PRACTICAL FILE ON

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING - I

Affiliated to RGPV

Bachelor of Technology
In
CIVIL Engineering

Prepared By
KULDEEP MISHRA
0616CE191034
Batch (2019-2023)
Guided by Submitted to
Mr. Pawan Shukla Mr. M.L. Verma
(Faculty) (Principal)
Civil Engineering Department Engineering College, Nawgong

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NAWGONG ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHATTARPUR
MADHYA PRADESH

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 CONTENTS

NAME-KULDEEP MISHRA

Roll No.- 0616CE191034

Subject-Transport Engineering 1 (CE-404)
Semester- 4th semester Civil Engineering

S.No. Experiment Page No.

1. Collection of different types of

photographs showing:

a) Various types of bridges

b) Rail Tracks
c) Tunnels

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1. Collection of different types of photographs showing:
a) Various types of bridges
b) Rail Tracks
c) Tunnels

Road Bridges:

A bridge is a structure built to span a physical obstacle, such as a body of

water, valley, or road, without closing the way underneath. It is
constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle,
usually something that is otherwise difficult or impossible to cross.
There are many different designs that each serve a particular purpose
and apply to different situations. Designs of bridges vary depending on
the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is
constructed and anchored, the material used to make it and the funds
available to build it.

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Most likely, the earliest bridges were fallen trees and stepping stones,
while Neolithic people built boardwalk bridges across marshland. The
Bridge dating from the 13th century BC, in the Peloponnese, in southern,
Greece is one of the oldest arch bridges still in existence and use.

Types of Road Bridges :

Bridges can be categorized in several different ways. Common categories

include the type of structural elements used, by what they carry, whether
they are fixed or movable, and by the materials used.

● Tied arch bridge

A tied-arch bridge is an arch bridge in which the outward-directed

horizontal forces of the arches are borne as tension by a chord tying the
arch ends, rather than by the ground or the bridge foundations. This
strengthened chord may be the deck structure itself or consist of
separate, deck-independent tie-rods.

They are often called bowstring arches or bowstring bridges and can be
created in several variations, including shouldered tied-arch,

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multi-span discrete tied-arches, multi-span continuous tied-arches,
single tied-arch per span and others. However, there is a precise
differentiation between tied arch bridges and bowstring arch bridges –
the latter use diagonally shaped members who create a structure that
transfer forces similar to in truss bridges.

● Suspension bridge:

Suspension bridges utilize spreading ropes or cables from the vertical

suspenders to hold the weight of bridge deck and trac. Able to suspend
decking over large spans, this type of bridge is today very popular all
around the world. Originally made even in ancient times with materials
such as ropes or vines, with decking’s of wood planks or bamboo, the
modern variants use a wide array of materials such as steel wire that is
either braided into rope or forged or cast into chain links. Because only
abutments and piers (one or more) are fixed to the ground, the majority
of the bridge structure can be very flexible and can often dramatically
respond to the forces of wind, earthquake or even vibration of on-foot or
vehicle trac.

The arc of the deck and its large movement under load make such bridges
unsuitable for vehicular, or railroad, trac. Simple suspension bridges
are restricted in their use to foot trac. For safety, they are built with
stout handrail cables, supported on short piers at each end, and running
parallel to the load-bearing cables. Sometime these may be the primary
load-bearing element, with the deck suspended below. Simple
suspension bridges are considered the most efficient, and sustainable
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design, in rural regions, especially for river crossings that lie in
non-floodplain topography such as gorges.

● Cable-stayed bridge:

suspension bridges, are held up by cables. However, in a cable-stayed

bridge, less cable is required and the towers holding the cables are
proportionately higher. The first known cable-stayed bridge was
designed in 1784 by C. T. (or C. J.) Löscher.
The longest cable-stayed bridge since 2012 is the 1,104 m (3,622 ft)

Cable-stayed bridges were being designed and constructed by the late

16th century, and the form found wide use in the late 19th century. Early
examples, including the Brooklyn Bridge, often combined features from
both the cable-stayed and suspension designs. Cable-stayed designs fell
from favor in the early 20th century as larger gaps were bridged using
pure suspension designs, and shorter ones using various systems built of
reinforced concrete. It returned to prominence in the later 20th century
when the combination of new materials, larger construction machinery,
and the need to replace older bridges all lowered the relative price of
these designs.

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 ● Cantilever bridge:

Cantilever bridges are built using cantilevers—horizontal beams

supported on only one end. Most cantilever bridges use a pair of
continuous spans that extend from opposite sides of the supporting
piers to meet at the center of the obstacle the bridge crosses.
Cantilever bridges are constructed using much the same materials
and techniques as beam bridges. The difference comes in the action
of the forces through the bridge.
Some cantilever bridges also have a smaller beam connecting the two
cantilevers, for extra strength.
The largest cantilever bridge is the 549-metre (1,801 ft) Quebec
Bridge in Quebec, Canada.

● Truss bridge:

A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is

composed of a truss. This truss is a structure of connected elements

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forming triangular units. The connected elements (typically straight)
may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in
response to dynamic loads. Truss bridges are one of the oldest types
of modern bridges. The basic types of truss bridges shown in this
article have simple designs which could be easily analyzed by
nineteenth and early twentieth century engineers. A truss bridge is
economical to construct owing to its efficient use of materials.
Because wood was in abundance, early truss bridges would typically
use carefully fitted timbers for members taking compression and iron
rods for tension members, usually constructed as a covered bridge to
protect the structure. In 1820 a simple form of truss, Town's lattice
truss, was patented, and had the advantage of requiring neither high
labor skills nor much metal. Few iron truss bridges were built in the
United States before 1850.

Railway Tracks:

The track on a railway or railroad, also known as the permanent way,

is the structure consisting of the rails, fasteners, railroad ties
(sleepers, British English) and ballast (or slab track), plus the
underlying subgrade. It enables trains to move by providing a
dependable surface for their wheels to roll upon. For clarity it is often

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referred to as railway track (British English and UIC terminology) or
railroad track (predominantly in the United States). Tracks where
electric trains or electric trams run are equipped with an
electrification system such as an overhead electrical power line or an
additional electrified rail.

Types of rail tracks:

● Ballast less track:

A disadvantage of traditional track structures is the heavy demand for

maintenance, particularly surfacing (tamping) and lining to restore
the desired track geometry and smoothness of vehicle running.
Weakness of the subgrade and drainage deficiencies also lead to
heavy maintenance costs. This can be overcome by using ballast less
track. In its simplest form this consists of a continuous slab of
concrete (like a highway structure) with the rails supported directly
on its upper surface (using a resilient pad).
There are a number of proprietary systems, and variations include a
continuous reinforced concrete slab, or alternatively the use of
pre-cast pre-stressed concrete units laid on a base layer. Many
permutations of design have been put forward.

However, ballast less track has a high initial cost, and in the case of
existing railroads the upgrade to such requires closure of the route
for a long period. Its whole-life cost can be lower because of the

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reduction in maintenance. Ballast less track is usually considered for
new very high speed or very high loading routes, in short extensions

that require additional strength (e.g. railway stations), or for

localized replacement where there is exceptional maintenance
difficulties, for example in tunnels.

● Traditional Tracks

Most railroads with heavy trac utilize continuously welded rails

supported by sleepers attached via base plates that spread the load. A
plastic or rubber pad is usually placed between the rail and the tie
plate where concrete sleepers are used. The rail is usually held down
to the sleeper with resilient fastenings, although cut spikes are
widely used in North American practice. For much of the 20th
century, rail track used softwood timber sleepers and jointed rails,
and a considerable extent of this track type remains on secondary and
tertiary routes. The rails were typically of flat bottom section
fastened to the sleepers with dog spikes through a flat tie plate in
North America and Australia, and typically of bullhead section carried
in cast iron chairs in British and Irish practice. The London, Midland
and Scottish Railway pioneered the conversion to flat-bottomed rail
and the supposed advantage of bullhead rail - that the rail could be
turned over and re-used when the top surface had become worn -
turned out to be unworkable in practice because the underside was
usually ruined by fretting from the chairs.

Timber sleepers are of many available timbers, and are often treated
with creosote, Chromated copper arsenate, or other wood

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 preservatives. Pre-stressed concrete sleepers are often used where
timber is scarce and where tonnage or speeds are high. Steel is used
in some applications.
The track ballast is customarily crushed stone, and the purpose of
this is to support the sleepers and allow some adjustment of their
position, while allowing free drainage

● Continuous longitudinally supported track

Early railways (c. 1840s) experimented with continuous bearing

rail track, in which the rail was supported along its length, with
examples including Brunel's baulk road on the Great Western
Railway, as well as use on the Newcastle and North Shields Railway,[2]
on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway to a design by John
Hawkshaw, and elsewhere.[3] Continuous-bearing designs were also
promoted by other engineers.[4] The system was tested on the
Baltimore and Ohio railway in the 1840s, but was found to be more
expensive to maintain than rail with cross sleepers.

This type of track still exists on some bridges on Network Rail where
the timber baulks are called way beams or longitudinal timbers.
Generally the speed over such structures is low.

Modern ladder track can be considered a development of baulk road.

Ladder track utilizes sleepers aligned along the same direction as the

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 rails with rung-like gauge restraining cross members. Both ballasted
and ballast less types exist.

Tunnels:

A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding

soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at
each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have
used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional
tunnel boring methods.

A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road trac, for rail trac, or for a
canal. The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in the
tunnel. Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or
for hydroelectric stations or are sewers. Utility tunnels are used for
routing steam, chilled water, electrical power or telecommunication
cables, as well as connecting buildings for convenient passage of people
and equipment.

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Types of Tunnels:

● Horse-shoe shaped tunnel

The Atal Tunnel, at 9.02 km is the longest highway tunnel in the world,
connects Manali to Lahaul-Spiti Valley and will ensure movement
throughout the year. ... It is a horseshoe-shaped, single tube double lane
tunnel with a roadway of eight meters. It has an overhead clearance of
5.525 meters.

● Egg Shaped Tunnel

These are suitable as sewer tunnels to carry sewage water. Advantages: It

is mostly adopted for carrying sewage water. Due to their small
cross-section at the bottom, it can maintain the self-cleaning velocity of
flow of sewage in dry and rainy seasons.

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 ● Circular Shaped Tunnel

Circular tunnels are used to carry water under pressure. These are not
appropriate for trac tunnels because more filling is needed to make the
base flat. Advantages: Best to resist the external or internal force. It
provides the greatest cross-sectional area for the least perimeter.

● Rectangular Tunnel

Rectangular TBMs are a form of a special case of box jacking, where

instead of jacking with excavation equipment (excavator, front-end
loader, etc.), a TBM at the tunnel face does the excavation. The TBM has
greater control and efficiency for longer tunnels.

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