BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

YEAR: I
PART: II

Compiled by:
Er. Shiva Kafley
 2 COURSE CONTENT

1. Building sciences 7. Temporary Construction

2. Foundations and Basements 8. Cladding and External Finishing
3. Roofs 9. Internal Finishing
4. Staircases 10. Electrical Services

5. Doors and Windows 11. Water Supply and Drainage Services

6. Joints 12. Others Miscellaneous Services in

Building
 CHAPTER : 12
3
OTHER MISCELLANEOUS SERVICES IN BUILDINGS

1. Lifts and escalators: general principles and practices

Ventilation and heating systems: general principles and construction standards

2. Telecommunication

3. Air conditioning
 4 INTRODUCTION
➢ Building services is what make the building comes to its life.
➢ Everything inside a building which make it safe and comfortable, comes under the title of building services.
➢ Important building services
• HVAC
• Electricity
• Fire services
• Plumbing and drainage
• Lift services
• Security
• Telecommunication
• Building automation system
 5 LIFTS AND ESCALATORS

LIFTS
➢ Lift (also known as elevator in USA) is a hoisting or
lowering mechanism, designed to carry passengers or
freight, and is equipped with a car and platform that typically
moves in fixed guides and serves two or more landings.
➢ The lifts can be broadly classified as either electric traction
type or hydraulic type:
 6 LIFTS AND ESCALATORS

LIFTS
1. Traction lifts
➢ Have an elevator car and counterweight attached to opposite ends of hoist ropes.
➢ The hoist ropes pass over a driving machine that raises and lowers the car.
➢ Traction elevators run on load-bearing rails in the elevator hoist way.
➢ Traction elevators are most often used in mid-rise and high-rise buildings with
five or more floors.
 7 LIFTS AND ESCALATORS

2. Hydraulic lifts
➢ Are raised by forcing pressurized oil through a valve into a steel cylinder located
above ground or underground.
➢ The pressure forces a piston to rise, lifting the elevator platform and car enclosure
mounted on it.
➢ The car is lowered by opening the valve and allowing the weight of the car to force
oil from the cylinder in a controlled manner.
➢ When the valve is closed the car is stopped. Since the weight of hydraulic elevator
cars is borne by the piston, there is no need for a structural framework or load-
bearing rails.
➢ Hydraulic elevators are commonly found in low-rise buildings with two to five
floors.
8 LIFTS AND ESCALATORS

LIFTS
• The main design considerations for choosing either electric traction drive or
hydraulic for a particular project are the number of floors, the height of the
building, the number of people to be transported, desired passenger waiting
times and frequency of use.
 9 LIFTS AND ESCALATORS

ESCALATOR
• It can be described as moving stairs typically used to carry large
number of people at high volumes through a limited no of floors.
• These are commonly used in high density areas or where sudden
traffic surges are expected at times; for example at discharge times
from offices, railways underground stations, airport terminals,
theatres, shopping malls and departmental stores.
 10 LIFTS AND ESCALATORS

ESCALATOR
• In such applications, escalators will provide shorter travel time than elevators because
elevator cars are limited in size and passengers have to wait longer for the service.
11 VENTILATION

• Supply of fresh outside air into an enclosed space or the removal of inside
air from the enclosed space.
Ventilation is necessary for the following reasons:
▪ To create air movement.
▪ To prevent an undue accumulation of carbon dioxide.
▪ To prevent depletion of oxygen content in the air.
▪ To prevent flammable concentration of gas vapor and dust.
▪ To prevent odor.
▪ To prevent condensation and deposition in building.
▪ To remove body heat and heat liberated by other equipment.
▪ To admit fresh air and push out contaminated air.
12 VENTILATION

Functional Requirements of Ventilation System:

❖ From the point of view of human comfort, ventilation system should meet
the following functional requirements:
a) Air change or air movement
b) Control on Humidity
c) Quality of Air
d) Temperature
13 VENTILATION

System of Ventilation
a) Natural
1. wind effect
2. Stack effect

b) Mechanical or artificial
14 TELECOMMUNICATION

➢ A telephone network is a telecommunications network used for telephone

calls between two or more parties.
➢ There are a number of different types of telephone network:
➢ A fixed line network where the telephones must be directly wired into a single
telephone exchange. This is known as the public switched telephone network
or PSTN. The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), also known as
Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), is the wired phone system over which
landline telephone calls are made.
15 TELECOMMUNICATION

➢ The PSTN relies on circuit switching.

➢ To connect one phone to another, the phone call is routed through numerous
switches operating on a local, regional, national or international level.
➢ The connection established between the two phones is called a circuit.
16 TELECOMMUNICATION

➢ A wireless network where the telephones are mobile and can move around
anywhere within the coverage area.
➢ A private network where a closed group of telephones are connected primarily to
each other and use a gateway to reach the outside world.
➢ Public telephone operators (PTOs) own and build networks of the first two types
and provide services to the public under license from the national government.
Virtual Network Operators (VNOs) lease capacity wholesale from the PTOs and
sell on telephony service to the public directly.
 17 AIR CONDITIONING

➢ Air conditioning may be defined as the process of treating air so as to control

simultaneously its temperature, humidity, purity and distribution to meet the requirements
of the conditioned space.
➢ The various requirements of a conditioned space may be comfort and health of human
beings, needs of certain industrial processes, efficient working of commercial premises etc.
➢ This is the best system of artificial ventilation in which provision is made for filtration,
heating, cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying etc.
➢ Creates most comfortable working conditions.
➢ Process of altering the properties of air to more favourable conditions.
➢ Control may be desirable to maintain the health and comfort of the occupants.
➢ Can be used in both domestic and commercial environment.
 18 AIR CONDITIONING

Purpose
➢ It helps in preserving of maintaining health, comfort and
convenience of occupants of residential building.
➢ It helps in improving the quality of products in certain
industrial processes such as artificial silk, cotton cloth etc.
In other cases of industries, it provides comfortable
working conditions for the workers, resulting in the
increase of the production.
➢ It helps in making the commercial premises such as shops,
banks, offices etc, more active and efficient.
➢ It provides more comfortable entertainment in theatres etc.
 19 ELEMENTS OF AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

➢Compressor

➢Condenser

➢Expansion valve

➢Evaporator

Fig: Elements Of AC
20 AIR CONDITIONING

• Functional classification:
❖ Comfort and industrial AC
➢ Comfort: should give maximum comfort to users.
➢ Industrial : suit best to the needs of the industry

• Classification based on season/temperature

➢Summer AC
➢Winter AC
➢Composite (same AC is done throughout the air)
21 AIR CONDITIONING

ESSENTIALS OF COMFORT AIR CONDITIONING

➢Temperature Control
• 250C with 60% RH to 300C with 45% RH.
➢Humidity Control
• 50 to 60% relative humidity should be maintained.
➢Air Velocity Control
• 6 to 9 m/s
➢Air Quality Control
• Free from odor, toxic gases, bacteria etc.
22 AIR CONDITIONING

ESSENTIALS OF COMFORT AIR CONDITIONING

➢ Power in U.S. is often described in terms of “tons of refrigeration”, with each
approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2000 pounds or 907
kilograms) of ice melting in a 24-hour period.
➢ 1 ton = 12,000 BTU / hour = 3517 watts. (1 BTU = 1055.06 J)
➢ Residential central air system = 1 - 5 tons.
23 AIR CONDITIONING

SYSTEMS OF AIR CONDITIONING

• Direct expansion systems: refrigerant is used to cool the air directly.
a. Room AC

b. Packaged units

c. Central direct expansion plants

• Chilled Water (indirect ) systems

In this system refrigerant first cools the water and then water is again cooled by air.
24 AIR CONDITIONING

SYSTEMS OF AIR CONDITIONING

1. Window air-conditioning system

2. Split air-conditioning system

3. Central air-conditioning system

4. Package air-conditioning system

25 AIR CONDITIONING

WINDOW AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

• One of the most commonly used and cheapest type of air conditioners.
• Reliable and simple to install solution to keep a room cool while avoiding the costly construction of
a central air system.
 26 AIR CONDITIONING

SPLIT AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

• Comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit
and the indoor unit.
• Outdoor unit fitted outside the room,
houses components like the compressor,
condenser and expansion valve.
• Indoor unit comprises the evaporator or
cooling coil and the cooling fan.
 27 AIR CONDITIONING

CENTRAL AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

• Used when large buildings, hotels, theatres,

airports, shopping malls etc. are to be air-
conditioned completely.
 28 AIR CONDITIONING

PACKAGED AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

• The windows and split air-conditioners are usually used

for the small air conditioning capacities up to 5 tones.
• The packaged air-conditioners are used for the cooling
capacities in between these two extremes.
• Units are used commonly in places like restaurants,
telephone exchanges, homes, small halls etc.
 29 AIR CONDITIONING

APPLICATION
1. Comfort application
• Commercial building
• Residential building
• Cars, aircraft, boats
• Hospitals
• Restaurants
• Industry
• Offices
• College or university
• Auditoriums
30 AIR CONDITIONING

APPLICATION

2. Process application
• Chemical and biological laboratories
• Data centres
• Mining
• Nuclear power facilities
• Hospital operating theatres
31 AIR CONDITIONING

SELECTION OF AC SYSTEM
➢Capital Cost
➢Running and Operating Cost
➢Space for the location of the equipment
➢Type of application
➢Type of controls required
➢Acoustic considerations
➢Type of filtration
32 AIR CONDITIONING

Essentials of air conditioning system

1. Filtration
2. Heating(in winter season)
3. Cooling( in summer season)
4. Humidification
5. Dehumidification
6. Air circulation or distribution
33

Thank You