Name of Institution

Amity School of Architecture and Planning

B.Arch. – 5th & 7th Semester

Landscape Architecture and Design

GARDENS

Asst. Prof. Suparna Sircar

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Garden Design Name of Institution

Sissinghurst Castle Garden

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 Garden Design
Name of Institution

 Garden design is the art and process of designing and creating plans for layout
and planting of gardens and landscapes.
• Most professional garden designers are trained in principles of design and in
horticulture, and have an expert knowledge and experience of using plants.
• Some professional garden designers are also landscape architects, a more
formal level of training that usually requires an advanced degree and often a
state license.
• Many amateur gardeners also attain a high level of experience from extensive
hours working in their own gardens, through casual study, serious study in
Master Gardener Programs, or by joining gardening clubs.

 Elements of garden design - Whether a garden is designed by a

professional or an amateur, certain principles form the basis of effective garden
design, resulting in the creation of gardens to meet the needs, goals and desires of
the users or owners of the gardens.

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 Garden Design
Name of Institution

• Elements of garden design include the layout of hard landscape, such as paths,
walls, water features, sitting areas and decking; as well as the plants themselves,
with consideration for their horticultural requirements, their season-to-season
appearance, lifespan, growth habit, size, speed of growth, and combinations with
other plants and landscape features.
• Consideration is also given to the maintenance needs of the garden, including the
time or funds available for regular maintenance, which can affect the choices of
plants regarding speed of growth, spreading or self-seeding of the plants, whether
annual or perennial, and bloom-time, and many other characteristics.

 The most important consideration in garden design -

• how the garden will be used,
• followed closely by the desired stylistic genres,
• and the way the garden space will connect to the home or other structures in
the surrounding areas.

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 Elements of garden design
Name of Institution

 All of these considerations are subject to the limitations of the budgetary concerns
for the particular project and time. Budget limitations can be addressed by
• simpler more basic garden style with fewer plants and
• less costly hardscape materials, seeds rather than sod for lawns,
• and plants that grow quickly;
• alternatively, garden owners may choose to create their garden over time, area
by area, putting more into each section than could be handled all at once.

 Location
• A garden's location has a substantial influence on the garden design.
• Many of the great gardens of history and today possess a location that is
topographically significant and has a suitable microclimate for plants, a
well-designed connection to water, and rich soil.
• However, a good garden design, one that is well-planned and constructed, can
increase the value of the garden more than its location.

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 Elements of garden design
Name of Institution

 Soil
• The quality of a garden's soil often has a significant influence on the success of
the garden.
• Soil influences the availability of water and nutrients, the activity of
beneficial soil organisms, and a wide variety of other factors important to
plant growth.
• Traditionally, garden soil is improved by amendment, the process of adding
beneficial materials to the excavated native subsoil and topsoil. The materials,
which may consist of compost, peat, sand, mineral dust, or manure, among
others, are mixed with the excavated soil.
• The amount and type of amendment may depend on the ratio of clay to humus,
and on the soil acidity or alkalinity. One source states that, "conditioning the
soil thoroughly before planting enables the plants to establish themselves
quickly and so play their part in the design."

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 Elements of garden design
Name of Institution

   Boundaries - The look of the garden can be influenced strongly by the

boundary impinges.
 Planting can be used to modify the boundary line or a line between an
area of rough grass and smooth, depending on the size of the plot.
 Introducing internal boundaries, in the form of hedges or group of shrubs,
can help break up a garden.
 Hedges vary their colors throughout the seasons dramatically. Hedges,
being strong features in a garden, are often used to divide sections of the
garden.
 However, since they use the moisture and nutrient from the garden soil to
grow as well as other plants, they may not be a good choice and may
bring a negative effect to and concrete in its various forms.
 It is good to determine what color, size, and texture will be most
appropriate for the garden before actually building the wall.

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 Elements of garden design
Name of Institution

 Besides the boundaries that are made up of plants , walls made up of various
materials can be built between regions.

 There are broadly three types of walling material:

• stone, either random or coursed,
• brick,
• and concrete in its various forms.

 Fencing can offer an alternative solution, if the walls are too solid for the region
of the garden. There are several numbers of fence types that can be used for a
garden: animal-proof fence for country situations, peep-proof fences for the suburbs,
and urban fences that provide shelter from the winds in exposed roof-top gardens and
create internal barriers.

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 Elements of garden design
Name of Institution

 Alternative Surfacing
• Usually, a smooth expanse of lawn is often considered essential to a garden.
• However, a textured surface “made up of loose gravel, small pebbles, or wood
chips is much more satisfactory visually” than a smooth surface.
• Creating a relaxed feel to a garden is often done by loose surfacing made up of
bark chips, pebbles, gravels; also, the various textures, shapes, sizes, colors,
and materials of many different paving elements can contribute to making a
garden plan pattern and texture, if they are mixed successfully.
 Planting design
• Planting design requires design talent and aesthetic judgement combined with a good
level of horticultural, ecological and cultural knowledge.
• It includes two major traditions:
 formal rectilinear planting design (Persia and Europe);
 formal asymmetrical (Asia) and naturalistic planting design.

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 Elements of garden design
Name of Institution

 History
• The history of planting design is an aspect of the history of gardening in
landscape design history and the modern history of landscape architecture.
• Persian gardens are credited in originating aesthetic planting design, and used a
rectilinear plan.
- Planting in ancient and Medieval European gardens was often a mix of herbs for
medicinal use, vegetables for consumption, and flowers for decoration.
• Purely aesthetic planting layouts developed after the Medieval period in
Renaissance gardens, as are shown in late-renaissance paintings and plans.
• The designs of the Italian Renaissance garden were geometrical and plants were
used to form spaces and patterns.
• The gardens of the French Renaissance and Baroque Garden à la française era
continued the 'formal garden' planting aesthetic.
• In the Asia the asymmetrical traditions of Chinese gardens and Japanese gardens in
planting design originated in the Jin Dynasty (265–420) of China. The gardens'
plantings have a controlled but naturalistic aesthetic.

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 Elements of garden design
Name of Institution

 Application of Planting Plan

A planting plan gives specific instructions, often for a contractor about
• how the soil is to be prepared,
• what species are to be planted,
• what size and spacing is to be used
• and what maintenance operations are to be carried out under the contract.
Owners of private gardens may also use planting plans, not for contractual
purposes, as an aid to thinking about a design and as a record of what has been planted.
 A planting strategy is a long term strategy for the design, establishment and
management of different types of vegetation in a landscape or garden.
 Planting can be established by directly employed gardeners and
horticulturalists or it can be established by a landscape contractor (also known
as a landscape gardener).
 Landscape contractors work to drawings and specifications prepared by garden
designers or landscape architects.

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 Elements of garden design
Name of Institution

Garden furniture

• Garden furniture may range from a Typical patio furniture

patio set consisting of a table, four
or six chairs and a parasol, through
benches, swings, various lighting,
to stunning artifacts in brutal concrete
or weathered oak. A picnic table, is
used for the purpose of eating a meal
outdoors such as in a garden.
• The materials used to manufacture
modern patio furniture include
stones, metals, vinyl, plastics, resins,
glass, and treated woods.

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 Elements of garden design
Name of Institution

 Sunlight - While sunlight is not always easily controlled by the gardener, it is an

important element of garden design.
 The amount of available light is a critical factor in determining what plants may be
grown. Sunlight will, therefore, have a substantial influence on the character of the
garden.
 For example, a rose garden is generally not successful in full shade, while a garden of
hostas may not thrive in hot sun. As another example, a vegetable garden may need to be
placed in a sunny location, and if that location is not ideal for the overall garden design
goals, the designer may need to change other aspects of the garden.
 In some cases, the amount of available sunlight can be influenced by the gardener. The
location of trees, other shade plants, garden structures, or, when designing an entire property,
even buildings, might be selected or changed based on their influence in increasing or reducing
the amount of sunlight provided to various areas of the property.
 In other cases, the amount of sunlight is not under the gardener's control. Nearby buildings,
plants on other properties, or simply the climate of the local area, may limit the available sunlight.
 Or, substantial changes in the light conditions of the garden may not be within the gardener's
means. In this case, it is important to plan a garden that is compatible with the existing light
conditions.

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 Elements of garden design
Name of Institution

 Light regulates three major plant processes:

• Photosynthesis provides the energy required to produce the energy source of
plants.
• Phototropism is the effect of light on plant growth that causes the plant to
grow toward or away from the light.
• Photoperiodism is a plant’s response or capacity to respond to photoperiod, a
recurring cycle of light and dark periods of constant length.

 Lighting
• Garden lighting can be an important aspect of garden design. In most cases,
various types of lighting techniques may be classified and defined by heights:
– safety lighting, uplighting, and downlighting.
Safety lighting is the most practical application.
However, it is more important to determine the type of lamps and fittings
needed to create the desired effects.

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 Types of gardens
Name of Institution

 Renaissance and Formal gardens

French formal parterre at Villandry in the Loire Valley

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 Renaissance and
Formal gardens Name of Institution

 A formal garden in the Persian garden and European garden design traditions is
rectilinear and axial in design.

 The equally formal garden, without axial symmetry (asymmetrical) or other

geometries, is the garden design tradition of Chinese gardens and
Japanese gardens.
 The Zen garden of rocks, moss and raked gravel is an example.
 The Western model is an ordered garden laid out in carefully planned geometric
and often symmetrical lines. Lawns and hedges in a formal garden need to be
kept neatly clipped for maximum effect. Trees, shrubs, subshrubs and other
foliage are carefully arranged, shaped and continually maintained.

 A French garden or Garden à la française, is a specific kind of formal garden, laid out
in the manner of André Le Nôtre; it is centered on the façade of a building, with
radiating avenues and paths of gravel, lawns, parterres and pools (bassins) of
reflective water enclosed in geometric shapes by stone coping, with fountains and
sculpture.

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 Renaissance and
Formal gardens Name of Institution

 The Garden à la française style has origins in fifteenth-century

Italian Renaissance gardens, such as the Villa d'Este, Boboli Gardens, and
Villa Lante in Italy. The style was brought to France and expressed in the
gardens of the French Renaissance. Some of the earliest formal parterres of clipped
evergreens were those laid out at Anet by Claude Mollet, the founder of a dynasty of
nurserymen-designers that lasted deep into the 18th century. The
Gardens of Versailles are an ultimate example of Garden à la française, composed of
many different distinct gardens, and designed by André Le Nôtre.

 English Renaissance gardens in a rectilinear formal design were a feature of the

stately homes. The introduction of the parterre was at Wilton House in the 1630s. In
the early eighteenth century, the publication of Dezallier d'Argenville, La théorie et la
pratique du jardinage (1709) was translated into English and German, and was the
central document for the later formal gardens of Continental Europe.

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 Renaissance and
Formal gardens Name of Institution

 Traditional formal Spanish garden design evolved with Persian garden and
European Renaissance garden influences. The internationally renowned Alhambra
and Generalife in Granada, built in the Moorish Al-Andalus era, have influenced
design for centuries. The Ibero-American Exposition of 1929 World's Fair in Seville,
Spain was located in the celebrated Maria Luisa Park (Parque de Maria Luisa)
designed by Jean-Claude Nicolas Forestier.

 Formal gardening in the Italian and French manners was reintroduced at the turn of
the twentieth century. Beatrix Farrand's formal Italian garden areas at
Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, D.C., and Achille Duchêne's restored French water
parterre at Blenheim Palace in England are examples of the modern formal garden.
The Conservatory Garden in Central Park of New York City features a formal garden,
as do many other parks and estates such as Filoli in California.

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 Renaissance and
Formal gardens Name of Institution

Formal garden laid out at the Abbaye de Valloires, Picardy, by Gilles Clément, 1987

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 Formal Garden
Name of Institution

• The simplest formal garden would be a carefully laid out flowerbed or garden bed of
simple geometric shape, such as a knot garden. The more developed and elaborate
formal gardens contain statuary and fountains.
• The features in a formal garden:
• terrace
• topiary
• statuary
• hedge
• bosquet
• parterre
• sylvan theater
• pergola
• pavilion
• landscaping

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 English Landscape and
Naturalistic gardens Name of Institution

English Landscape and Naturalistic gardens

 The English Landscape Garden style literally swept away the geometries of earlier
English and European Renaissance formal gardens. William Kent and
Lancelot "Capability" Brown were leading proponents. The naturalistic
English Garden style (French: Jardin anglais, Italian: Giardino all'inglese, German:
Englischer Landschaftsgarten) of the 1730s and on transformed private and civic
garden design across Europe. The French Landscape Garden subsequently
continued the style's development on the Continent.

Jardin de Saxe

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 Cottage gardens
Name of Institution

Cottage gardens
• A cottage garden uses an informal design, traditional materials, dense plantings, and
a mixture of ornamental and edible plants.
• Cottage gardens go back many centuries, but their popularity grew in 1870s England
in response to the more structured Victorian English estate gardens that used
restrained designs with massed beds of brilliantly colored greenhouse annuals.
• They are more casual by design, depending on grace and charm rather than
grandeur and formal structure. The influential British garden authors and designers,
William Robinson at Gravetye Manor in Sussex, and Gertrude Jekyll at Munstead Hall
in Surrey, both wrote and gardened in England.
• The earliest cottage gardens were far more practical than modern versions—with an
emphasis on vegetables and herbs, along with fruit trees, beehives, and even
livestock if land allowed.
• Flowers were used to fill any spaces in between. Over time, flowers became more
dominant. Modern day cottage gardens include countless regional and personal
variations of the more traditional English cottage garden.

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 Kitchen garden Name of Institution

or potager

Kitchen garden or potager

• The traditional kitchen garden, also known as a potager, is a seasonally used space
separate from the rest of the residential garden - the ornamental plants and lawn
areas. Most vegetable gardens are still miniature versions of old family farm plots with
square or rectangular beds, but the kitchen garden is different not only in its history,
but also its design.
• The kitchen garden may be a landscape feature that can be the central feature of an
ornamental, all-season landscape, but can be little more than a humble vegetable
plot. It is a source of herbs, vegetables, fruits, and flowers, but it is also a structured
garden space, a design based on repetitive geometric patterns.
• The kitchen garden has year-round visual appeal and can incorporate permanent
perennials or woody plantings around (or among) the annual plants.

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 Rock garden
Name of Institution

Rock garden - A rock garden, also known as a rockery or an alpine garden, is a

type of garden that features extensive use of rocks or stones, along with
plants native to rocky or alpine environments.

Rock garden plants tend to be small,

both because many of the species are
naturally small, and so as not to cover up
the rocks. They may be grown in troughs
(containers), or in the ground. The plants
will usually be types that prefer well-
drained soil and less water.

Rock garden in Chandigarh, India.

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 Rock garden
Name of Institution

 The usual form of a rock garden is a pile of rocks, large and small, esthetically
arranged, and with small gaps between, where the plants will be rooted. Some rock
gardens incorporate bonsai.
 Some rock gardens are designed and built to look like natural outcrops of bedrock.
Stones are aligned to suggest a bedding plane and plants are often used to conceal
the joints between the stones. This type of rockery was popular in Victorian times,
often designed and built by professional landscape architects. The same approach is
sometimes used in modern campus or commercial landscaping, but can also be
applied in smaller private gardens.
 The Japanese rock garden, in the west often referred to as Zen garden, is a special
kind of rock garden with hardly any plants.
 The Rock Garden is a sculpture garden in Chandigarh, India. Spread over an area of
forty-acre (160,000 m²), it is completely built of industrial & home waste and thrown-
away items.

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 East Asian gardens
Name of Institution

 East Asian gardens

Japanese and Korean gardens,
originally influenced by Chinese gardens,
can be found at Buddhist temples and
historic sites, private homes, in
neighborhood or city parks, and at
historical landmarks such as Buddhist
temples and old. Some of the Japanese
gardens most famous in the Western world
and Japan are gardens in the karesansui
(rock garden) tradition. The Ryōan-ji
temple garden is a well known example.
There are Japanese gardens of various
styles, with plantings and often evoking
wabi sabi simplicity. In Japanese culture,
garden-making is a high art,
Hagiwara Japanese Tea Garden in intimately linked to the arts of calligraphy
San Francisco and ink painting.

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 Contemporary garden
Name of Institution

 Contemporary garden

• The contemporary style garden has gained popularity in the last 10 years. This is
partly due to the increase of modern housing with small gardens as well as the
cultural shift towards contemporary design.
• This style of garden can be defined by the use 'clean' design lines, with focus on
hard landscaping materials: stone, hardwood, rendered walls.
• Planting style is bold but simple with the use of drifts of one or two plants that
repeat throughout the design.
• Grasses are a very popular choice for this style of design.
• Lighting effects also play an integral role in the modern garden. Subtle lighting effects
can be achieved with the use of carefully placed low voltage LED lights incorporated
into paving and walls.

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 Contemporary garden
Name of Institution

Contemporary water feature

Contemporary garden

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 Residential gardens
Name of Institution

 Residential gardens

• A residential or private domestic garden, is the most common form of garden and is in
proximity to a residence, such as the 'front or back garden.‘
• The front garden may be a formal and semi-public space and so subject to the
constraints of convention and local laws.
• While typically found in the yard of the residence, a garden may also be established
on a roof, in an atrium or courtyard, on a balcony, in windowboxes, or on a patio.
• Residential gardens are typically designed at human scale, as they are most often
intended for private use. However, the garden of a great house or a large estate may
be larger than a public park.
• Residential gardens may feature specialized gardens, such as those for exhibiting
one particular type of plant, or special features, such as rockery or water features.
They are also used for growing herbs and vegetables and are thus an important
element of sustainability.

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 Development of the
Modern Garden Name of Institution

Our present set of ideas as to what constitutes a garden has long roots
back into history. As far as we know gardening started quite
independently in two different places – Egypt and China.

 Egyptian gardens were based on irrigated small land holdings in the desert and
Chinese Gardens were based on Imperial Hunting Parks. These two sources started
two diametrically opposite traditions that can be termed as formal and informal;
the straight edge and the flowing; the architectonic and the naturalistic.
 Until the beginning of 18th century the Egyptian tradition had no influence on east of
India. Then suddenly the English started gardening in the Chinese way. There is no
direct evidence of influence. However, it is hard to believe that there is no direct link
waiting to be discovered.
 Though these two styles reigned supreme after the late 18 th century there was greater
emphasis on the horticulture aspect or variety in plants rather than on design. Where
layout is concerned, the departure from the styles mentioned is only the abstraction of
garden design as in painting and sculpture especially that of Picasso, Moore and
Mondrian.

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 Development of the
Modern Garden Name of Institution

Chinese Garden Egyptian Garden

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 Evolution of Persian Gardening Style
- The Paradise Gardens Name of Institution

 Persian Garden Style evolved after the Egyptian Style of gardening. It marked the
beginning of “Modern Garden Architecture”.
 The Persian garden was an answer to the aridity of the local climate where the high
walled garden and the shady trees with its air cooled by streams and fountains, was a
simple recipe for paradise. Mediterranean and hence all Western Gardens have
their origins in Egypt between three and four thousand years ago. Since Egypt is
a natural desert depending on the Nile for its fertility, its gardens were planted along
reservoirs and irrigation canals.
 The canals were straight for practical reasons; trees planted followed straight lines
along the canals, It was also natural for the canal to have fish, lotus and supply of
water. Hence, the theory goes that axial designs and layouts of gardens, the
‘formality’ of all classical Mediterranean inspired gardens to the present – via
the Persians whose style swept eastwards to India and westwards via Spain
with spread of Islam, and by the Romans whose adaptation of the Egyptian
Style was repeated in the Renaissance.

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Evolution of Persian Gardening Style
- The Paradise Gardens Name of Institution

Taj Mughal Gardens - Persian Style

Naghshe Jahan Square - Isfahan

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 Persian Garden
Name of Institution

 The Persian garden was an answer to the aridity of the local climate
where the high walled garden and the shady trees with its air cooled
by streams and fountains, was a simple recipe for paradise.

 The word ‘paradise’ originally is believed to have meant a hunting park

in Persian and it is still a Persian word for garden. The Persian garden
is resolutely formal and is an elaboration of the Egyptian Plan.

 Two main waterways divided the garden into four – representing it as the four
quarters of the universe. The centre of the cross was often a brimming tank lined with
blue tiles. In larger gardenss ubsidiary canals subdivided the garden. Small jets of
water made sounds such that water was heard and seen. Tall Chenar trees shaded
the centre while the edge of the garden was lined with cypress, pine, poplar, date
palms, almonds, orange and other fruit trees. Flowers were sometimes planted along
the canals or in the long grass under trees. Tulips, iris, primula, hollyhock, narcissus,
evening primrose, violets, anemones, carnations, lilac and jasmine have been
mentioned in literature.

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 Persian Garden
Name of Institution

 Some bulbs were native to Persia but others were brought from plant hunting
expeditions abroad. Almost certainly trade or conquest introduced the perpetually
flowering Chinese rose. By the 13th century, following the conquests by Mongol
emperor Changez Khan, the routes to China were well established and the Chinese
influence can be seen in Persian painting. All surviving paintings date from this period
or later. They show naturalistic streams and rocky margins, which were features of
Chinese Gardens.

The key to the gardens of the

Islamic world was the idea of an oasis.
All around stretch bare hills in the
burning sun. Within the garden wall,
the essentials are cool shade and the
sight and sound of water.

Taj Mahal Garden

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 Persian Garden
Name of Institution

 Common features of Persian gardens

 A high surrounding wall

 Straight tile-lined channels of water
 Bubbling fountains
 Trees for shade and fruit
 A Pavilion or gazebo
 Strong emphasis on flowers in beds and pots

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Persian Garden - Examples
Name of Institution

Taj Mahal Garden –

Built by Shah Jahan
(It exemplifies Persian Garden Architecture)

Shalimar Garden, Kashmir

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 Persian Garden
Name of Institution

 There are no statues as Islamic law forbids idols in human form.

 The Gazebo or baradari may rise to several storeys depending on the size of the
garden and were completely surrounded by water.
 Persia’s native rose includes the brilliant yellow and the red Rosa Foetida.
 Lacking flowers in summer, the paving tiles on every surface and their pattern
provided colour in the garden.
 Low hedges line flowerbeds near the gazebo.
 Ornamental fowl and peacocks introduced from India and Ceylon brought colour to
the gardens.
 The name Charbagh meaning a four-fold garden is still common in India and Persia.

 The Moghuls made the grandest of these gardens in the 16 th and 17th century in India.
The Shalimar Bagh in Kashmir shows a similar layout. Shah Jahan built it in 1642.
However, these gardens lacked a high compound wall in India.

 Persian Garden Architecture was then followed by Italian and

French Garden Architecture…
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 Origin of the Italian
Garden Style Name of Institution

 Influence on Modern Landscape Architecture

The possibility of building a villa arose at a time when control of the
hinterland by cities rendered fortified rural settlements unnecessary. Existing
country houses belonging to the large land owning town nobility could be
converted and newly built villas built solely for enjoying rural life did not need to
be defensible as a castle. Both types represent the cultural ideal of rural life the
so called villeggiatura.

 Italian gardens are characterized by the abundance of architectural features or

built features in the garden.

 Staircases, balustrades, cascades pavilions and pavements – even the cypress

avenues are imitations of colonnades. The origins of the style are to be found in
ancient Rome. They took the pains to site their villas on the countryside with
exceptional views, where cooling breeze would reach them above malarial valleys.
Within the villas there were courts and colonnades designed for every phase of wind
and weather.

39
Italian Garden
Name of Institution

Italian garden Design Style

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 Italian Garden
Name of Institution

 A cloister for exercise would face the southeast to catch the low winter sun but
escaped the summer heat. With outdoor dining rooms and swimming pools that were
heated the interpenetrating of house and garden was total. Spanish patios give some
idea of the principle. Today California has examples of such outdoor living areas in
gardens e.g., Hearst estate.

 As the renaissance gathered force, in Florence under the Medici Family, percepts for
gardening were gleaned from the classics, notably by the architect Leone Batista
Alberti (1404-72). The artificial arrangement of nature was dictated by the cultural
world of a ruling class.

 The most revolutionary garden was the Villa Medici built in 1460 at Fiesole. The
garden was enclosed with grottos, statues along a linear axis.The full-fledged
renaissance garden first emerged as a prelude to building St. Peters.

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 Italian Garden Name of Institution

Villa Medici

Villa Medici Sitemap

42
 Italian Garden Name of Institution

 In 1503, Pope Julius II commissioned Bramante, who was later to draw up

the plans for the Basilica., to build the Vatican Gardens – and build was the
word. The Cortile del Belvedere at the Vatican became the prototype for
imaginative roofless architecture.

 The elements are stairs colonnades, stairs, and statues in niche and
fountains. Bramante’s successors, Ligoria and Vignola brought the Italian
garden to its climax with their masterpieces of mid 16th century – The Villa
d’Este at Tivoli and the Villa Farnese at Caprarola and the Villa Lante (1566)
near Viterbo.

As time went by, the dominance of nature in the garden once again took
hold. In the 17th century, the French eclipsed the Italian style.

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Italian Garden
Name of Institution

Vatican Garden Style

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 English Gardens –
Legendary Gardening Style Name of Institution

 The English garden or English landscape park is a style of landscape garden

which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe,
replacing the more formal, symmetrical Spanish Gardening Style of the 17th century
as the principal gardening style of Europe.

 English Gardening Style developed after the development of Persian Gardening Style
and Italian Gardening Style. All these gardening styles were the result of the influence
of the Modern Landscape Architecture

 The English gardens  presented an idealized view of nature and they were
designed by gaining the inspiration from the landscape paintings made by
Claude Lorraine and Nicolas Poussin.

 It usually included a lake, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of
trees, and recreations of classical temples, Gothic ruins, bridges, and other
picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape. By
the end of the eighteenth century the English garden was being imitated by the
French Gardening Style.

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 English Gardens
Name of Institution

Rotunda at Stowe Garden (1730-38)

Garden of Rousham House,

by William Kent (1737)

46
 English Gardens
Name of Institution

 In about 1730, William Kent working for Lord Cobham at Stowe “Leaped the fence”.
There was no beginning or end to gardening. He Ha-ha was a technique used to
bring in the horizon as a part of the garden. It was all landskip inn the spelling of
the day to be idealized as an earthly paradise with classical overtones.

 Each building in the landskip not only functioned as an accent or focus but also
the landscape functioned as a setting. Buildings were placed in a composed
sequence to be revealed in following a particular walk.

 Streams were dammed and lakes formed, trees planted in belts and clumps, on
mounds to flank buildings with lateral interest. In 1751, Kent successor, Lancelot
Brown used the same technique in his gardens. He found every client’s property had
distinct ‘capabilities’. He swept away all formal gardens and replaced them with
grass.

 The element missing in Brown’s successor Humphrey Repton reintroduced terraces

and flowers near the house as foreground to the landscape. He allowed walled
gardens for privacy, sheltered flowers and planted shrub bordered walks and
set aside areas for rare trees. These were bound together by proportion and unity.

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 English Gardens
Name of Institution

Ionic Temple at Chiswick House

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 English Gardens
Name of Institution

 During the industrial revolution, the villa garden had no broad acre but the owner had
enough money.
 The Horticultural Society founded in 1804 gave prestige to the cultivation of new plants.
 Glass was inexpensive and the middle class could afford greenhouses made of glass
and iron.
 Loudon coined the word ‘gardenesque’ for the display of the art of gardening – the individual
beauty of trees, shrubs and plants in a state of cultivation.
 The kitchen garden, nursery, greenhouse were important parts of the garden.
 The Victorian country house epitomized the feeling that plants were made for man. Never was
so much technology and or manpower devoted to horticultural display.
 Joseph Paxton a gardener-engineer made the green house a symbol of the
Victorian age or late 19th century.
 At Chatsworth, which was the Duke of Devonshire’s palace in Derbyshire, Paxton built the
tallest fountain and the largest greenhouse of the time.
 In 1850, he was successful in the flowering of the giant Amazon water lily Victoria regia in
cultivation in a glass house. The flowers were a foot wide and the leaves were 6 feet across.
 To house the great Exhibition in 1851, Paxton planned a glasshouse that was 2100 feet long
and 400 feet wide. It was named “The Crystal Palace”.
 Flourishing plants and maintenance and not well-designed outdoor spaces were the basis of
these Victorian gardens. However the unity and harmony of the 18 th century did return in the
20th century.
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 English Gardens
Name of Institution

Palladian Bridge at Stowe (1730-38)

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 English Gardens
Name of Institution

 In 1896, Gertrude Jekyll, a painter and a gifted writer, who found an alternative
style in the country homes and cottages around Surrey. She formed a partnership
with an architect Edwin Lutyens. Together developed a farmhouse vernacular
where the formally designed architectural gardens were planted with
informality.
o Since the garden was divided into divided into definite spaces, each space was
planted with many distinct plants to form different pictures month by month.
They were screened from each other and the beauty arose through the
association of the plants within a group and the consequent composition.
o In the 1940s Alan Bloom designed the island beds of flowers as an offshoot of
this style in that there were no built edges.

 English Gardening Style is a legendary Style of Gardening.

o This style was adopted all over Europe. Some modifications were made in the
English Style of Gardening and later some of the other European Gardening
styles also developed.

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 Beautiful French Gardens –
Magnifique Baroque Style Name of Institution

The French are practical people. They were the ones who launched the French
Revolution, a revolt against the ruling class while the rest of Europe bled under the
thumbs of despots. But the French have a deep love for beauty and liberty. They have
an open mind for new experiments, and thus French Architecture French Food and
French Gardens have no match.

 There was little chance to apply renaissance principles when the garden was within
the fortress as in medieval France. Orchards and kitchen gardens were a part of this
garden. By the beginning of the 17th century, royal palace gardens in Paris were
largely Italian in plan.  But it all began to change. The royal gardener Claude Mollet
is credited with the creation of the parterre de broderie and the importance of the
avenue.
 Another genius garden designer was Le Notre, who worked for Claude Mollet. He
was really very impressive and creative. Nicolas Fouquet, Chancellor to the King of
France, Louis XIV, met Le Notre and commissioned him to design the gardens at
Vaux le Vicomte.
 Fouquet’s garden turned out to be so mesmerizing that the King of France wanted
one like it too.  The chancellor’s gardener Le Notre was immediately ordered to
design a Royal Garden for the King and took along with him the famous French style
or Baroque garden. The garden had an enormous scale. Flat land as opposed to the
hilly Italian countryside characterized French garden sites.
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French Gardens
Name of Institution

French Gardening Style

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 French Gardens
Name of Institution

Vaux Le Vicomte - The French Garden

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 French Gardens Name of Institution

 Le Notre’s canals ran many kilometers and his avenues and alleys stopped only at
the horizon. Sheer scale made his work revolutionary. But his success came from the
application of certain principles.

 Le Norte’s Principles of Garden Design

• The planting was always pushed back from the building making it stand from flat
parterres or water implying the dominance of the resident over all he surveyed.
• The Italian axial plan was used with a vast clearing as the main axis defined by
trees with symmetry.
• The main cross axes were always at right angles.
• Between the axes diagonals and clearings and jeux d’esprit may be developed.
• Long reflecting canals were designed.
• Fountains in all varieties and shape as possible with technology were used.

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French Gardens
Name of Institution

Versailles Grounds

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 French Gardens
Name of Institution

 Versialles was Le Notre’s greatest work.

 There was a dominating central axis, from the centre of the garden front,
across the open parterres, along the broader of the many rides as far as the eye
can see. The Grand Canal that runs for more than a mile mainly occupies the
axis.
 The trees along the rides or alleys consisted of mixed kinds clipped into hedge
fronts in dense blocks.
 Statues and vases lined these rides.
 In the blocks of woodland, countless architectural incidents were hidden ranging
from fountains to theatre. This did not detract from the main walk but added
tempting diversions to walk unto.

 Dutch improvements in floriculture encouraged the planting of flowers in pots. There

was a secondary palace within the garden called the Trianon where the smell of
tuberoses was strongest. The box edged parterres were most elaborate close to
the palace and became simpler further from the building. The orangery at Versailles
had 3000 plants. It was, and still is, a magnificent piece of art.

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French Gardens
Name of Institution

French Garden Style

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 French Gardens
Name of Institution

 In 1761 Jean-Jacques Rousseau published what became an extremely influential

novel: Julie: ou la Nouvelle Héloise in which he criticised the old gardens of France
for their unnaturalness and ‘false taste of grandeur’.

 By the 1770s detailed descriptions of the new English gardens and their designers
were being published in France. This revolutionized the gardening style across
France and a new era of  landscapes and gardens emerged and
the era of classical baroque gardens was over.

 The new French gardens borrowed many concepts from the English and
Chinese gardens, and developed some of their own. But it all came to an end and
by 1815, a mixed style of garden design was being adopted, which incorporated
latest  trends from American, Chinese, Japanese, Italian and other eclectic gardens.
Victorian gardens came to be characterised by their mixed collections of areas laid
out in different styles.

 Later, in the beginning of the 19th century, Italian gardens became the most
popular styles.

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 Dutch Gardens –
Imitation of French Gardens Name of Institution

Every Gardening Style that evolved after Persian Gardens was an imitation of the
previous style and then gradually disappeared in a few years. The phase of the evolution
of various gardening styles is termed as “Modern Garden Architecture“.

 Dutch Gardening Style also disappeared unlike the Italian Garden Style,
French Style, Japanese Style, Chinese Style, Islamic and English styles.

 As dedicated florists, the Dutch imitated French Gardening Style. Dutch

Gardens are distinguished by its dense atmosphere and efficient use of space. The
gardens where the tulips plantations are dense are also termed as Dutch Gardens.

 Evolution of Dutch Gardens - However, because of the flat reclaimed

landscape a distinct style emerged.
 Scale was an important difference in that the Dutch had small gardens. Even a
fairly big garden was divided into small enclosures.
 The view of the crisscrossing canals were all that the Dutch gardener was
interested in.

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 Dutch Gardens
Name of Institution

Dutch Gardens

Renaissance Gardens

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 Dutch Gardens
Name of Institution

 The Japanese who also garden small try to express nature with a distillation of her
attraction – a rock, a tree, or a fern. The Dutch took the opposite view – filling
their yards and elaborate furnishings such as marbled, frilled double stripped
flowers.

 The containers for the flowers had flowing designs. These were punctuated with
obelisks, statues and topiary.

 Where the scale ruled out tall trees, the clipped hedge was a common feature.

 Water was a major feature since the country was crisscrossed with canals.
Swans paddled the canals close to houses or in moats if the canals were not too
close.

 Tall jets in fountains were not possible because of low pressure in flat country.
Small falling arcs did not accommodate glitter and hence gilt-edged fountains were
common.  Fountains, statues and gates were painted gold. Topiary in the form of
wedding cakes or chess pieces was common.

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 Chinese garden
Name of Institution

 The Chinese Garden, also called Chinese Classical Garden and Chinese
Scholar's Garden, is a place for solitary or social contemplation of nature.
 Chinese gardens were created in the same way as a combination of landscape
and paintings together with poems - this was the so-called "poetic garden."
 The design of Chinese gardens was to provide a spiritual utopia for one to
connect with nature, to come back to one's inner heart, to come back to ancient
idealism. Chinese gardens are a spiritual shelter for people, a place they could be
far away from their real social lives, and close to the ancient way of life, their true
selves, and nature. - This was an escape from the frustration and disappointment
of the political problems in China.
 They used plants as symbols. Bamboo was used in every traditional Chinese
garden. This is because bamboo represents a strong but resilient character. Often
pine is used to represent longevity, persistence, tenacity and dignity. The lotus is
used to symbolize purity. The flowering plum is one of the most important aspects
of a Chinese garden, as it represents renewal and strength of will. Flowering
peaches are grown for spring color, and sweet olive as well. The chrysanthemum
is used to symbolize splendor, luster and "the courage to make sacrifices for a
natural life". Peonies symbolize wealth and banana trees are used simply for the
sound they make in the breeze.

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 Chinese garden
Name of Institution

 Design - The essential elements in a garden are

 a wall surrounding a hall,
 a pool,
 and a mountain with a tree

 Later these were expanded to seventeen essential elements:

1) proximity to the home; 2) small;
3) walled; 4) small individual sections;
5) asymmetrical; 6) various types of spatial connections;
7) architecture; 8) rocks;
9) water; 10) trees;
11) plants; 12) sculpture;
13) jie jing (borrowed scenery); 14) chimes;
15) incense burners; 16) inscriptions;
17) use of feng shui for choosing site.

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 Chinese garden
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 The variety of sensory features enhance a garden's appeal.

 Windows frame garden views.
 Trees and flowers provide aroma.
 Even the intricate designs of pavement and gravel offer tactile enjoyment.
 Suzhou, in eastern China is widely known for its numerous classical private
scholar gardens.
 The aesthetics of the garden are judged by its conception, approach, layout, scenes,
and borrowing.
 The conception is the measure of how well the garden reflects a painting or poem.
 The approach describes how the garden may express the idea of nature beyond the
theme.
 The layout is the use of multiple layers of scenery to create a sense of the infinite in
the finite. the scene is how well paired two opposite scene are and how they create
harmony.
 Finally the borrowing or borrowed view is how artfully distant views are incorporated
into the whole.

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 Chinese garden
Name of Institution

 Chinese gardens are built not planted.

 The basic form of the garden is created by ponds and mounds. China is mostly
covered in mountains, thus they have occupied a special place in the collective
imagination since the Neolithic. The mountain in the Chinese imagination is magical
place. An axis mundi where ancient wise men live on a diet of minerals and rare high
altitude herbs. These men called immortals have access to knowledge and skills
unknown to ordinary men.
 A mountain of the right type is a dragon of Qi and all its associated benefits. In myth
certain mountains are themselves sacred.
 The elaborate grottoes of rock serve the same function, a small piece of the mountain
through which to stroll, full of caves where immortals live.
 The pits dug to heap these mounds are used as ponds and streams. With the right
properties such a pond may be the home of a dragon of Qi.
 The pavilions are placed in this landscape of mounds and ponds at auspicious points.
 Together the mound, pond, and pavilion create the primary form of the garden.
 A secondary layer is created by plants. In literature this secondary role is well
attested.
 Finally, individual taihu rock is added for accent, like sculpture in a European garden.

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 Chinese garden
Name of Institution

 Chinese Gardens - Revolutionary Gardening Style

 Chinese Gardens were one of its kind. China is the first country started with the
Egyptian’s systematic reclamation of the desert and a limited flora decimated by the
ice ages. Development of the Chinese Garden Concept gave a boost to the
Modern Garden Architecture. Hence it was considered as a Revolutionary Gardening
Style…!!
 On the other hand, China in 2000 BC had abundant flora and a landscape of
unimaginable beauty, fertility and variety. The gardener’s contribution was only to
order and emphasise. Buildings, bridges, steps and gateways turned wooded lakes
into gardens without planting.
 The hunting parks of emperors were simply enclosed landscapes. Later a
sophisticated nobility looked for more extravagant ideas. The Han Dynasty,
contemporary to Roman Empire, unified China.
 The Emperor Wu hankered after immortality. Legend indicated that thehome of the
immortals lay in the Mystic Isles. Supposed to lie in the mists of the North China Sea,
his inability to find them led to his recreating them in fantasy. Thus the lake and island
garden was created.

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 Chinese garden
Name of Institution

Chinese Gardens at Pagoda Yunyan Ta

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 Chinese garden
Name of Institution

 Rocks were collected to form the islands and gave the lakeshore the look of a
seacoast.
 Buddhism came from India and monasteries were built. By 200AD painters and poets
contemplated the wilderness and not human immortality. In the 4 th century monastery
a grove was laid out, for meditation.
 Every path seen by the ye or trodden by the foot was filled with spiritual joy. This cult
of the wilderness descended to the plains.
 The large and craggy rocks became a part of the island lake tradition. By the end of
the 6th century one emperor created a similar garden equal in scale to that created in
Versailles.

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 Chinese garden Name of Institution

Lake Gardens – Yunyan

Chinese Gardens

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 Chinese garden
Name of Institution

 The Western Park was 70 miles in circuit and contained four huge lakes – one of
them 13 miles round. Japan envoys in AD 607 saw this scene and via Korea had a
foretaste of the Chinese style. Within a few years of his return, Japan had its island
lake garden.

 The Japanese contribution to the Chinese model was in planting. Zen Buddhism
preached canons on art, which avoided the trite, the obvious, the emphatic. By the
year 1200, the naturalistic garden was mature.

 The moss garden in Kyoto with its dry cascade with flat topped boulders, the Ryoanji
(1490) dry landscape with 15 boulders on a bed of gravel are famous examples. The
Chinese Sung style with rocks was to set them boldly on their ends and was still a
part of the Japanese garden.

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 Chinese garden
Name of Institution

The Design and Purpose of a Chinese garden

 The Chinese consider gardens a serious art form and as with painting, sculpture and
poetry aim to attain in their design the balance, harmony, proportion and variety that
are considered essential to life. In fact there is a saying which goes, 'the garden is an
artistic recreation of nature; a landscape painting in three dimensions"

 Through a combination of such natural elements as rock, water, trees and flowers
and such artificial elements as architecture, painting and poetry, the designer sought
to attain an effect which adhered to the Daoist principles of balance and harmony,
man and nature.

 The Chinese garden is divided into three categories:

 the imperial garden,
 the private garden
 and the natural scenic site.

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 Chinese garden Name of Institution

 The earliest imperial garden dates back to the late Shang dynasty (c. 1600-1027
BC) with the construction of an imperial hunting ground, followed by the Shanglin
garden built by the Emperor Qinshihuangdi in his capital at Xianyang. The latter was
completed by the Han Emperor Wudi (r. 140-87 BC) and is thought to have been the
basis upon which the Summer Palace was designed.
 The first private garden, known also as a literati garden, appeared during the
Northern and Southern dynasties (420-589). Natural scenic sites, which were large
scale gardens built against the backdrop of naturally existing mountains, valleys,
lakes, etc., were used as the pleasure grounds of the imperial house and nobility.
 Of the three types of Chinese gardens, it is the private garden which is of most
interest when visiting the 'Garden City' of Suzhou. They are the most intimate of the
group and were created as a place of retreat for the gentleman-scholar to escape
the chaos of the city. It was during the Tang dynasty (618-907) that the literati
garden reached its height, a treatise on garden design being written in 634 by the
painter-gardener Ji Cheng. One of the key elements of this treatise was the
necessity for the garden to "look natural, though man-made". Also stressed was the
harmonious combination of opposites, that is of the small and large, of the revealing
and concealing, of the real and unreal, and of the vertical and horizontal.

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 Chinese garden
Name of Institution

 A common feature of Chinese garden architecture is the waterside pavilion - a

derivation of an ancient wooden house supported on stilts. It later became the fashion
to build waterside pavilions upon the lake or pond of a garden so that half the
structure was built on land, while the other half was raised on stilts above a body of
water. So as to allow viewing of the garden from all sides of the building, decorative
windows were placed along the periphery of the wall. Such a waterside pavilion can
be seen in the Humble Administrator's Garden.

 Another key element of Chinese gardens is their covered corridors, built to allow
the owners to enjoy the garden in the rain and snow. These covered walkways fall
into two categories, those which connect buildings and those which are built by the
shore of a small pond or lake. As with waterside pavilions, corridors often have
windows or "scenic openings", which act as picture frames directing the eye to
particular views of the garden. Such scenic openings were designed simply as
circles, squares or ovals or in more imaginative shapes like those of a lotus petal,
garland or bay leaf.

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 Name of Institution

 Often the most exquisite elements of a Chinese garden can be found in its details.
Such is the case with the footpaths, imaginatively patterned with coloured pebbles
into a variety of designs along the ground. A common motif is that of the square
within a circle, signifying the ancient belief that the "heaven is round and the earth
square". Good luck omens may also often be found. Whilst the bat and crane
symbolize good fortune and longevity, the fishing net portends affluence. There are,
in addition, often depictions of scenes from well-known traditional paintings and
legends.
 The Garden of the Master of the Nets is one of the smallest gardens in Suzhou,
but is also consider one of its finest. Constructed in the twelfth century and then,
after a period of abandonment, restored during the eighteenth century, it was the
residence of a retired official. The eastern part of the grounds served as the
residential area, the central section was the main garden and the western portion
the inner garden. The Humble Administrator's Garden was so-named after a Jin
dynasty (1115-1234) poem which read, 'Watering the garden and selling vegetables
constitute a humble administrator's business.' Originally the home of the Tang Poet,
Lu Guimou, the garden took on its present form during the Ming dynasty and is
perhaps one of the most representative of Ming dynasty garden designs.

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 Japanese Gardens –
Modern Garden Architecture Name of Institution

Japanese Gardening Style also created an impact on Modern Garden Architecture. All of
us know that Japanese people are known for their perfection.

• Japanese Gardens evolved under the influence of distinctive

Chinese Gardening Style…. These gardens were developed wherever there was a
need for a landmark. For instance, Historical Landmarks such as Buddhist Temples,
Shrines and castles

• Later on, Japaneses gardening Style was also employed for making Private Gardens
in residences, city Parks or any free space around the residential and commercial
complexes that could be used as a garden. They used various landscape elements
and developed their typical gardening style.

• Japanese not only created Green Gardens but they also designed “Dry Gardens”
which are also “Rock Gardens”. The tradition of the Tea Masters Japanese gardens of
quite another style, evoking rural simplicity.

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 Japanese Gardens Name of Institution

 The tradition of Japanese gardening was historically passed down from sensei to
apprentice. In recent decades this has been supplemented by various trade schools.
However, the opening words of Zen’s Illustrations for designing mountain, water and
hillside field landscapes (1466) are “If you have not received the oral transmissions,
you must not make gardens” and its closing admonition is “You must never show this
writing to outsiders. You must keep it secret”.
 Japanese Gardens have their own typical style of maintaining the garden. They
create a hub at the centre from where the entire garden can be viewed.

 Here are some of the elements most commonly used in Japanese Gardens:
• Water, real or symbolic serving as a magnificent element
• Rocks or stone arrangements (to create Rock Gardens)
• A lantern, typically of stone
• A teahouse or pavilion
• An enclosure device such as a hedge, fence, or wall of traditional character
• A bridge to the island, or stepping stones

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 Name of Institution

 Why are Japanese Gardeners called “Perfectionists”?

• The Japanese garden for the permanent picture. They will go to any length to perfect
a view and to keep it so unaltered year after year. The backbone of a Japanese
garden is the rock and the evergreen. Thus seasonal changes in this static stage
become dramatic since plant group after group, flower.

• The Japanese contribution to the Chinese model was in planting. Zen Buddhism
preached canons on art, which avoided the trite, the obvious, the emphatic. By the
year 1200, the naturalistic garden was mature. The moss garden in Kyoto with its dry
cascade with flat topped boulders, the Ryoanji (1490) dry landscape with 15 boulders
on a bed of gravel are famous examples. The Chinese Sung style with rocks was to
set them boldly on their ends and was still a part of the Japanese garden.

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 Japanese Gardens
Name of Institution

 Maintenance of Japanese Gardens

 The maintenance of the Japanese garden is mainly in pruning trees to maintain

proportion and harmony with the surrounding garden. The small temple courtyard was
arranged as a contemplative garden. The tea ceremony was invented in the
15th century. The path to the teahouse was symbolic as the place of preparation. The
plants were pine, plum, cherry and heavenly bamboo. Another style of gardening
came into being. Where real hills are seen, they are borrowed into the horizon of the
composition. Flowers are in clusters of pots outside the kitchen door.

 English Gardening also carried some influence from the Japanese Gardening Style…
Persian Gardening Style, Italian, Dutch and French Gardening Style developed much
earlier than the Japanese Garden Architecture… And yet it was so different and
unique though it had some similar character as that of Chinese Gardening style that
we discussed earlier…

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 Japanese Gardens
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 Typical features

 A catalogue of features "typical" of the Japanese garden may be drawn up without

inquiring deeply into the aesthetic underlying Japanese practice. Typical Japanese
gardens have at their center a home from which the garden is viewed. In addition to
residential architecture, depending on the archetype, Japanese gardens often contain
several of these elements:
 Water, real or symbolic.
 A bridge over the water, or stepping stones.
 Rocks or stone arrangements (or settings).
 A lantern, typically of stone.
 A teahouse or pavilion.
 An enclosure device such as a hedge, fence, or wall of traditional character.

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