0°

A 11 82.7°

1.3 m
Measurement and Geometry 25 Trigonometry 3 - calculating angles

PUZZLE

The slipping ladder

2.4°

22°

1.56 m 0.16 m
Measurement and Geometry 26 Construction and loci

EXERCISE 26.01

6 5.5 cm
Measurement and Geometry 26 Construction and loci

INVESTIGATION

The circumcircle of a triangle

4 T
 he lines should intersect at the same
point. When three lines pass through
one point they are said to be concurrent.

5 D
 raw a circle with its centre at the point
of intersection of the three perpendicu-
lar bisectors, and radius set to be the
distance between this centre and any
one of the three vertices A, B or C.
Measurement and Geometry 26 Construction and loci

EXERCISE 26.05

1 c 5 cm
2 c 6 cm
5 c Yes
6 d Yes

8 d ABC = 60° (∠ of equilat. ∆)
 = 30° (∠ of equilat. ∆ has been bisected)
ABE
 = ABC
CBE  + ABE


= 60° + 30°
= 90°
e BE
Measurement and Geometry 26 Construction and loci

INVESTIGATION

The dead centre

The perpendicular bisector of a chord in a
circle is always a diameter of that circle.
Two different diameters of a circle must
intersect at the centre of the circle.
Measurement and Geometry 26 Construction and loci

EXERCISE 26.06

1 a b 4
B
A
G H

c d

5 a
C B
D

A
2

b B
R S

A

3
P c
B

Q
A
Measurement and Geometry 26 Construction and loci

EXERCISE 26.06

6 a P b Pc  4

S S

R R

Q Q

7 a b c

P Q R P Q R P Q R

d e f

P Q R P Q R

P Q R

P Q R
Measurement and Geometry 26 Construction and loci

EXERCISE 26.06

8 a b c

C D C D
C D

l1
9 10

l
l2
A
A

11
E

D
F
Measurement and Geometry 26 Construction and loci

PUZZLE

Loci in three dimensions

1 A sphere.
2 A cylinder, infinitely long.
3 A plane (flat surface), perpendicular to, and
bisecting, the line joining the two points.
Measurement and Geometry 26 Construction and loci

EXERCISE 26.07

1 a (E) b (H) c (B) 4

S1
d (F) e (A) f (C)
g (D) h (G)

2 E F S2

5
C D

B
3m

3
Scale: 1 unit = 1 m

N
6
W E Scale
0 100 200 300

25

27
Measurement and Geometry 26 Construction and loci

EXERCISE 26.07

7 a The places where both buoys can be seen from the sea surface.
b The places where B1 can be seen and B2 cannot be seen.

8 10 a

W B P B N

Scale
0 2 4 6m

b
9
B N

Scale
0 2 4 6m
Measurement and Geometry 27 Transformations 1 - symmetry and congruence

EXERCISE 27.01

1 a 1 b 2 c 0 5 a (A)
d 4 e 2 b For (B) the total order of
symmetry is 10, for (C) it is 38.
2 a 3 b 4 c 2
c Rotational symmetry helps with
d 6 e 1
the balancing of the tyres.
3 a 2 b 6 c 6
6
d 2 e 6 f 8
g 4 h 1
4 a 1 b 2 c 8
d 4 e 10 f Infinite
g 8 h 32 i 1 7
j 1
Measurement and Geometry 27 Transformations 1 - symmetry and congruence

EXERCISE 27.01

8 a b c d e f g h
Order of rotational symmetry 1 2 4 2 1 1 2 1
Number of axes of symmetry 1 0 4 2 1 1 2 0
Total order of symmetry 2 2 8 4 2 2 4 1

10 One possible answer is shown.

11 Yes
Measurement and Geometry 27 Transformations 1 - symmetry and congruence

EXERCISE 27.02

1 a Rhombus b Isosceles trapezium

c Square d Arrowhead
e Rectangle f Parallelogram
g Kite

2
Order of Number Total
rotational of axes of order of
symmetry symmetry symmetry
Parallelogram 2 0 2
Kite 1 1 2
Rectangle 2 2 4
Square 4 4 8
Arrowhead 1 1 2
Isosceles trapezium 1 1 2
Rhombus 2 2 4
Measurement and Geometry 27 Transformations 1 - symmetry and congruence

EXERCISE 27.03

1 a Isosceles trapezium 7 a the same size

b Kite, arrowhead, isosceles b sides
trapezium c diagonals
c Square, rhombus d bisects (and is perpendicular to)
d Parallelogram, rectangle,
8 Rhombus
rhombus, square
9 Square
2 No
10 Rhombus
3 Yes
11 Arrowhead
4 No
5 No
6 a Kite (or arrowhead)
b Isosceles trapezium
c Rectangle
d Rhombus
e Square
f Parallelogram
Measurement and Geometry 27 Transformations 1 - symmetry and congruence

EXERCISE 27.04

1 a x = 45° 3 x = 38°, y = 52°, z = 52°

b x = 103°, y = 77°
4 x = 45°, y = 90°
c a = 8 m, b = 12 m
d a = 12 cm, b = 10 cm, x = 90° 5 a x = 34°, y = 34°, z = 112°
e x = 70°, y = 42°, z = 68° b a = 12 m, b = 9 m, c = 6 m
f a = 5 cm, b = 9 cm, c = 6 cm c x = 66°, y = 30°
g x = 15°, y = 49°, z = 28° 6 a x = 75°
h x = 23°, y = 23°, z = 53° b x = 33°
2 a x = 85° c x = 80°
b x = 76°, y = 68° 7 a 10 cm
c x = 5 cm, y = 4 cm, z = 8 cm b 8 cm
d w = 90°, x = 70°, y = 30°, z = 60° c 4 cm
e w = 43°, x = 80°, y = 47°, z = 10° d 8 cm
f x = 90°, y = 37°, z = 47° e Yes, the parallelogram has
g x = 28°, y = 34°, z = 118° half-turn symmetry so the
h x = 26°, y = 110° opposite angles must be equal.
i x = 42°, y = 28°
Measurement and Geometry 27 Transformations 1 - symmetry and congruence

EXERCISE 27.05

1 3 a b

C
O

2
c Q’ P S

R’ S’
Q R
m

4 a R b P
c D d C

5 a P b Q
c 270
Measurement and Geometry 27 Transformations 1 - symmetry and congruence

EXERCISE 27.05

6 a E b AJ 9 a T
 he sloping sides (e.g. BC) are longer than the
c B and G d 4 cm horizontal and vertical sides (e.g. AB).
e 2 cm f 10 cm b
C D
7 a F b G
c E
B E
y
8 a
A F

m
H G

x c i D ii H iii FE
d
C D
B’
D’
B A’
E

b R
 eflection in the line y = x (a E’
F
A
diagonal line through the H’
intersection of the x- and y-axes). F’ m
H G

10 a 180° b 90° c 270°

Measurement and Geometry 27 Transformations 1 - symmetry and congruence

EXERCISE 27.06

1 a b c
3 a b

g
d e f

h
c d

 0  2   6 
2 a  8 b  − 1 c  2 

d  − 2 e  0 f  − 2 e
 −   8  0
 2
   
g  − 4 h  0
   8
 1  

 0
4 a  8 b R c PS

5 (6, 3)

6 (–3, 3)
Measurement and Geometry 27 Transformations 1 - symmetry and congruence

INVESTIGATION

The knight swaps corners

 1  − 1  − 1  2   2   − 2   − 2 

1  − 2  ,  2  ,  − 2  ,  1 ,  − 1 ,  1 ,  − 1
       

2 a 6
 1  2   1  1  1  1
b  2  ,  1 ,  2  ,  2  ,  −  ,  2 
         2  
Other answers are possible.
Measurement and Geometry 27 Transformations 1 - symmetry and congruence

EXERCISE 27.07

1 a, b 3 a, b R
Q S
S’
B C
P
A D P’ Q’ R’
D’ A’ A” D”
P”
C’ B’ B” C”
S” Q”
c  Reflection in the x-axis. R”
c Rotation of 180° about (0, 0).
2 a, b, c E”
4 a, b, c
Q” Q’
F” D”
E’ E
R” P” P’ R’
Q
F’ D’ D F
P R

b R′ = (7, 5)
b F′ = (–5, 1) c  F′′ = (–3, 5)
c R′′ = (–7, 5)
5 Yes
Measurement and Geometry 27 Transformations 1 - symmetry and congruence

EXERCISE 27.07

6 a, b 7 a, b L’
B” C” N’
B’ C’
A”
C D” M’
B M” L
A’
D’
M N
A D
N” L”
 0
c Translation by the vector   .
 8
c Rotation of 270° about (0, 0).
 6
d By adding the two vectors -1 and   . d One rotation followed by another rotation
 3   2  about the same point is equivalent to a

rotation through the sum of the two angles.
Measurement and Geometry 27 Transformations 1 - symmetry and congruence

EXERCISE 27.07

8 a 9 b
A D
Y”
X”
Z”
y=1
m2 B C
Z’
X’ Reflection in m4
Y’ m1
y = –3 Y c B C
X
Z

A D
 0 Rotation of 90°
b  8
 
c t = 2r 10 a B (rotation)
b Yes

J

K
Measurement and Geometry 27 Transformations 1 - symmetry and congruence

INVESTIGATION

Frieze patterns
1 a 1 Translation only 2 a 5 Half-turn rotation
b 4 Reflection in both a centre and a b 6 Half-turn rotation and reflection in a
perpendicular mirror line perpendicular mirror line
c 2 Reflection in a perpendicular mirror line c 4 Reflection in both a centre and a
d 3 Reflection in a centre line perpendicular mirror line
e 5 Half-turn rotation d 1 Translation only
f 7 Simultaneous reflection in a centre mirror e 7 Simultaneous reflection in a centre mirror
line and a translation line and a translation
g 6 Half-turn rotation and reflection in a f 3 Reflection in a centre line
perpendicular mirror line g 2 Reflection in a perpendicular mirror line
Measurement and Geometry 28 Transformations 2 - enlargement

EXERCISE 28.01

1 O, U, S 6 a 3 b 2.5
c 1.2
2 A
7 a 2 b 3
3 a Yes b Yes
c 2.4 d 1.5
c No d Yes
8 a 2 b 1.25
4 a 2 b 4
c 2.5 9 a 90 mm
b 105 mm
5 a 4 b 1.5
c 12 cm
c 1.5
d 112 mm by 76 mm
d 4
Measurement and Geometry 28 Transformations 2 - enlargement

INVESTIGATION

Typographical type sizes and line weights

1 48 point text is about 12 mm high,
so 1 mm = 48 ÷ 12 = 4 points.
2 25 mm
3 3.6 times larger
4 0.75 mm
5 4.5 point
6 N
 o, it would not fit, because as well as the height increasing
by 60% (a factor of 1.6), the width will increase too by the same
factor, and the spaces between the lines.
It would take up almost 7 times as much space.
17
Measurement and Geometry 28 Transformations 2 - enlargement

EXERCISE 28.02

1 4 5

3
Measurement and Geometry 28 Transformations 2 - enlargement

EXERCISE 28.03

1 a b
B’
A’ B’
A B B
C’
X C
D C D’ C’ X
A A’

c
C’
d
B’
Q’ R’
D’ E’
B C
Q R
D A’
X
E F’ P
A F P’ S S’
X

e f g
A’ B’ A’ B’ H H’ h A’ B’
A B A B X
X X
D C G I C’
D A B
D’ C’ C
D’ C’ G’ I’ C

X
2 a (4, 5) b (2, 0) c (7, -2)
3 (7, 1)
4 (3, 1)
5 (6, 3)
Measurement and Geometry 28 Transformations 2 - enlargement

EXERCISE 28.04

1 2 3 4 5
O O

O
O

6 7 8 9

O O
O
×

O
Measurement and Geometry 28 Transformations 2 - enlargement

EXERCISE 28.05

1 a E b D c T
d EF 
e EDF f 3

2 a R b S c L
d SR e 2

3 a 2
b AB = 1.5 cm, DE = 3 cm
c No
d No
 
e BAC = 45°, EDF = 45°
f Yes
g Yes
h Clockwise
i Clockwise
j Yes

4 ‘Under enlargements, lengths of lines are not invariant, but

sizes of angles are invariant. This means that when figures are
enlarged, they change in size but remain the same shape’.
5 30°
Measurement and Geometry 28 Transformations 2 - enlargement

EXERCISE 28.06

1 a x = 10 b x = 44
c x = 27, y = 45 d x = 9
5 37
e x = 75, y = 45 f x = 35 , y =
9 50
2 a Scale factor = 2, a = 40°, b = 90°, x = 14
b Scale factor = 1.5, a = 80°, x = 13.5
c Scale factor = 1.25, a = 85°, b = 95°, x = 37.5, y = 75, z = 62.5
d Scale factor = 1.25, a = 100°, b = 130°, x = 40, y = 42.5
Measurement and Geometry 28 Transformations 2 - enlargement

EXERCISE 28.07

1 a b
D E c P’ P
C C’ O
O D’ E’ S’
A’ B’
A B O F’ F R’ S’

R S
1 2
Scale factor = Scale factor = 2
2 3 Scale factor = 3

2 a b

B’ C’
Q’

A’ O
O P’ R’

c d
G’
D’ G’
E’ F’ O
O
H’ I’
Measurement and Geometry 28 Transformations 2 - enlargement

EXERCISE 28.07

e f g
P’ R’

B’ C’
O D’

A’ D’ O

Q’ S’ �
E’ O F’

3 a Scale factor = 2 , x = 18
3
b Scale factor = 1 , x = 9
2
c Scale factor = 2 , x = 18, y = 24
3
Measurement and Geometry 28 Transformations 2 - enlargement

EXERCISE 28.08

1 a b 2 a b
D’ A’ Q R
B C
P S
O O O O
A D
C’ B’ S’ P’

Scale factor = -2
R’ Q’

c d Scale factor = -3
O c E H

G
F
O F’
O G’
H’ E’
Scale factor = -1
e f
d M
O O N’ L’

O
g M’
L N
-
O Scale factor = 2
3
Measurement and Geometry 28 Transformations 2 - enlargement

EXERCISE 28.08

3 a -1
6 y
b Rotation of 180° about O.
G
4 A′ = (10, 4), B′ = (10, 0), C = (6, 4)
F
5 y
H
E E’
Q’ H’

F’ x
G’
R’ P’

a Rhombus b G′ = (6, 0)
-
x
c (6, 3) d 1
P R 2

7 a Rectangle b (3, 1)
Q
c -1
d C′ = (-2, -1), D′ = (-2, 3)
a -
2 b (3, 1)
Measurement and Geometry 28 Transformations 2 - enlargement

PUZZLE

Trig decoding
When the going gets tough
the tough get going.
Statistics 29 Statistical literacy - interpreting graphs and reports

EXERCISE 29.011

1 a L
 ife expectancy has been increasing for
all groups from 1951 to 2001.
b Maori males 1966−71 and 1991−96;
Maori females 1991−96.
c It has remained about the same
− approximately 5 years apart.
2 a T
 o provide a standard way of compar-
ing charges; it is easy to find the US$
exchange rate in most countries.
b $400
c Korea (Source of data: www.maorihealth.govt.nz)

d United Kingdom
e The fixed charge is extremely high compared with the usage charges.
3 a 71%
b No information.
c As the fee for dumping waste increases, the amount of waste
dumped per person decreases; or the lower the charge, the more
rubbish is dumped.
d Waitakere − not much waste is being dumped (there is a high fee
for this) and it is likely they are encouraging residents to recycle.
Statistics 29 Statistical literacy - interpreting graphs and reports

EXERCISE 29.011

4 a 13%
b 1995
c That is where the graph is steepest.
d In order to estimate the total number of computers in New Zealand house
holds, information about the number in each individual household would be
needed − many households have more than one computer.
e The graph would start levelling out and become almost horizontal.
The percentage cannot be any higher than 100%.
5 a Stratosphere; 20−30 km.
b More in the spring. In spring the maximum level exceeds 15 mPA; in
autumn it is less than 15 mPa.
6 a US$2300
b United States and Luxembourg
c Korea
d Japan and Finland are closest; Spain and Italy could also be mentioned.
e The higher GDP per person, the more that is spent on health per person
- ‘rich countries spend more on health per person’.
Statistics 29 Statistical literacy - interpreting graphs and reports

EXERCISE 29.02

1 a The exact number (as an average rate per day) is 71 646 ÷ 365 = 196 (to the nearest whole
number).
b There is no information given about the numbers of learner drivers caught for any of the
years 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006. There could have been decreases from year to year in that
period, whereas if numbers increase steadily that means the number each year is higher than
for the previous year.
2 a If the survey was held in partnership with an exhibitor at the Ideal Home Show, it may have
been taken from people who have been looking at the anti-snore bedroom.
b To get people thinking about their partner’s snoring, and hence be receptive to purchasing
anti-snoring products.
c No, the survey says nothing about the actual numbers of people who snore. For all we know,
only 100 of the 2000 people surveyed snore, and
80 of their partners gave that response.
3 a 52.7%
b The Aucklanders are opposed to a new fuel tax because they would be the only ones who
would have to pay it; the people outside Auckland are not affected financially, but may in
principle approve of better public transport for environmental reasons, which benefit every-
body. Some may think it is a good idea because they do not like Aucklanders!
c If the numbers in each group surveyed (Aucklanders and ‘Rest of NZ’) were equal you
would expect the overall results for those agreeing, for example, to be exactly half-way
between the two. The average of 26.8% and 64.5% is 45.65%, but the overall result for ‘Agree’
is 52.7%, which is much closer to the ‘Rest of NZ’ result, showing more respondents were in
this group than were Aucklanders.
Statistics 29 Statistical literacy - interpreting graphs and reports

EXERCISE 29.02

d Given that the percentages are ‘exactly’ correct to 1 dp - e.g. ‘exactly 52.7%’ - then there
must have been at least 1000 people surveyed. A possible example is 527 people out of
1000. There is no other number less than 1000 that when placed in a denominator will
give exactly 52.7%.

4 a 20−24
b About 15−20%.
c Not many older people ride motorbikes compared with younger people, so you would
expect the proportion, and the total number, of accidents to be much higher for younger
people. However, for the few older people who do ride motorbikes it could be very risky.

5 a The period of decrease is from 1985 to 2001.

b There may be fewer motorbikes on the road now than there were 20 years ago; the
student is using the data for 1985 to 2001 to make that statement − since 2001 the number
of these accidents has started to increase again, and also the 20-year period ends now, not
in 2001.
c i The graph shows about 1000 fatal or injury accidents for motorcyclists in 2006. In the
same year there were 14 907 of these accidents for car and van drivers. 14 907 ÷ 1000
= 14.907 ≈ 15.
ii No, it is much riskier to ride a motorbike than drive a car because there are
comparatively fewer motorbikes on the road compared with cars. In fact, the New
Zealand Travel Survey indicates that, on average, the risk of being involved in a fatal
or injury crash is more than 14 times higher for a motorcyclist than for a car driver
over the same distance travelled.
Statistics 30 Displaying statistical information

EXERCISE 30.01

1 3 a 360° ÷ 120 = 3°
b 18°
1200 c
Average annual rainfall (mm)

ACT Progressives
United Future
1000 Maori
Greens
800 New Zealand
First
600 Labour

400 National

200
h
nd

ton

in
urc

ed
kla

ing

n
tch
c

Du
ll
Au

ris
We

Ch

2 a 2
b 2 goals per game - this is shown by the column with the most dots.
c 48
d 6−0, 5−1, 4−2
e  117
Statistics 30 Displaying statistical information

EXERCISE 30.01

4 a

b Paragliding cannot be represented by a bar graph because there is no

‘range’. It could either be represented by a single point, or a small range like
$135−$145 could be used instead.
Statistics 30 Displaying statistical information

EXERCISE 30.01

6 a 13 b 55 c 64 or 65
7 Over this period, people were eating more chicken and less sheep meat as a
proportion of their total meat consumption.
8
 Statistics 30 Displaying statistical information

EXERCISE 30.01

9 S
 ee the spreadsheet NZ Regional Council population 2006 Answers.xls. This is available on the
Beta Mathematics Workbook companion CD, or can be downloaded from www.mathematics.co.nz.
a West Coast Region.
b

The graph shows high concentrations of

population in the Auckland, Wellington
and Canterbury regions in particular;
most other Regional Councils have a
much smaller population.

c 149 750
d 258 725
e The mean is considerably higher than the median because of the one extreme value of the
Auckland Region pulling it up.
f 4 139 600. The individual regions have been rounded to the nearest 100, and there has
been more rounding up than rounding down, which is why the total of the South Island and
North Island regions has gained an extra 100. The 16 regions do not include other New Zealand
Territories or Dependencies, such as the Chatham Islands and the Ross Dependency in Antarctica.
Statistics 30 Displaying statistical information

EXERCISE 30.01

10 See the spreadsheet Passenger Arrivals at Auckland Airport by country Answers.xls.

This is available on the Beta Mathematics Workbook companion CD, or can be downloaded
from www.mathematics.co.nz.

a
Statistics 30 Displaying statistical information

EXERCISE 30.01
b e

c India, by 17.1%. See the spreadsheet for the f 29%

calculations. g Europe and Asia would be
d The data for New Zealand should be excluded. under-represented because there are
countries not listed, for example France
in Europe, Thailand in Asia, and at
11 a Natural forest: 86.4° present these would be included
Planted production forest: 18° under ‘Other’.
Total pasture and arable land: 187.2°
Other land: 68.4°
b It is unlikely that forests would be cut down for housing, so the proportion of pasture and
arable land would decrease, while other land (which includes urban areas) would increase.
Statistics 30 Displaying statistical information

EXERCISE 30.01

12 See the spreadsheet Digital cameras - weight vs price Answers.xls. This is available on the Beta
Mathematics Workbook companion CD, or can be downloaded from www.mathematics.co.nz.
a

b There is a weak positive relationship - as weight increases so does price, so in general heavier
cameras tend to be more expensive. Some of the light cameras are very expensive, and so are
heavy ones, but there is so much scatter that other factors must be involved. Moana, Nigel
and Olinda are all (partially) correct.
Statistics 30 Displaying statistical information

EXERCISE 30.02

1 a Heading is wrong (Honolulu is not in Australia); scale on vertical axis is uneven.

b No indication of size of angles, not circular.
c Scale on vertical axis does not start at 0; there is no scale on the horizontal axis so cannot tell
the period of time.
d Difficult to read off scale on vertical axis because cannot judge where the top of these symbols
is; misleading size of oil barrels − they should be the same width.

2 Some months are missing on the horizontal axis - e.g. April; the scale on the vertical axis is in
correct (130 is missing); the heading mentions ‘weekly’ spending while the graph implies it is
‘monthly’; the heading mentions TV4 while the graph is labelled TV6.

3 The sectors are not proportional to the number of stores; the heading should not occupy a sector
in the pie graph, because the proportions have to fill the entire circle.

4 a The graph at the bottom-left of the screenshot is the most accurate, because it clearly shows
that most drivers do wear seatbelts. However, the top-right graph is the most useful as far as
reading the actual percentages concerned.
b For the graph at the top-right the vertical scale starts at 88% instead of 0%, and this
exaggerates the increase; for the graph at the bottom-right a curve has been applied to the
data and this implies there was a decrease from 2001 to 2003, and also the graph reaches the
top in 2005, which could imply no more improvement in the seatbelt wearing rate is possible.
Statistics 30 Displaying statistical information

EXERCISE 30.02

5 a The graph has been rotated so that it tilts downwards; most of the vertical scale is missing.
b 97 or 98 km/h
c Place a ruler on the graph so that it touches the top-front of the 2002 column and is parallel
to the Year axis. Read off the mean speed where the ruler crosses the vertical axis.
6 ‘Most’ means more than half.
7 a The ‘Yes’ column is about twice the height of the ‘No’ column.
b ‘Little interest in a new Aquatic Centre’. Other answers are possible.
8 a It does not say more than ‘what’. More than previously, more than other brands, etc.
b A product can only be 100% pure.
c It does not say what the ‘lifetime’ is of. The charger, the batteries, the user?
9 a 1
b Data for fatalities and serious injuries for several years before 1989.
10 5 0% have to be in the bottom half, just as the other 50% have to be in the top half. It does not
matter how high or low the educational standard is, these percentages always apply.
Statistics 30 Displaying statistical information

EXERCISE 30.03

1 a August b September
c $20 d May
e Decreasing
2 a Accidents on Northern Motorway
15 Number of
injuries

10

Number of
fatalities
5

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

b Both fatalities and serious injuries are decreasing
in the long term.
Statistics 30 Displaying statistical information

EXERCISE 30.03

3 See the spreadsheet New car registrations 1987-2006 Answers.xls. This is available on the Beta
Mathematics Workbook companion CD, or can be downloaded from www.mathematics.co.nz.
a Year Total cars Cars previously New cars
registered overseas
1987 90 000 12 000 77 000
1988 89 000 17 000 72 000
1989 135 000 51 000 84 000
1990 160 000 8 5000 75 000
1991 103 000 47 000 56 000
1992 92 000 39 000 53 000
1993 98 000 44 000 54 000
1994 124 000 62 000 62 000
1995 147 000 81 000 66 000
1996 176 000 112 000 64 000
1997 156 000 97 000 59 000
1998 154 000 100 000 54 000
1999 189 000 131 000 58 000
2000 174 000 116 000 58 000
2001 187 000 129 000 58 000
2002 201 000 136 000 65 000
2003 227 000 157 000 70 000
2004 229 000 154 000 75 000
2005 230 000 152 000 78 000
2006 200 000 123 000 77 000
Statistics 30 Displaying statistical information

EXERCISE 30.03

c The number of new cars registered each year has remained about the same. The steady
increase in the number of cars previously registered overseas is responsible for the overall
increase in the total number of cars registered.
d You would need to know the number of cars registered in the years before 1987, and you
would also need to know the number of cars de-registered each year.
Statistics 30 Displaying statistical information

EXERCISE 30.03

4 a

b Steady long-term trend; seasonal (weekly) variation.

c Tuesday − fewest sales so plenty of seats available.
Statistics 31 Working with data

EXERCISE 31.01
1 a 4 b 15
c 358 d 913 g
e 39.375 f $31.90
2 a 40 b 8.7
c 92 d 23
e 53 m f 617
3 a 6 b 8
c No mode
d Two modes − $2 and 20 cents
4 2 hours 5 minutes
5 $4617
6 32°
7 a $2456 b $30.32
8 a 6058 km b 4093 km
c Perth d Papeete
Statistics 31 Working with data

EXERCISE 31.02

1 a 26 b 0 8 (A)
c 23 d The median
9 26
2 Mean = median = mode = 6
10 180
3 For example, 5, 8, 8, 8, 11
11 45 kg
4 Mode
12 a 319 (to the nearest whole number)
5 a 1.6 litres b 1.65 litres b 331
c The mode - this would be the size c The mean
of which there is most stock, and the d 17 000
wrecker does not sell 1.65 litre engines.
13 6
6 a 10
b The median is most typical, and is not 14 56 kg
influenced by extreme values such 15 61.2 points
as 23 in this example. It is probably a
coincidence that the mode is 17.
7 a 2 b 3 c 3.3

d The mean, because the total
number of people to cook for can
be worked out from the mean.
e The mode, this is the size table that
will be most useful.
Statistics 31 Working with data

EXERCISE 31.03

1 See the spreadsheet Building consent fees 2 S

 ee the spreadsheet Diving scores
Answers.xls. This is available on the Beta Answers.xls. This is available on the
Mathematics Workbook companion CD, or can Beta Mathematics Workbook companion CD, or
be downloaded from can be downloaded from www.mathematics.
www.mathematics.co.nz. co.nz.
a-c See the first Worksheet in the a, b See the spreadsheet.
spreadsheet. c Annette
b Mean = $695.72, median = $704.53, d Annette, Nga, Helga, Charlotte, Teresa,
mode = $726.75. Moana, May-Li, Denise.
d See the second Worksheet in the e Helga, Teresa, Moana, Nga, Charlotte/
spreadsheet. May-Li equal, Denise.
f The winner would now be Nga.
Statistics 31 Working with data

EXERCISE 31.04

1 a 14 b 15 c 10
d 54 e 118
2 a LQ = 9, UQ = 20, interquartile range = 11
b LQ = 3.5, UQ = 10.5, interquartile range = 7
c LQ = 40, UQ = 56, interquartile range = 16
d LQ = 2.5, UQ = 8, interquartile range = 5.5
e LQ = 25, UQ = 91, interquartile range = 66
3 a 13 seconds
b LQ = 60 seconds, UQ = 66 seconds
c 6 seconds
4 a LQ = $77, UQ = $120
b Range = $255, interquartile range = $43
c He will look at those between $120 and $77 in price.
Statistics 31 Working with data

EXERCISE 31.05

1 a 190 0 2 5 3 a English Mathematics

191 1 1 8 1 48 8
192 4 5 7 99 8 2 55
193 1 2 4 9 9 7 3 9
194 1 5 6 788 9 72 1 4 46 6 7
195 3 6 9 998544 43 0 5 38
196 1 3 3 4559 8 32 0 6 01 2 8
197 4 8 54 0 7 3 4 5 56
198 2 46789 2 8 79
199 0 248 9 28

b 42 b The Mathematics marks are more spread

c The 1960s; the leaf for the 1960s out than the English marks.
is longer than the others.
4 a 135
2 a K
 eith − it is easier to read information b 125.5
this way, and Kevin’s diagram would c i 86
have a very long stem and very short ii 106
leaves. iii 135
b 6 05 30 45 iv 29
7 00 12 24 36 48
8 00 12 24 36 48
9 00 15 30 45
10 00 20 40
11 00 20 40
Statistics 31 Working with data

EXERCISE 31.06

1 a 2 a Median = 18, LQ = 10, UQ = 30

160
Number of cigarettes smoked

b Time to travel
140 to school
120 60
100 50
80 40

Minutes
60 30
40 20
20 10

Males Females
3 a Action
b Males − most (three-quarters) smoked b Others
less than 45, whereas more than half
the females smoked more than 45. That is,
the males’ UQ < females’ median.
Statistics 31 Working with data

EXERCISE 31.06

4 See the spreadsheet Creditcard fees d There is a high concentration of fees

Answers.xls. This is available on the between the $25 to $80 range
Beta Mathematics Workbook companion (approximately), whereas the high-fee cards
CD, or can be downloaded from seem to be spread out. The box and whisker
www.mathematics.co.nz. diagram ‘over-simplifies’ the data to some
a Median = $60, LQ = $28, UQ =$80. extent. It does not show that there are hardly
Note: if the formula any fees over $105, and does not show the
=QUARTILE(D2:D75,1 is used in clumping of low-fee and medium-fee cards,
the spreadsheet it gives $28.25. whereas the dot plot shows these features
b 0 is an outlier - it represents a credit very clearly.
card with no yearly fees; the Platinum e If the term ‘on average’ refers to the mean
card fees are also outliers, they repre credit card fee then it would be higher
sent very expensive credit cards for ‘high than $60 because the few cards that
net worth’ individuals. have extremely high fees would pull the
c mean upwards from $60. If ‘average’ is
being used to mean ‘typical’, then this is also
incorrect because most fees are around $25
100 200 300
or around $80.
Annual fee ($)
Statistics 31 Working with data

EXERCISE 31.06

5 a g This shows that at least one-quarter of adults

120 in the survey either have no cell-phone
100 or use it very infrequently - only for
80 emergency purposes.
60 h Teenagers are more consistent in their use
of cell-phones, while some adults are big
40
spenders on cell-phones, probably due to
20
business use, and higher incomes.
Points Points i
scored against

b N
 o. You cannot tell whether the high 100 200 300 400 500
scores for went with low scores against, Amount spent ($)
for example.
j The top number.
6 a $193 b $53 c Adults
d $15 e $88
f The adult box plot has no bottom
whisker because the lower quartile and
the bottom value are the same - they are
both $0.

Statistics 31 Working with data

EXERCISE 31.06
7 S
 ee the spreadsheet Weekly rental prices in Auckland Answers.xls. This is available on the Beta
Mathematics Workbook companion CD, or can be downloaded from www.mathematics.co.nz.
a
Number of 1 2 3 4
bedrooms
Top value $330 $400 $550 $655
Upper quartile* $256 $344 $450 $597
Median value $236 $300 $396 $495
Lower quartile* $212 $280 $343 $427
Bottom value $190 $242 $300 $350
* Calculated by spreadsheet
b
4
Number of
bedrooms

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Weekly cost of renting ($)
c For the less expensive areas, it costs about $60 more for each additional bedroom. There is less
spread for rental prices in the cheaper areas than in the more expensive areas - this is shown
by the graphs not being symmetrical - the boxes and whiskers on the right are longer than the
ones on the left.
Statistics 31 Working with data

EXERCISE 31.07

1 a 2 b 36 c 5 b 16
2 a 8 b 26 c
10

Frequency
c 8
12
6
10
Frequency

4
8 2
6
10 20 30 40 50 60
4 Total of docket ($)
2
4 a 4
0123 4 b 5
Number of goals c 22
per game
d Because you cannot
3 a distinguish how many in
Total of docket Frequency, f
the 2−3 minute interval
$0−$9.99 7 1
were more/less than 2
$10−$19.99 9 2
minutes.
$20−$29.99 5
$30−$39.99 2
$40−$49.99 1
$50−$59.99 1
Statistics 31 Working with data

EXERCISE 31.08

1 a
Number of Frequency, f x×f
strokes, x
1 0 0
2 1 2
3 1 3
4 5 20
5 7 35
6 2 12
7 1 7
8 1 8
9 0 0
Total 18 87

87
b 18 c 87 d = 4.83
18
2 a 20.10 cm
b Maria is correct − the mode is 20 − a hand-span of 20 cm has the highest
frequency − it occurred 59 times, which is more than any other measurement.
3 $151.67
4 a 84
b 1.57 (2 dp)
c 132
Statistics 31 Working with data

EXERCISE
EXERCISE 31.08
31.01
Statistics 31 Working with data

Investigation

The old dunga

See the spreadsheet The old

dunga Answers.xls. This is
available on the Beta Mathematics
Workbook companion CD, or can
be downloaded from
www.mathematics.co.nz.

2 At about 20-25 years. At 20 years there is a sharp drop-off in the number of cars, and after about 25
years the number that are that particular age ‘settles down’ to around 5000 each year.
3 That is the age at which used-car imports from Japan come into the country.
Statistics 31 Working with data

Investigation

5 There is a fairly steady decrease in ages until about 16 years old. Then the number is fairly stable until
about 34 years old. In contrast, the car ages graph shows a bulge for cars between about 6 and 18
years old. This is because there are a lot of used cars imported into the country, and no trailers.
6 The ages are continuous - although they are given in a whole number of years, they would be older
than that. For example, if a car is less than 1 year old it does not mean it is brand-new (0 years old).
0.5 is a good ‘average estimate’ for the cars in this group.
7 12.04 years
8 There is no information given about the exact ages of the cars that are over 40 years old.
Statistics 32 The statistical enquiry cycle

EXERCISE 32.01

1 a ‘I wonder what proportion of students in Years 9 and 10 arrived late at school so far this term.’
b Students late yesterday might be absent today. Students may not remember, students may not
give the exact time in case they get into trouble. The times may not be synchronised. Students
may refuse to answer. Asking all students would take a very long time in a large school. It may
not be possible to easily find all students.
c You could measure the number of students outside the school grounds after a particular time.
d Lateness needs to be defined carefully (e.g. define being late to school as being still outside the
school grounds 1 minute before the starting bell). You need to make sure watches are
synchronised with ‘official’ school time. You need to make sure late students are not confused
with ‘absent’ students. If students knew about the survey in advance they may come early
- just for that day.
2 a ‘I wonder how much money each student in this class spends on cell-phone use each week.’
b Call records may have been deleted. The number of calls made is not necessarily a measure of
how much is spent, due to special deals and differing rates. The ‘last month’ needs to be defined
more clearly - is it the previous 30 days, or the month before the current one? The student may
not have their cell-phone with them. Some students have more than one cell-phone.
c You could measure the amount of prepay credit each student had on a particular day, and then
30 days later measure this again, taking into account any ‘top-ups’. Some students might be on a
billing plan and the payments for this could be measured separately.
d It would require the co-operation of all students involved to measure these amounts at the same
date and on the same day. If the student is on a calling plan instead of prepay you would need to
adjust to allow for different time periods. Students may not remember what they had spent on
top-ups.

Statistics 32 The statistical enquiry cycle

EXERCISE 32.01

3 ‘I wonder if there is a relationship between wrist circumference and neck size?’

‘I wonder what proportion of students in Years 9 and 10 have a part-time job?’
‘I wonder if Year 10 students have a faster reaction time than Year 9 students?’
4 Choose a group of 30 adults at random and another group of 30 teenagers at random.
Give each person a pedometer and record their total number of steps over a week.
(This is a suggested answer − several different approaches are possible.)
5 a Gender: 17; ethnic group: 18
b Student 3 should be recorded as 171 months, student 7 should be recorded as 168 months, or
possibly 174 months if we are not sure whether he is closer to his 14th or 15th birthday.
c Student 12 is significantly younger than all the others.
d Student 5: probably read the wrong scale off a 150-cm tape-measure, and it could be recorded as
36 cm. Student 16: neck measure might have been recorded in inches instead of centimetres, and
therefore could be 17 × 2.54 = 43 cm.
e Student 4: maybe reading the wrong scale on a 150-cm tape-measure, so should be 29 cm.
Student 6: either ‘1 foot’ is an attempt at a joke and should be ignored, or it is an exact
measurement and then 1 foot = 12 inches = 12 × 2.54 cm = 30 cm.
Statistics 32 The statistical enquiry cycle

EXERCISE 32.01

6 a The question is about investigating whether the speed limit is being observed, and this is ex
pressed in km/h, so the data should also be expressed in km/h.
b Distance
Speed =
Time
120 m
= × 3.6 = 29 km/h
14.8 s

c In the same order as given, the time data converts to this speed data
(whole number km/h): 29, 26, 32, 30, 29, 29, 26, 29, 24, 27, 28, 25. 23, 35, 28, 27, 28, 25, 28, 26.
d See the spreadsheet Local street car speed investigation.xls. This is available on the Beta
Mathematics Workbook companion CD, or can be downloaded from www.mathematics.co.nz.

e Most of the speeds except for two are on or under the speed limit. There is some clumping
immediately below the speed limit, which probably shows drivers are aware of the limit but
otherwise driving as fast as allowed.
Statistics 32 The statistical enquiry cycle

EXERCISE 32.01

7 a T
 he data may have been collected by requiring students to ‘sign in’ at some central location. In
the future students may be scanned as they enter school grounds! Possible problems include
the fact that students have a wide number of reasons for different arrival times, such as before-
school rehearsals, practices, etc. There is no information given about whether this data was
collected on the same day for each group, or not.
b
Year 13

Year 10

8:00 8:10 8:20 8:30 8:40 8:50 9:00 9:10 9:20 9:30 9:40 9:50
Arrival time at school

c The arrival times for the two groups are fairly similar, as shown by the LQ, median and
UQ for each group being within 3 minutes of each other. The outliers for Year 13 are easily
explained by the free period for some of those students.

d
Year 10 Year 13 The median gives more useful information because the
Mean 8:37 am 8:46 am times after 9:00 am for the Year 13 students pull their mean
upwards so that it is slightly higher than the upper quartile.
Median 8:38 am 8:36 am

e If students are required to be present for the first period of the school day there is no
significant difference between the arrival times for Year 10 students and Year 13 students.
Statistics 32 The statistical enquiry cycle

EXERCISE 32.02

1 For parts a–e the suggested answers refer to investigating what the difference is between
the cost of vaccinating a dog and vaccinating a cat.
a ‘I wonder if it costs about $5 more to vaccinate a dog compared with a cat.’
The problem is to summarise the prices given and make a comparison. I will compare
the prices given in the table for the two types of animal.
b I will use the vaccination prices for cats for all six regions, and the vaccination prices for
dogs for all six regions.
c The data is a summary of prices collected from many vets in New Zealand and the
individual data is not given. You could assume that if published in a reputable
magazine like Consumer it is likely to be accurate. There are no obvious items of data
that do not seem to fit.
d The dog vaccination prices are
Cats Dogs higher than each corresponding
cat vaccination price, and are more
spread out. The graph shows this by
generally being shifted to the right.
40 50 60 This table summarises the data.
Cost of vaccination ($) Cats Dogs
Mean $45 $51
Median $45 $50
Statistics 32 The statistical enquiry cycle

EXERCISE 32.02
e The values of the mean and median support the suggestion that it does cost about $5
more to vaccinate a dog than a cat. However, the actual difference varies more in
Auckland and Wellington than it does elsewhere in New Zealand.
f South Island Provincial
g It is over $100 more to spay a dog compared with a cat in each one of these regions, and
it is at least $60 more to neuter a dog than it is to neuter a cat in each region. Both kinds
of desexing procedures are definitely more expensive for a dog than a cat.
h 120 vets. This is the total of the number surveyed for each of the six regions.
i The mean cost of microchipping a dog would be less than $43. The classmate has
averaged the six figures given, without realising that only 32 vets are in Auckland and
Wellington (with a price over $43), while 88 are not in those centres (with average
prices no more than $40). When the mean is calculated for all 120 vets, the 88 vets
outside Auckland and Wellington will be more influential.
Statistics 32 The statistical enquiry cycle

EXERCISE 32.02

2 The suggested answers refer to investigating what the difference is between the cost of dry food
and the cost of tinned food.
a ‘I wonder if it is cheaper to feed an animal dry food or tinned food.’ The problem is to use the
data to make a comparison, bearing in mind that you should probably keep the cat data sepa
rate from the dog data rather than combining it. The prices for various types of food brand
are given.
However, there is no information about how popular each brand is.
b The prices for all the dry food and all the tinned food products, keeping the dog and cat
groups separate so that your conclusions are not muddied if there are differences between the
products for each animal.
c The data is a summary of retail prices, and you could assume that if published in a reputable
magazine like Consumer it is likely to be accurate. There are no obvious items of data that do
not seem to fit.
The medians are: dry cat food: $139; dry dog food: $450; tinned cat food: $321; tinned dog
food: $1107.
Statistics 32 The statistical enquiry cycle

EXERCISE 32.02

d e The graph and the summary statistics

2800
show that tinned food is obviously much
2600 more expensive than dry food. The
outliers for the very expensive products
2400
reinforce this observation. The separation
2200 of the products into cat and dog catego-
ries was useful, because if only ‘dry’ and
2000 ‘tinned’ were analysed then the overlap
1800 between dry dog and tinned cat prices
would have ‘muddied’ this conclusion.
Cost per year ($)

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

Dry cat Dry dog Tinned Tinned

food food cat food dog food
Statistics 32 The statistical enquiry cycle

EXERCISE 32.02

3 The suggested answers explore whether the d

size of a mobile phone is related to how long
it takes to recharge.
a ‘I wonder if small mobile phones take
longer to recharge than medium ones.’
I will need to take the size of a phone
and how long it takes to recharge.
b The recharge time for all phones that fit
into the ‘small’ and ‘medium’ size
category.
c The data has been collected by testing
mobile phones on a controlled basis in a
laboratory, and you could assume that if
published in a reputable magazine like
Consumer it is likely to be accurate. There
are no obvious items of data that do not
seem to fit.
e It is not obvious which size of mobile phone recharges fastest in general. There is more vari-
ation in the times for the medium-size phones, whereas small phones are close to 2 hours
recharging time.
Statistics 32 The statistical enquiry cycle

EXERCISE 32.02

4 a ‘I wonder if the typical teenager in New Zealand consumes 15 kg of sugar in drinks each
year?’
b i Recall of students, getting students to record their drink consumption over an
extended period, measuring uncompleted drinks, etc.
ii You would need to survey a wide range of ages and backgrounds in the target
group - i.e. New Zealand teenagers.
c The carbonated drinks figure for student number 31 is obviously wrong. It represents con-
sumption of more than 20 drinks per day. If it is discarded it will make this student’s con-
sumption of sugar appear too low, so it could be replaced by the mean number of carbonated
drinks per month for all the other students.
d Differences in how the sugar content in drinks is measured, defining a standard drink,
variation between brands, not all types of drink are included, drinks may not be finished off
by students.
e There appears to be a lot of substitution between drinks - that is, if they drink a lot of water
they may not drink so much of other drinks, and vice-versa. There is no variation for any
individual student in the amount of sugar they have in drinks like tea or coffee - they have a
preferred sweetness and stick to it. The consumption of energy drinks was either high (about
one per day) or very low.
f 16 × 21 + 32 × 19 + 7 × 18 = 1070
g See the spreadsheet Sugar consumption in drinks (monthly) Answers.xls. This is available
on the Beta Mathematics Workbook companion CD, or can be downloaded from
www.mathematics.co.nz.
h The mean amount consumed per month is 1247 g.
Statistics 32 The statistical enquiry cycle

EXERCISE 32.02

i Sugar consumption (from k The main problem is the difficulty in measuring

sweetened drinks) per month sugar consumption accurately. The list given
16
does not include all possible alternatives (e.g.
14 other drinks, like sweetened milk or alcoholic
12
drinks, also contain sugar), and there is no
Frequency

information given about how the 40 students

10 were chosen - they may not have been repre-
8 sentative of all New Zealand teenagers. This
kind of survey is difficult to run under control-
6
led conditions (keeping people under watch
4 while measuring their drink consumption
very accurately). Another possible approach
2
would be to focus on the supply of drinks in
co-operation with sugar and soft-drink manu-
00

00

00

00
00

00
0

facturers - they would have precise figures

50
10

15

20

30
25

35

Grams per month on sales and sugar content of their products.

However, they would not have data on the age
range of people who consume their products.

j The mean consumption per month is 1247 g, which is equivalent to 14.96 kg per year. Given
that the graph also shows that consumption between 1000 g and 1500 g per month is
much more common that other consumption levels, the claim seems reasonable.
Statistics 32 The statistical enquiry cycle

EXERCISE 32.03

1 a Discrete b Continuous
c Continuous d Discrete
e Discrete f Continuous
g Continuous h Discrete
2 a Census b Sample
c Sample d Census
e Sample f Census
3 a It may be difficult for someone to remember this information. ‘Movies’ is not defined − does it include
videos, or movies on television?
b Invasion of privacy.
c ‘Exercise’ is not defined, ‘enough’ is not defined.
4 a The sample is biased because it is only chosen from Foodcity shoppers − therefore the claim only
applies to Foodcity shoppers.
b People may own an answering machine but answered the phone themselves. Not everyone has a
telephone. Answering machines are owned by households, not individuals.
c It is not a question that would always be answered honestly, particularly when asked ‘face to face’.
d The sample surveyed is not large enough to justify an estimate of 100%. If even one person had
changed their mind the estimate would only be 75%.
5 a Students who borrow books are probably less likely to watch television.
b Girls are not included in the sample.
c Students may not be Year 9.
Statistics 32 The statistical enquiry cycle

EXERCISE 32.03

6 (C). (A) is not suitable because there might be a fault that just affects the last item, and it also
involves too much work. (B) is not suitable because the fault may not be at this particular check
out but elsewhere.

7 a Men are excluded from the survey, and may have different opinions to women, because
their life expectancy is lower.
b Only those watching the show can participate. Only those who care about this issue and who
are prepared to spend money can be surveyed.

8 a U
 nsuitable, because the sample is not large enough. The principals at a conference in
Queenstown may not be typical of all schools.
b Suitable, because it gives every school the chance to see the product. However, some schools
may not have the time to complete the questionnaire and it might be too expensive and time-
consuming to do this.
c Unsuitable, because secondary schools are excluded.
d Unsuitable, because only schools interested would respond, and also e-mail surveys have a
very low response rate. There may be a connection between use of stationery software (which
is what the survey is about) and usage of the internet.
e Only suitable if the schools concerned got the chance to see the product.
Statistics 33 Probability

EXERCISE 33.01

1 a Unlikely b Unlikely 6
Blue
c Certain d Unlikely
e Likely f Likely Red Red Red Green
g Certain
Blue
2 a (A) and (C)
b (D)
3 (Suggested answers.) 7 a will never b is certain to
a A gold ring will sink when you throw it into water. c is unlikely to
b The phone will ring sometime in the next week.
8 a unlikely b impossible
c New Zealand will host the Olympic Games
sometime this century. c certain d even chance
d You will get a total of 13 when you throw two e likely
six-sided dice each numbered from 1 to 6.
4 (D), (E) and (F)
5 a The top face will be pink.
b The top face will be green.
c The top face will be blue.
Statistics 33 Probability

EXERCISE 33.02
1 a H, T, H, H, T, T
b It is getting closer to 65%.
c 50%
d No − percentage of heads is not
approaching 50% in the long run.
16 2
2 a i = = 0.4
40 5
24 3
ii = = 0.6
40 5
b 1
45 9
3 a = = 0.45
100 20
16 4
b 100 = 25 = 0.16

84 21
c 100 = 25 = 0.84

11 37
4 a b 50
50
285
5 a 2114 b 1057

c 0.40 d 3%
11 
6 1500 = 0.0073

Statistics 33 Probability

EXERCISE 33.03
1 7
1 a Green b c
5 10
1
2 a b 0
5
1
3
4
1
4
5
1 7
5 a b
3 12
6 a The probability of getting a 4 when a fair six-sided
die is tossed once.
b The probability of getting a red ball when choosing a
ball at random from a bag containing four red and
six blue balls.
1 1 7 1 5
7 a b c d e
12 2 12 4 6
1
8
19
9 There must be other colour tickets because the given
probabilities only add up to 0.88. If they added up to 1
you could be sure there were no other colours.
Statistics 33 Probability

EXERCISE 33.03
3 2
10 a b
5 3
2
c Box B, because a probability of = 0.6 is higher
3 3
than a probability of = 0.6.
5
11 a 19 b 59
1 1 1 1
12 a b c d
13 52 13 4
3 1 3 4
e f g h
4 2 13 13
13 a Taupo → New Plymouth
Taupo → Wanganui → New Plymouth
Taupo → Rotorua → New Plymouth
Taupo → Rotorua → Hamilton → New Plymouth
1
b
2
14 Remove 10 black cards.
1 2 1 25
15 a b c d
7 7 6 84
Statistics 33 Probability

PUZZLE

Lost your marbles?

16
Statistics 33 Probability

Investigation

The crooked cricket captain

The probability that the crooked cricket

13
captain wins is = 0.52 .
25
Statistics 33 Probability

EXERCISE 33.04

1 40
2 15
3 150
4 32
5 9
6 75
7 5
Statistics 33 Probability

Investigation

Have I won a prize yet?

1 The bottom graph shows what happens to the proportion of winning tickets as
more are purchased.
3
2 = 0.15
20
3 The graph ‘settles down’ (i.e. not much variation up or down) to a value close to 0.15.
4 No
5 The prizes are high enough to reward people when they eventually get a winning ticket.
6 Unlikely. Both of us are likely to win somewhere fairly close to 14 or 15 times, but not to
get exactly the same number.
7 Unlikely. There will be considerable variation, and other outcomes, such as 13, 15 and 16
winning tickets, are also quite likely. Although 14 wins is the most likely, the chances of
11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, etc. will add to more.
8 10–20 winning tickets out of 100.
9 (C), (A), (B), (D)
10 Increase the number of runs to significantly more than 100.
Statistics 33 Probability

EXERCISE 33.05

1 a Prize PP 2 a
3rd coin
2nd coin
Prize H {HHH}
1st coin H
No prize PN T {HHT}
H
H {HTH}
NP T
Prize T {HTT}
No prize H {THH}
H
No prize NN T {THT}
T
H {TTH}
b {PP, PN, NP, NN} T
1 1 T {TTT}
c 4 d 4 1 3
b 8 c d
8 8
Statistics 33 Probability

EXERCISE 33.05

3 a C BC 4 a Orange
B M BM Purple Green
S BS Green
B CB Purple
C M CM Orange Green
S CS Green
B MB
M C MC Purple
S MS Green Orange
B SB Green

S C SC
Purple
M SM Green Orange
1 2 Green
b c
6 3 1 1
b 12 c d
6 2
Statistics 33 Probability

EXERCISE 33.05
4th 1
5 a 3rd 6 a 20 b
2nd set set 10
set S 3 1
S c d
1st G 10 5
set S
G S 7 a 10 am
G
S S T Midday
S
G
G S 2 pm
G
G 10 am
S
S
G M Midday
S
S
G 2 pm
G 1 1
G S
S 6 2
G
G S
G
G
3
b 16 c 4 d
8