HOMEWORK

From Dieter
2-1, 2-2, 2-5

Module #2

Transformation of stresses in 2-D

READING LIST
DIETER: Ch. 2, Pages 20-27

Ch. 2 in McClintock and Argon

Ch. 7 in Edelglass
 Objectives
• Develop equations for transformation of axes.

• Apply equations to determine principal normal and

shear stresses.

• Perform transformation graphically using Mohr’s

circle.
 Why bother?
• Engineering structures are subjected to many
different types of applied loads:
– Tension

– Compression

– Bending

– Torsion

– Pressure

– Combinations of the above

• Complex states of normal and shear stress occur.

 Why bother?
• These stress components vary in magnitude and
direction relative to their location in the structure and
the coordinate system with which they are related to.

• As engineers we need to make sure that the

structures we design don’t fail as a result of the
applied stresses.

• Thus, we need to identify locations where stresses

are the most severe. Then we can do more detailed
analysis if needed.
 Principal Stresses and Axes
• Principal stresses:

– The most severe stresses (i.e., the maximum and

minimum stresses) in a stress state.

• Principal axes:

– Directions in which principal stresses act.

 The Stress Tensor
z
zz

zx
zy  xx  xy  xz 
 ij   yx  yy  yz 
yz
xz yy
z xy yx   zx  zy  zz 
Oxx y
x
x y

If we limit ourselves to two dimensions, we achieve a condition

called plane stress.

This is where all stresses in one dimension become zero.

[see the next page]
 PLANE STRESS
All stresses are zero in one primary direction

 xx  xy 0  xx 0  xz  0 0 0 
  
 yy 0  0 0 0   0  yy  yz 
 xy   
 0 0 0    zx 0  zz   0  zy  zz 

 zz  zz
 zy
 zx
z z z  yz
 xz  yy
y  yy y y
x  yx x x
 xy  xx
 xx

 xy   yx  xz   zx  yz   zy
(a) (b) (c)
  xx  xy 0  xx  xy 0
  yy 0   yy 0
 xy
  xy

 0 0 0   0 0 0 

y  yy  y y  y
 y x 
 x y    
 yx xx

 xy
 xx


x x

A*
Transformation is accomplished via a
force balance

Let’s first balance forces parallel to x′

followed by y′
  y y  y
 y x 
y′  x y    
xx
 x y    
 xx

x′  xx

Acosθ
 xy

A

 Asinθ
x
 yx  xy   yx
 yy

F x  0   xx A   yx  A sin   cos    xy  A cos   sin 

 xx  A cos   cos    yy  A sin   sin 

F y  0   xy  A   xy  A cos   cos    yx  A sin   sin 

 xx  A cos   sin    yy  A sin   cos 

A*
 Solving for σx′x′ and τx′y′ yields:
 xx   xx cos 2    yy sin 2   2 xy sin  cos 

 xy   ( yy   xx ) sin  cos    xy (cos 2   sin 2  )

Since σy′y′ is 90° away from σx′x′, σy′y′ is:

   
 y y    xx cos 2       yy sin 2      2 xy sin     cos    
 2  2  2  2

 y y    xx sin 2    yy cos 2   2 xy sin  cos 

THESE THREE BOXED EQUATIONS ARE KNOWN AS THE

TRANSFORMATION OF STRESS EQUATIONS
We can simplify the Transformation of Stress equations
by invoking the double-angle identities

1
cos 2   1  cos 2 
2

1
sin 2   1  cos 2 
2

2sin  cos   sin 2

Transformation of Stress Equations
(for plane strain)
 xx   yy  xx   yy
 xx   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 xx   yy  xx   yy
 yy   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 yy   xx
 xy  sin 2   xy cos 2
2

They provide us with the stresses re-oriented

to a new coordinate system
 xx  xy 0
 xy  yy 0
0 0 0
 An interesting observation

  xx   yy  xx   yy 
  cos2   xy sin 2 
 2 2 
 xx   yy       xx   yy
   xx   yy 
 xx yy
 cos2  xy sin 2 
 2 2 

 xx   yy   xx   yy

This quantity is invariant! It doesn’t change regardless of

the coordinate system.
2 stress invariants for plane strain
• I1 is the sum of the main diagonal of the
stress tensor.
I1   xx   yy   xx   yy  

• I2 is the sum of the principal minors.

I 2   xx yy   xy2   xx yy   x2y  
  xx   yy  xx   yy
 x'x'   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 yy   xx
 x' y'  sin 2   xy cos 2
2
1000
 xx = 800 MPa  max
 yy = 200 MPa
800
 xy = -300 MPa

600  x'x'
 max
400
Stress (MPa)

200
 min
Tension
0
Compression
o
45
-200
 x'y' o
90
-400  min

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

 (degrees)
 Principal planes
 xx   yy  xx   yy
 xx   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
from previous viewgraph, normal stress is maximum
(or minimum) when:

d xx  xx   yy
0  2sin 2   2 xy cos 2
d 2
Solving for  yields the plane where maximum and
minimum normal stress occur.

 xy
tan2 principal 
 xx   yy  2
By definition this is also the plane where shear stress vanishes
 Maximum in-plane shear stress
 yy   xx
 xy  sin 2   xy cos 2
2
Shear stress is maximum/minimum when:

d xy  xx   yy
0 cos 2  2 xy sin 2
d 2
Solving for  yields the plane of maximum/minimum shear stress

tan2 shear 
  xx   yy  2
 xy

An average normal stress is superimposed on these planes

 xx   yy
 average 
2
MAXIMUM & MINUMUM PRINCIPAL STRESSES
FOR A 2-D STATE OF STRESS

2
 max  1  xx   yy   xx   yy 
       2

 min  2 2  2 
xy

2
  xx   yy 
 max      2
xy
 2 
5 minute break
 Mohr’s Circle for Stress
• Developed in 1882; a graphical way to represent the
transformation of stress equations.

  xx   yy   xx   yy
 x'x'     cos 2   xy sin 2
 2  2
  yy   xx 
 x' y'    sin 2   xy cos 2
 2 

• Re-write the equations as:

 xx   yy
 x ' x '   average  cos 2   xy sin 2
2
  yy   xx 
 x' y'   sin 2   xy cos 2
 2 
 Mohr’s Circle
• Square both sides of each equation and add them
together, which yields:
2
  xx   yy 
   average   
2
x'x'
2
x' y'     2
xy
 2 
or
 
2
x'x'   average   2
x' y'  R 2

• Equation for a circle expressed in (,) coordinates with a

center at (average, 0).
 Mohr’s Circle – cont’d
• Recall the equation for a circle:
 x  h
2
 y2  R2

where h is the location of the center on the x axis (i.e., the center
of the circle), and R is its radius.

  xx   yy 
• The center of Mohr’s circle lies at (average,0).  average   
 2 

• The radius of Mohr’s circle is:

2
    yy 
R   xx    xy   max   3
2

 2 

• max = 1 = average + R The steps for construction

are provided on the next 2
• min = 2 = average - R pages of the handout
and/or in your mechanics
of materials book.
 Steps in Construction of Mohr’s Circle
1. Show the stresses xx, yy, and xy on a cube. Label the vertical plane V and
the horizontal plane H.

2. Write the coordinates of points V and H as V(xx, -xy) and H(yy, yx). A
positive value for ij produces a CW moment about the center of the cube
(i.e. CW rotation of the cube).

3. Draw the horizontal axis with the tensile normal stress to the right (i.e.,
positive) and the compressive normal stress to the left (i.e., negative). Draw
the vertical axis with the clockwise (CW) direction of shear stress (i.e.,
positive) up and the counterclockwise (CCW) direction of rotation down.

4. Locate points V and H and join the points by drawing a line. Label the point
where line VH intersects the horizontal axis as C, the center of the circle.
The center has coordinates C(average, 0).

5. Draw Mohr’s circle with point C as the center and a radius, R of

2
    yy 
R   xx    xy   max   3
2

 2 
 Steps in Construction of Mohr’s Circle – cont’d
6. The angle between lines CV and C1 is labeled 2 because the angles on
Mohr’s circle are double the actual angle between planes.

To determine the direction of rotation (i.e., the sign) we first record the
direction in which we move from point V(σxx, -xy) to point (σ1, 0) on Mohr’s
circle.

If the direction of rotation is CCW (i.e., towards the positive shear direction),
then the sign of  is positive. If the rotation is CW then the sign of  is
negative.

This is illustrated on the next viewgraph.

 y
CW
yy
yx
xy

V xx
max= 3 H
Intersection with H(yy, yx) x
the -axis is
min=2

C(average, 0)  y′
(1, ) 2

(2, ) 2
1
x′
y

V(xx, -xy) 
x
Intersection with
the -axis is • max = 1 = average + R
CCW
max = 1
• min = 2 = average - R
VERY IMPORTANT:
Coordinate is
average, 0
• Many engineering texts (and Produces
practicing engineers) CW moment
Coordinate is xx, - xy
construct Mohr’s circle with
shear stress pointing Intersection with the
downwards as is illustrated to -axis is min=2
the right. In this case, the 2 2θ 

rotations between the +

principal stress axes and the Intersection with the

-axis is max = 1
state of stress on the volume Coordinate is yy, xy
max= 3
element will be opposite of Produces CCW
moment
that on Mohr’s circle. 

• Be careful and know the

system that your employer or
the texts that you are y y′
referring to are using. yy 2
yx
1
xy x′
y
V xx
H 
x x
 Example Problem
1. Consider a point in a solid that is subjected to the
following state of stress:
σxx = 90 MPa; σyy = -50 MPa; τxy = -60 MPa.

a. Draw a free body diagram representing the stress state.

b. Determine the principal stresses, the maximum in-plane shear

stress acting on the point, and the orientation of the principal
planes using Mohr’s circle.

c. Show the stresses no an appropriate diagram.

 Example Problem - solution
a. Draw a free body diagram representing the stress state.
 yy  50 MPa

 xy  60 MPa

x  xx  90 MPa
 Example Problem – solution cont’d
b. Determine the principal stresses, the maximum in-plane
shear stress acting on the point, and the orientation of the
principal planes using Mohr’s circle.

V   xx ,  xy    90, 60 

H   yy ,  xy    50, 60 

  90   50   
C   average , 0      , 0    20, 0 
 2  

 90   50  
2

R      60  2
 850  92.2   max
 2 
solution cont’d  90   50  
2

   60   850  92.2 MPa

2
R   max  
2
  

V
(90,60)
 xy 60
C tan 2  
 xx   avg 70
(20, 0) 60
2  40.6


90 - 20 = 70

H
(-50,-60)

 2   avg  R  72.2 MPa  1   avg  R  112.2 MPa

A*
 

20


20

H*
solution cont’d  90   50  
2

   60   850  92.2 MPa

2
R   max  
2
  

V
(90,60)
 xy 60 opp.
tan 2   
C  xx   avg 70 adj.
(20, 0) 60 2  40.6


90 - 20 = 70

H
(-50,-60)

 2   avg  R  72.2 MPa  1   avg  R  112.2 MPa

B*
 Example Problem - solution
c. Show the stresses on an appropriate diagram.

 yy  50 MPa
 xy  60 MPa
y

x  xx  90 MPa  2  72.2 MPa

 p  20.3
1
P
Note division of p by 2  1  112.2 MPa
2