ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S

ZEAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH

NARHE │PUNE -41 │ INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

503204: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Unit 3: Assessment of research output:
Measure for quality of research, citation index Researcher metrics (i10-index, H-index etc.), Article
metrics, Journal Metrics. Ethical practices in research such as plagiarism, acknowledgment etc.
Commercialization of research, Copy right, royalty, Intellectual property rights and patent law, Trade
related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, patent search, drafting and filing patent, legal
procedure in granting patent.

What is Citation Analysis?

The process whereby the impact or "quality" of an article is assessed by counting the number of
times other authors mention it in their work.

Citation analysis invovles counting the number of times an article is cited by other works to
measure the impact of a publicaton or author. The caviat however, there is no single citation
analysis tools that collects all publications and their cited references. For a thorough analysis of the
impact of an author or a publication, one needs to look in multiple databases to find all possible
cited references. A number of resources are available at UIC that identify cited works including:
Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and other databases with limited citation data.

Citation Analysis

Web of Science

Web of Science provides citation counts for articles indexed within it. It indexes over 10,000
journals in the arts, humanities, sciences, and social sciences.

 To find the citation counts to your own articles:

o Enter the name of the author in the top search box (e.g. Smith JT).
o Select Author from the drop-down menu on the right.
o To ensure accuracy for popular names, enter Univ Illinois in the middle search box, then
select “Address” from the field drop down menu on the right. (You might have to add the
second search box by clicking "add another field" before you enter the address)
o Click on Search
o a list of publications by that author name will appear. To the right of each citation, the
number of times the article has been cited will appear. Click the number next to "times
cited" to view the articles that have cited your article

Scopus

Scopus provide citation counts for articles indexed within it (limited to article written in 1996 and
after). It indexes over 15,000 journals from over 4,000 international publishers across the
disciplines.

 To find the citation counts to your own articles:

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 ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S
ZEAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH
NARHE │PUNE -41 │ INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

o Once in Scopus, click on the Author search tab.

o Enter the name of the author in the search box. If you are using initials for the first and/or
middle name, be sure to enter periods after the initials (e.g. Smith J.T.).
o To ensure accuracy if it is a popular name, you may enter University of Illinois in the
affiliation field.
o Click search.
 If more than one profile appears, click on your profile (or the profile of the person
you are examining).
o Once you click on the author's profile, a list of the publications will appear and to the right
of each ctation, the number of times the article has been cited will appear.
o Click the number to view the articles that have cited your article

Google Scholar

Google Scholar provides citation counts for articles found within Google Scholar. Depending on
the discipline and cited article, it may find more cited references than Web of Science or Scopus
because overall, Google Scholar is indexing more journals and more publication types than other
databases. Google Scholar is not specific about what is included in its tool but information is
available on how Google obtains its content. Limiting searches to only publications by a specific
author name is complicated in Google Scholar. Using Google Scholar Citations and creating your
own profile will make it easy for you to create a list of publications included in Google
Scholar. Using your Google Scholar Citations account, you can see the citation counts for your
publications and have GS calculate your h-index. (You can also search Google Scholar by author
name and the title of an article to retrieve citation information for a specific article.)

 To set up a Google Scholar Citation account:

o Using your google (gmail) account, create a profile of all your articles captured in Google
Scholar. Follow the prompt on the scrren to set up your profile. Once complete, this will
show all the times the articles have been cited by other documents in Google Scholar and
your h-index will be provided. Its your choice whether you make your profile public or
private but if you make it public, you can link to it from your own webpages.

i10-Index = the number of publications with at least 10 citations.

This very simple measure is only used by Google Scholar, and is another way to help gauge the
productivity of a scholar.

Advantages of i10-Index

 Very simple and straightforward to calculate

 My Citations in Google Scholar is free and easy to use

Disadvantages of i10-Index

 Used only in Google Scholar

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 ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S
ZEAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH
NARHE │PUNE -41 │ INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Here is a screenshot of a Google Scholar My Citations page for Charles Darwin (you can see the
i10-Index highlighted in the small table):

A2A.

It indicates the number of papers a research scholar has published, which has 10 or more citations;
in other words, it is a quick assessment of how good the quality of paper and/or the work the
scholar has done so as to be cited so many times.

Higher the index number, better the research profile.

However, it is restricted to Google Scholar and the scholar that one is looking for must have a
Google scholar profile.

The highest i10 index noted so far by Google scholar is that of Charles Darwin.

H-Index in Web of Science

The Web of Science uses the H-Index to quantify research output by measuring author productivity
and impact.

H-Index = number of papers (h) with a citation number ≥ h.

Example: a scientist with an H-Index of 37 has 37 papers cited at least 37 times.

Advantages of the H-Index:

 Allows for direct comparisons within disciplines

 Measures quantity and impact by a single value.

Disadvantages of the H-Index:

 Does not give an accurate measure for early-career researchers

 Calculated by using only articles that are indexed in Web of Science. If a researcher publishes an
article in a journal that is not indexed by Web of Science, the article as well as any citations to it will
not be included in the H-Index calculation.

Tools for measuring H-Index:

 Web of Science
 Google Scholar

The h-index is an index that attempts to measure both the productivity and citation impact of the
published body of work of a scientist or scholar. The index is based on the set of the scientist's most
cited papers and the number of citations that they have received in other publications. The h-index
can be manually determined using citation databases or using automatic tools.

The h-index shows how many papers published by the author have been cited proportionately. An
index of h means that the author has h papers that have been cited at least h times.

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 ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S
ZEAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH
NARHE │PUNE -41 │ INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

For example, if Dr. Jones has published eight papers but only five of them have been cited five or
more times, the maximum h-index Dr. Jones can have is five.

Publication with Number of Times Cited

 Publication #1 - cited 33 times

 Publication #2 - cited 27 times
 Publication #3 - cited 11 times
 Publication #4 - cited 8 times
 Publication #5 - cited 7 times <-- FIVE is the h-index for this author

 Publication #6 - cited 3 times

 Publication #7 - cited 2 times
 Publication #8 - cited 0 times

Even though seven of the papers have received citations from other authors, Dr. Jones' h-index can
be no higher than five. In order for his h-index to get to six, one of his other papers must have been
cited at least six times.

Web of Science will calculate your h-index for you but all papers you wish to include must be in
the Web of Science index. Other places to find the number of times a paper has been cited are in
Scopus and Google Scholar. To find your h-index, list your publications sorted by the number of
times each has been cited by others. Your h-index will be the last publication that has an equal or
higher number of cites than the number of publications.

 Scopus

Scopus is the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature: scientific journals,
books and conference proceedings. Delivering a comprehensive overview of the world's research
output in the fields of science, technology, medicine, social sciences, and arts and humanities,
Scopus features smart tools to track, analyze and visualize research. -- For saving searches and
setting up email alerts please register in Scopus.

 Web of Science

The ISI Web of Science provides seamless access to the Science Citation Expanded, Social Sciences
Citation Index, and Arts & Humanities Citation Index. It enables users to search current and
retrospective multidisciplinary information from approximately 8,500 of the most prestigious, high
impact research journals in the world. ISI Web of Science also provides a unique search method,
cited reference searching. With it, users can navigate forward, backward, and through the
literature, searching all disciplines and time spans to uncover all the information relevant to their
research. Users can also navigate to electronic full-text journal articles. -- Simultaneous Users:
Unlimited

 Google Scholar

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 ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S
ZEAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH
NARHE │PUNE -41 │ INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Google Scholar enables you to search specifically for scholarly literature, including peer-reviewed
papers, theses, books, preprints, abstracts and technical reports from all broad areas of research.
Use Google Scholar to find articles from a wide variety of academic publishers, professional
societies, preprint repositories and universities, as well as scholarly articles available across the
web.

Article metrics are metrics based on usage of a scholarly work or components of a work such as figures,
or a non-article work such as software or slides, and its subsequent application or use. A peer-reviewed
journal article is one example of a scholarly work.

An example of a traditional article metric is a citation to a work noted in the scholarly literature which
allows for in-context understanding as to the nature, purpose and motivation of the citing author/s. See
the Citations tab for more information.

With the advent of sophisticated digital applications, publishers and vendors developed other types of
article metrics based on usage of the work in its digital format such as the number of times a work is
read, viewed or downloaded. These are also referred to as altmetrics or alternative metrics.

Other examples of altmetrics or alternative metrics represent an immediate set of metrics that can be
captured to determine how a work is shared among others, disseminated further, or commented upon
using various social media-based platforms. Works can be in other formats besides the traditional journal
article such as figures, slides, datasets, software, and unpublished works. These metrics are generated
by a variety of audiences including non-academic audiences, and are considered to be representative of
the level of "public or social engagement" activity based on a work.

Examples:

 Bookmarks or Saves to online reference managers such as Mendeley

 Mentions in social network sites such as Twitter or Facebook
 Dicussions in blogs and mainstream media
 Favorites or Likes in sites such as Slideshare, YouTube or Facebook
 Recommendations in sites such as Figshare
 Comments/annotations from readers in platforms such as PubMed Commons
 Reviews in post-peer review resources such as F1000Prime

What are journal metrics?

Journal metrics measure, compare, and often rank research and scholarly publications. They can
also be referred to as journal rankings, journal importance, or a journal's impact. Journal metrics
allow scholars and researchers to compare scholarly periodicals.

The original citation impact metric is the Journal Impact Factor, created in the 1950s, and available
through Thompson Reuters' Journal Citation Reports. More recently, a variety of other free journal
metrics have been created, including CiteScore, Eigenfactor, Google Scholar Metrics, SCImago
Journal & Country Rank (SJR), and Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP).

Each journal ranking metric uses its own formula to determine a journal's importance to the
research community. Many include counting the number of times the journal has been cited in other
works. The differing formulas and methodology mean the results will differ from metric to metric.
For example, an Eigenfactor score takes into consideration the size of the journal, allowing larger
journals more weight, while other metrics do not take this into account. Comparing results from
more than one metric will provide a better picture of the real impact of a journal.

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 ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S
ZEAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH
NARHE │PUNE -41 │ INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

What is plagiarism?

According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the verb “to plagiarize” means:

“to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own : use (another’s production)
without crediting the source”

The inclusion of the word “steal” in this definition, includes instances when another’s ideas or
words are intentionally used without crediting the source. Even accidentally using another’s ideas
or words without proper citation, due to carelessness, falls under this definition since your work
tries to “pass off” another’s work as your own.

In our tech-forward culture, the simple act of copy-and-paste can seem harmless, but it has serious
consequences in academic and professional settings.

Why should you avoid plagiarism?

At its core, plagiarism is an ethical issue. A writer who submits plagiarized work is committing
theft with the hope of benefiting from that theft. This is true whether you’re turning in a school
paper to get an “A” or are a writer by trade expecting monetary compensation.

Avoiding plagiarism is paramount as a writer because it compromises your integrity. Aside from
losing the respect of your mentors and peers, it could cost you valuable professional referrals and
future career advancement. If you’re still in school, plagiarism may result in lost financial aid or
leadership roles.

Additionally, it takes credit or profit away from the original creator of the work which may mean
more trouble if the source takes legal action against you.

Here’s a tip: Grammarly offers a plagiarism checker that detects plagiarism in your text and checks for
other writing issues.

5 ways to avoid plagiarism

Fortunately, it’s not all scary. Avoiding plagiarism is actually easy to do now that you have a
foundational understanding of what it is. To help you steer clear of this taboo, here’s how to avoid
plagiarism in your writing.

1 Cite your source

When alluding to an idea or wording that’s not your own, add a citation in your writing that
identifies the full name of the source, the date it was published, and any other citation element
that’s required by the style guide you’re adhering to.

2 Include quotations

If you insert a source’s words into your writing, verbatim, one of the most simple yet obvious ways
to avoid plagiarism is by using quotation marks around the text to denote that the words aren’t your
own. A direct quote should also cite the source so that readers know who the quote is from.

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 ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S
ZEAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH
NARHE │PUNE -41 │ INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

3 Paraphrase

Paraphrasing is rewriting a source’s ideas or information into your own words, without changing its
meaning. But be careful—paraphrasing can slip into plagiarism if done incorrectly.

Successfully paraphrasing without plagiarizing involves a bit of a dance. Reword and format your
writing in an original way, and try to avoid using too many similar words or phrases from the
source. The key is to do so without altering the meaning of the idea itself. Remember, you’re still
using another’s idea so you’ll need to include a citation to the source.

4 Present your own idea

Instead of parroting the source’s ideas or words, explore what you have to say about it. Ask
yourself what unique perspective or point you can contribute in your writing that’s entirely your
own. Keep in mind that if you’re alluding to a source’s ideas or words to frame your own point,
you’ll still need to apply the guidelines above to avoid plagiarizing.

If you’re writing on the same topic for multiple assignments, it can be tempting to recycle some of
your previous words—this is called “self-plagiarism”. The risk involved with self-plagiarism is just
as high if the publisher or your instructor didn’t give you permission to reuse your old work.

5 Use a plagiarism checker

While conducting your research on a topic, some phrases or sentences might stick with you so well
that you inadvertently include them in your writing without a citation. When in doubt, using an
online plagiarism checking tool can help you catch these issues before submitting your work.

There are several plagiarism checkers online, such as the one offered by Small SEO Tools.
Grammarly also offers a plagiarism checker that scans your text for borrowed content for free.
These tools let you know whether or not parts of your writing are plagiarized—and some even
highlight the specific words or sentences of concern and identify where the text originated from.

These suggestions can be helpful in avoiding plagiarism in your work and is worth the effort. In
addition to being more aware of what constitutes plagiarism, figuring out how to avoid plagiarism
ultimately takes daily practice.

Trade related aspects of IP rights

The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) came into
force in 1995, as part of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO). TRIPS
incorporates and builds upon the latest versions of the primary intellectual property agreements
administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the Paris Convention for the
Protection of Industrial Property, and the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and
Artistic Works, agreements that go back to the 1880s.

TRIPS is unique among these IPR accords because membership in the WTO is a "package deal,"
meaning that WTO members are not free to pick and choose among agreements. They are subject to
all the WTO's multilateral agreements, including TRIPS.

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 ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S
ZEAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH
NARHE │PUNE -41 │ INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

TRIPS applies basic international trade principles to member states regarding intellectual property,
including national treatment and most-favored-nation treatment. TRIPS establishes minimum
standards for the availability, scope, and use of seven forms of intellectual property: copyrights,
trademarks, geographical indications, industrial designs, patents, layout designs for integrated
circuits, and undisclosed information (trade secrets). It spells out permissible limitations and
exceptions in order to balance the interests of intellectual property with interests in other areas, such
as public health and economic development. (For the complete text of the TRIPS Agreement, as
well as an explanation of its provisions, see the WTO web site at www.wto.org .)

According to TRIPS, developed countries were to have implemented the agreement fully by
January 1, 1996. Developing-country members and members in transition to a market economy
were entitled to delay full implementation of TRIPS obligations until January 1, 2000. Least-
developed members were given until January 1, 2006, to implement their obligations, with the
possibility of further transition upon request. Developing countries that did not provide patent
protection for particular areas of technology on their date of application were given an additional
five years, until January 1, 2005, to provide such protection. In November 2005, the 2006 transition
period for least-developed countries was extended to July 1, 2013.

At the 2001 WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha, least-developed countries were given an
additional 10 years to implement TRIPS patent and "undisclosed information" provisions as they
relate to pharmaceuticals. In July 2002, the WTO General Council agreed to waive the obligations
of least-developed countries concerning exclusive marketing rights for pharmaceutical products
until January 1, 2016.

Because the TRIPS Agreement is over a decade old, however, it does not address several new
developments, such as the Internet and digital copyright issues, advanced biotechnology, and
international harmonization, the process of creating uniform global standards of laws or practice. It
sets the floor for minimum IPR protection, not the ceiling.

Since the conclusion of the TRIPS Agreement, the World Intellectual Property Organization has
addressed digital copyright issues in the so-called Internet Treaties, namely the WIPO Copyright
Treaty (WCT) and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT).

Types of Applications being filed at the Indian Patent Office

Ordinary Application- is a first application made for an invention without claiming any priority.
This application should be accompanied by a complete specification and claims. (In India, a
Provisional Application can be filed too.)

Convention Application- is an application which claims a priority based on a same or substantially

same invention(s) filed in one or more of the convention countries in accordance with Paris
convention. The application must be filed within 12 months from the date of first application in the
convention country.

PCT International Application- is an application which is filed in accordance with the Patent
Cooperation Treaty (PCT). A PCT Application can be filed within 12 months of the Indian Filing
(Priority) Date or directly without filing in India, by filing Foreign Filing License in accordance with
the Section 39 of the Indian Patent Act.

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 ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S
ZEAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH
NARHE │PUNE -41 │ INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PCT National Phase Application- is an international application which can enter the Indian
National Phase within 31 months from the Priority Date or International Filing Date whichever is
earlier.

Filing Requirements

 Full name, Address, Nationality of each Applicant and inventor.

 A copy of the Complete Specification, claims, abstract and drawings (if any), in English Language.
 Verified English translation of the priority document. The same can be submitted subsequent to
Filing as well.
 A Power of Attorney signed by an Applicant or an authorized person of each applicant, in original.
The same can be submitted subsequent to Filing as well.
 Proof of Right: is a document evidencing transfer of rights from inventor to Applicant (It can be Form
1 signed by all inventors or Notarized Assignment Deed). The same must be submitted within six
months of the Indian Filing Date.
 The duly completed Applicable Forms required for Indian Patent Filing shall be provided to our
clients, for the signatures, upon entrusting us with filing an application in India.
 The Indian Patent Office requires details of the Corresponding Applications filed outside India (such
as Name of Countries, Application Date and Number, Status of Application, Date of publication etc.)
according to Section 8 of the Indian Patent Act. Such Details are filed in Form 3 and can be filed within
six months of the Indian Filing Date. Further on change of any status of such Foreign Application
including any communication with the respective Patent Office, it is an obligation of the Applicant to
inform the Indian Patent Office of any status change within six months of any such change.

Important Deadlines

 A Request for Examination must be filed within 48 months of the Priority Date or Filing Date,
whichever is earlier. While the Request for Examination can be filed any time with this timeframe,
the application shall be examined only after publication. (An Application shall ordinarily be published
within one month from the date of expiry of 18 months from the Priority Date or Filing Date,
whichever is earlier).
 Form 3 must be filed within six months of any activity (Filing, Publication, Any Examination Report
Receipt/Response etc.) of any application filed in other country/countries.
 Working of invention statement, in Form 27, must be filed by every patentee and licensee in respect
of every calendar year within three months of the end of each year. The form will contain information
such as periodical statements as to the extent to which the patented invention has been
commercially worked in India.

Patent Prosecution

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 ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S
ZEAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH
NARHE │PUNE -41 │ INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Patent Prosecution refers to a process of interaction between an applicant/representative and a patent

office with respect to the patent. Patent prosecution process involves high level of negotiation with
the patent office and therefore has high-impact value for the client. Khurana & Khurana (K&K) truly
understands the inherent value of a patent and the role played by the prosecution process. K&K
therefore undertakes preparation and analysis of responses for patent applications, discussions with
the Examiner, preparations for and attending hearings before the Controller.
The preparation of responses during the prosecution phase requires an in-depth analysis of the
invention along with the prior arts taking into consideration the patentability criterions. The First
Examination Report (FER) is issued ordinarily within 12 months of filing Request for Examination,
provided the Application is published at the Indian Patent Journal.

Our prosecution services include:

 Drafting of Responses to Examination Reports.

 Strategizing amendments and arguments for the patent application for maximizing impact.
 Technical Analysis of Examination Report.
 Technical Analysis of Cited Prior Arts.

https://blog.ipleaders.in/patent-law/

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