Scribd
Upload
82 views3 pages

116 BSCS 19

The document discusses the Y86 processor and instruction set architecture (ISA). It provides background on machine language and assembly language. It describes the key components of the Y86 ISA, including 8 registers, condition codes, program counter, and memory. It also explains the fetch-execute cycle and gives an example of a machine instruction in Y86 assembly language.

Uploaded by

Kashif Kashif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
82 views3 pages

116 BSCS 19

The document discusses the Y86 processor and instruction set architecture (ISA). It provides background on machine language and assembly language. It describes the key components of the Y86 ISA, including 8 registers, condition codes, program counter, and memory. It also explains the fetch-execute cycle and gives an example of a machine instruction in Y86 assembly language.

Uploaded by

Kashif Kashif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Name Syed Adnan

Roll NO 116-BSCS-19
Assignment 01

Submitted to Prof Hafeez


The history of Y86 Processors
Introduction:
The CPU uses machine language to perform all its operations  Machine code (pure numbers)
is generated by translating each instruction into binary numbers that the CPU uses  This
process is called "assembling"; conversely, we can take assembled code and disassemble it
into (mostly) human readable assembly language  Assembly is a much more readable
translation of machine language, and it is what we work with if we need to see what the
computer is doing  There are many different kinds of assembly languages; we'll focus on the
Y86/IA32 language as defined in the text and on our system (also SPARC and MIPS) 4
Assembly Operations  Perform arithmetic function on register or memory data  Transfer
data between memory and register
Process
Load data from memory into register (read) Store register data into memory (write) 
Transfer control Unconditional jumps to/from procedures (calls) Conditional branches (if,
switch, for, while, etc) 5 ISA – Instruction Set Architecture 6 ISA-More explanations  ISA –
instruction set architecture Format and behavior of a machine level program Defines The
processor state (see the CPU fetch-execute cycle) The format of the instructions The effect of
each of these instructions on the state Abstractions Instruction executed “in sequence” –
Technically defined to be completing one instruction before starting the next – Pipelining –
Concurrent execution (but not really) Memory addresses are virtual addresses – Very large
byte-addressable array – Address space managed by the OS (virtual  physical) – Contains
both executable code of the program AND its data » Run-time stack » Block of memory for
user (global and heap) 7 Generic Instruction Cycle An instruction cycle is the basic operation
cycle of a computer. It is the process by which a computer retrieves a program instruction
from its memory, determines what actions the instruction requires, and carries out those
actions. This cycle is repeated continuously by the central processing unit (CPU), from
bootup to when the computer is shut down. 1. Fetching the instruction 2. Decode the
instruction 3. Memory and addressing issues 4. Execute the instruction 8 Hardware
abstractions  Program Counter (PC)Register %eip (X86) Address in memory of the next
instruction to be executed  Integer Register File
Working:
 Contains eight named locations for storing 32-bit values Can hold addresses (C pointers) or
integer data
Have other special duties  Floating point registers  Condition Code registers Hold status
information
 About arithmetic or logical instruction executed – CF (carry flag) – OF (overflow flag) –
SF (sign flag) – ZF (zero flag)  Memory 9 Machine instruction example  C code
 Add two signed integers  Assembly
 Add 2 4-byte integers  Operands X: register %eax Y: memory M[%ebp+8] T: register
%eax Return function value in %eax  Object code 3 byte instruction Stored at address:
0x???????? int t = x + y; addl 8(%ebp),%eax 03 45 08 10 Outline  Introduction to assembly
programing  Introduction to Y86  Y86 instructions, encoding and execution 11 Y86: A
Simpler Instruction Set  IA32 has a lot more instructions  IA32 has a lot of quirks  Y86 is a
subset of IA32 instructions  Y86 has a simpler encoding scheme than IA32  Y86 is easier to
reason about hardware first-time programming in assembly language 12 Y86 abstractions 
The Y86 has
 8 32-bit registers with the same names as the IA32 32-bit registers 3 condition codes: ZF,
SF, OF no carry flag interprets integers as signed
 a program counter (PC) a program status byte: AOK, HLT, ADR, INS memory: up to 4
GB to hold program and data  The Y86 does not have  floating point registers or
instructions http://voices.yahoo.com/the-y86-processor-simulator-770435.html?cat=15
http://y86tutoring.wordpress.com/ 13 Y86 Memory and Stack Y86 Code Y86 Stack low
address high address 1. A huge array of bytes; 2. Set the bottom of the stack far enough away
from the code; 3. The location of your code should always start from 0x0. How to set up the
starting point of stack and code? directive: .pos address-in-hex 14 yis and yas and the Y86
Simulator  check on how to set up $PATH  how to connect Linux with X display  add the
following variables as original value/new value pairs  % ssim -g prog.yo &  graphical
simulator  SimGuide: CC Z=1 S=0 O=0 Changes to registers: %eax: 0x00000000
0x0000001c %ecx: 0x00000000 0x0000006f %edx: 0x00000000 0x00000037 %ebx:
0x00000000 0x00000037 Changes to memory: y86prog1.ys 0x0020: 0x00000084
0x00000037 17 Y86 Simulator program code 18 Y86 Simulator  displays contents of
memory processor state fetch-execute loop register file status condition codes 19 Y86
Notes  Y86 is an assembly language instruction set Simpler than but similar to IA32 but not
as compact (as we will see)  Y86 features 8 32-bit registers with the same names as the IA32
32-bit registers 3 condition codes: ZF, SF, OF no carry flag - interpret integers as signed a
program counter (PC) holds the address of the instruction currently being executed a
program status byte: AOK, HLT, ADR, INS state of program execution memory: up to 4 GB
to hold program and data 20 Y86 Notes  Y86 features 8 32-bit registers with the same
names as the IA32 32-bit register different names from those in text, such as %rax, which are
64-bit F indicates no register 3 condition codes: ZF, SF, OF a program counter (PC) a
program status byte: AOK, HLT, ADR, INS memory: up to 4 GB to hold program and data
%eax %ecx %edx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp RF: Program registers ZF SF OF CC:
Condition codes PC DMEM: M

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy