Luelson Jay C.

Declarador
BSECE 5A
Energy Conversion
Chapter 8

Questions

41. Assuming a constant impressed primary voltage, how does the secondary terminal voltage tend to change
when the power factor is unity? Is lagging? Is leading at a very low value?

At a constant impressed voltage the constant Vp tends to change the power unity due to leakage drop, is
lagging behind the flux by exactly 90 degrees, while is leading the power factor to minimum value.

42. What is meant by the equivalent resistance of a transformer? How may it be calculated in primary terms? In
secondary terms?

 In equivalent resistance it is the secondary resistance added by the primary resistance divided by squared of
a. While, in primary terms, the equivalent resistance is squared of a multiplied by the secondary resistance
added with primary resistance.

43. What is meant by the equivalent reactance of a transformer? How may it be calculated in primary terms? In
secondary terms?

 Equivalent reactance in primary terms is; squared of a multiplied by reactance od secondary added with the
reactance od primary. The secondary terms is equivalent reactance is equaled to secondary reactance added with
primary reactance divided by a squared of a.

44. How can the equivalent impedance of a transformer be determined?

 The equivalent impedance of a transformer can be determined by; the squared of equivalent resistance plus
the equivalent reactance.

45. If the transformer is represented by an equivalent circuit like that shown in fig. 188, what is neglected? Is
this neglect permissible? Explain.  In Fig 188, neglecting the no-load current, it is permissible to use the
equivalent resistance and equivalent reactance. Merely acts like an impedance voltage drop.

46. Outline carefully the procedure for performing the short-circuit test.

 The short-circuited, the impressed voltage on the other winding must be very low, usually about 5 per cent of
rated value. This implies that the load terminals are short-circuited, so that Vs = 0; under this condition the
impressed voltage emf Vp/a must merely overcome the full-load and voltage drops . 47. What useful
information is obtained from the short-circuit test?

 Useful information might do a short circuit test to make sure you don't have a direct connection between two
nodes that need some resistance between them.

48. Outline carefully the procedure for performing the open-circuit test.

The open-circuit test is made to obtain the values of the exciting-admittance, conductance, and susceptance. In
the case of power transformers or constantvoltage transformers operating at one specified frequency, the open-
circuit test consists in the application of rated voltage at rated frequency usually to the lowvoltage winding with
the high-voltage winding open circuited. Measurements are made by means of indicating instruments
(voltmeter, ammeter, and wattmeter) of voltage, current, and power.

49. What useful information is obtained from the open-circuit test?

 For all practical purposes, therefore, a wattmeter used to measure the power input under the condition of
open circuit will register the core loss, and safer when it is done at the lower voltage.

50. What are the two components of the core loss?

 The two components of the core loss are: hysteresis and eddy current loss.

51. How is the hysteresis loss affected by a change in flux density?

 A hysteresis loss; in this scenario, the components in the core material contract and expand in a way that
causes the flow of energy to dissipate. When this type of dissipation takes place, the energy is converted to heat.
The loss of energy will escalate as the equipment continues to run through additional cycles and the magnetic
field becomes increasingly unbalanced.

52. Assuming a constant frequency, how does a voltage change affect the hysteresis loss? The eddy-current
loss?

 The core material resists the flow of currents, creating a conversion of energy into heat. This effectively
reduces the flow of energy through an inductor. Laminating the core material can help to reduce the potential for
this particular type of core loss. Another solution is to make use of core components that are constructed with
materials that are less conductive and less likely to be resistant to the flow of the eddy current.

53. Assuming a constant impressed voltage, how does a frequency change affect the hysteresis loss? The eddy-
current loss?

 There is change in eddy-current due to directly proportionality of square of the impressed emf.

54. While the hysteresis loss no frequency change since the impressed voltage is constant. How do the copper
losses vary with the load?

 The copper losses vary with the winding of primary and secondary that causes the power to load change.
55. List the losses in a static transformer. How can these be determined experimentally?

 The copper losses in the primary and secondary windings and the hysteresis and eddy-current losses in the
laminated core. The losses determined the copper losses measured by the wattmeter when the short-circuit test
is performed, and the core losses are measured by the wattmeter when the open-circuit test is performed.

56. Explain why the core losses are unaffected by the load.\

 The core losses are due to the EMF causing hysteresis and eddy currents to flow in the core materials the
load may reduce the EMF on the windings due to losses, and this could cause small reductions in losses due to
hysteresis and eddy currents

57. Under what condition does the maximum efficiency occur in a transformer?

 The efficiency of a transformer is, as with any other device, the ratio of the output to input or, in other words,
the ratio of the output to the output plus the losses
58. Why are distribution transformers frequently designed to develop maximum efficiency at loads that are
somewhat lower than rated value?

 Network transformers are distribution transformers specially constructed and equipped with attached
auxiliaries such as junction boxes and switches for disconnecting and grounding the high-voltage cable to meet
the requirements of transformers for supplying low-voltage networks. A network transformer is designed for use
in a vault to feed a variable capacity system of interconnected secondaries.

59. Under what condition will the maximum efficiency occur at rated load?

 When the power output and power input are almost same the maximum efficiency will occur.

60. Why is it desirable to have a power transformer operate at maximum efficiency when it is delivering rated
load?

 For a given transformer maximum efficiency occurs under the condition that the load impedance equals the
internal impedance of the transformer. It is desirable to have a power transformer operate at maximum
efficiency when it is delivering rated load because; Presumably the transformer will be operating at rated load
more total hours than it will be operating at something other than rated load. If this is true then it would be most
economical to have the transformer`s best operating efficiency be while operating at its rated load.

Problems:
21-31

21.) For the transformer of prob. 19, calculate: (a) the kva load when the copper losses 922 watts; (b) the kw
load at a power factor of 0.8 when the copper losses are 714 watts.

(a) kva = kw/cos theta

(b) x = load kva/full load kva

22.) The eddy-current loss in a 2,300-volt 60-cycle transformer is 280 watts. What will be this loss if the
transformer is connected: (a) to a 2,300-volt 50-cycle source? (b) to a 2,400-volt 60 cycle source? (c) to a 2,300-
volt 50-cycle source?
Given:
F= 50 cps
Vp = 2,300
Np = 4,800

Solution:
(a)
Theta m = Ep x 10^8/4.44x f x Np
= 2300x10^8/4.44 x 50 x 4800
= 215840.8408 maxwells

Ns = Es x 10^8/4.44 x f x Np
= 2300 x 10^8/4.44 x 215840.8408
= 240k turns
(b)
Theta m = Ep x 10^8/4.44x f x Np
= 2400x10^8/4.44 x 60 x 4800
= 187687.6877 maxwells

Ns = Es x 10^8/4.44 x f x Np
= 2400 x 10^8/4.44 x 187687.6877
= 288k turns

(c)
Theta m = Ep x 10^8/4.44x f x Np
= 2300x10^8/4.44 x 50 x 4800
= 215840.8408 maxwells

Ns = Es x 10^8/4.44 x f x Np
= 2300 x 10^8/4.44 x 215840.8408
= 240k turns

23.) The hysteresis loss in a 6,600 volt 60-cycle transformer in 480 watts. What will be the loss when the
transformer is connected: (a) to a 6,900-volt 60-cycle source? (b) to a 6,600-volt 40-cycle source? (c) to a
6,900-volt 40-cycle source?

(a)
Theta m = Ep x 10^8/4.44x f x Np
= 6900x10^8/4.44 x 60 x 480
=5396021.021 maxwells

Ns = Es x 10^8/4.44 x f x Np
= 6900x 10^8/4.44 x 5396021.021
= 288k turns
(b)
Theta m = Ep x 10^8/4.44x f x Np
= 6600x10^8/4.44 x 40 x 480
=7742117.117 maxwells

Ns = Es x 10^8/4.44 x f x Np
= 6600x 10^8/4.44 x 7742117.117
= 19200 turns

24.) Transformer has a core loss of 160 watts when its primary is connected to a 230-volt 60-cycle source.
When the transformer is served by a 40-cycle supply, the impressed voltage is reduced to 40/50 of 230 volts, or
153 volts, to maintain the same flux density as on 60 cycle; under this condition the core loss was found to be
96 watts. Calculate the 60 cycle hysteresis and eddy-current losses.
25.) Using the data from the short circuit test of prob. 19, calculate: (a) the %IZ, the %IR, and the %IX drops;
(b) the percent regulation at a power factor of 0.707 lagging.

26.) The following information is given in connection with tests performed on 50-kva 4,600 /230-volt 60-cycle
transformer:

Open-circuit test........ Eoc = 230 volts; Poc = 285 watts

Calculate the per cent efficiency when the transformer is delivering rated kva at a power factor of 0.84.

27.) for the transformer of prob. 26, calculate the percent efficiency when the load is 60 kva at a power factor of
0.86.

28.) for the transformer of prob 26, calculate the percent efficiency when the load is 48 kw at a power factor a
power factor of 0.8

29.) for the transformer of prob. 26, calculate the kva load, at a power factor of 0.84, when the efficiency is a
maximum, and the maximum efficiency.

30.) The following information is given in connection with tests performed on a 25-kva 2,400/volt 60-cycle
transformer:

Open-circuit test.....Eoc = 240 volts; Poc = 250 watts

Calculate: (a) the percent regulation for a power factor of 0.866 lagging; (b) the percent efficiency at 1and 1/2
times rated kva at a power factor of 0.8; (c) the kva load on the transformer when the efficiency is a maximum;
(d) the maximum efficiency when the power factor is 0.8.

31.) A 3-kva transformer has a core loss of 30 watts and a full load copper loss of 75 watts. Calculate the all day
efficiency for the following loads: 1 and 1/2 times the rated kilovolt-amperes, power factor = 1.0, 2 hr; rated
kilovolt-amperes, power factor = 0.9, 5hr; 3/4 rated kilovolt-amperes, power factor = 0.95, 6hr; 1/2 rated
kilovolt-amperes, power factor = 1.0, 7 hr ; no load, 4 hr.