Using Accounting Setup Manager

Chapter 2
Managing Oracle Database

1
 Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to:

• Use Oracle Enterprise Manager
• Access a database with SQL*Plus
• Modify database initialization parameters
• Describe the stages of database startup
• Describe database shutdown options
• View the alert log

2
Oracle Enterprise Manager

3
Database Home Page

Property pages

4
 Other Oracle Tools

• SQL*Plus provides an additional interface

to your database so that you can:
▪ Perform database management operations
▪ Execute SQL commands to query, insert, update, and delete data in your
database

• SQL Developer:
▪ Is a graphical user interface for accessing your instance of Oracle Database
▪ Supports development in both SQL and PL/SQL
▪ Is available in the default installation of Oracle Database

5
 Initialization Parameter Files

spfileorcl.ora
or
initorcl.ora

6
 Simplified Initialization Parameters

Basic Advanced

CONTROL_FILES DB_CACHE_SIZE
DB_BLOCK_SIZE DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK
PROCESSES _READ_COUNT
UNDO_TABLESPACE SHARED_POOL_SIZE
… …

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 Initialization Parameters: Examples

Parameter Specifies

CONTROL_FILES One or more control file names

DB_FILES Maximum number of database files

PROCESSES Maximum number of OS user processes that can

simultaneously connect
DB_BLOCK_SIZE Standard database block size used by all
tablespaces
DB_CACHE_SIZE Size of the standard block buffer cache

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 Initialization Parameters: Examples

Stack User Stack User

Space Global Space Global
Area Area

PGA PGA

KEEP
Database buffer pool
Redo log
Shared pool buffer
buffer
cache RECYCLE
buffer pool

Java pool Streams nK buffer

Large pool pool cache

System Global Area (SGA)

SGA_TARGET (Total size of all SGA components)

MEMORY_TARGET (Total size of system-wide usable memory)

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 Initialization Parameters: Examples

Parameter Specifies

PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET Amount of PGA memory allocated to all server

processes
SHARED_POOL_SIZE Size of shared pool (in bytes)

UNDO_MANAGEMENT Undo space management mode to be used

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 Using SQL*Plus to View Parameters

SQL> SELECT name , value FROM V$PARAMETER;

NAME VALUE
------------ ----------
lock_name_space 2
processes 150
sessions 247
timed_statistics TRUE
timed_os_statistics 0
…

SQL>SHOW PARAMETER SHARED_POOL_SIZE

NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ---------------------
shared_pool_size big integer 0

SQL> show parameter para

NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ---------------------
fast_start_parallel_rollback string LOW
parallel_adaptive_multi_user boolean TRUE
parallel_automatic_tuning boolean FALSE
parallel_execution_message_size integer 16384
parallel_instance_group string
…

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 Changing Initialization Parameter Values

• Static parameters:
▪ Can be changed only in the parameter file
▪ Require restarting the instance before taking effect
▪ Account for about 110 parameters

• Dynamic parameters:
▪ Can be changed while database is online
▪ Can be altered at:
⁃ Session level
⁃ System level
▪ Are valid for duration of session or based on SCOPE setting
▪ Are changed by using ALTER SESSION and ALTER SYSTEM commands
▪ Account for about 234 parameters

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 Changing Parameter Values: Examples

SQL> ALTER SESSION

SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT ='mon dd yyyy';

Session altered.

SQL> SELECT SYSDATE FROM dual;

SYSDATE
-----------
jun 18 2009

SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET SEC_MAX_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS=2

COMMENT='Reduce from 10 for tighter security.'
SCOPE=SPFILE;

System altered.

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 Quiz

Enterprise Manager Database Control can be used to

manage many databases concurrently.
1. True
2. False

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 Quiz

The majority of the database parameters are dynamic

and can be changed without having to shut down the
database instance.
1. True
2. False

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 Starting Up an Oracle Database Instance

2
1

5
4

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Database Startup and Shutdown: Credentials

or 1

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 Starting Up an Oracle Database Instance: NOMOUNT

OPEN
STARTUP

MOUNT

NOMOUNT

Instance
started
SHUTDOWN

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 Starting Up an Oracle Database Instance:
MOUNT

OPEN
STARTUP

MOUNT

Control file
opened for this
NOMOUNT instance

Instance
started
SHUTDOWN

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 Starting Up an Oracle Database Instance:
OPEN

OPEN
STARTUP All files opened as
described by the control
MOUNT file for this instance

Control file
opened for this
NOMOUNT instance

Instance
started
SHUTDOWN

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 Startup Options: Examples

• Using the sqlplus utility:

SQL> startup 1

SQL> startup nomount 2

SQL> alter database mount; 3

SQL> alter database open; 4

$ srvctl start database –d orcl –o mount

• Using the srvctl utility with Oracle Restart

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 Shutting Down
an Oracle Database Instance

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 Shutdown Modes

Shutdown Modes A I T N

Allows new connections No No No No

Waits until current sessions end No No No Yes

Waits until current transactions end No No Yes Yes

Forces a checkpoint and closes files No Yes Yes Yes

Shutdown modes:
• A = ABORT
• I = IMMEDIATE
• T = TRANSACTIONAL
• N = NORMAL
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 Shutdown Options

On the way down: During: On the way up:

• Uncommitted SHUTDOWN • No instance
changes rolled NORMAL recovery
back, for or
IMMEDIATE SHUTDOWN
TRANSACTIONAL
• Database buffer or
SHUTDOWN
cache written to
IMMEDIATE
data files
• Resources
released

Consistent database

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 Shutdown Options

On the way down: During: On the way up:

• Modified buffers SHUTDOWN ABORT • Online redo
not written to or log files used
data files Instance failure to reapply
or changes
• Uncommitted STARTUP FORCE
changes not • Undo
rolled back segments
used to roll
back
uncommitted
changes
Inconsistent database • Resources
released
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 Shutdown Options: Examples

• Using SQL*Plus:
SQL> shutdown 1

SQL> shutdown transactional 2

SQL> shutdown immediate 3

SQL> shutdown abort 4

• Using the SRVCTL utility with Oracle Restart

$ srvctl stop database –d orcl –o abort

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 Viewing the Alert Log

Database Home page > Related Links region >

Alert Log Content

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 Summary

In this lesson, you should have learned how to:

• Start and stop the Oracle database and components
• Use Oracle Enterprise Manager
• Access a database with SQL*Plus
• Modify database initialization parameters
• Describe the stages of database startup
• Describe database shutdown options
• View the alert log

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 Practice 2 Overview:
Managing the Oracle Instance

This practice covers the following topics:

• Navigating in Enterprise Manager
• Viewing and modifying initialization parameters
• Stopping and starting the database instance
• Viewing the alert log
• Connecting to the database by using SQL*Plus

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