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Cellular Respiration STUDY GUIDE

Cellular respiration is the process where cells convert sugars into energy. It requires an electron acceptor like oxygen to drive the chemical process of converting energy into ATP. Photosynthesis produces the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to produce ATP. Cellular respiration requires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, while photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and releases oxygen. Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation are the three main stages of cellular respiration. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP per glucose. The Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur in the mitochondria and produce more ATP. Overall, the complete breakdown of one glucose via cellular respiration produces around 36-38 ATP.

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133 views10 pages

Cellular Respiration STUDY GUIDE

Cellular respiration is the process where cells convert sugars into energy. It requires an electron acceptor like oxygen to drive the chemical process of converting energy into ATP. Photosynthesis produces the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to produce ATP. Cellular respiration requires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, while photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and releases oxygen. Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation are the three main stages of cellular respiration. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP per glucose. The Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur in the mitochondria and produce more ATP. Overall, the complete breakdown of one glucose via cellular respiration produces around 36-38 ATP.

Uploaded by

Jee Mascardo
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© © All Rights Reserved
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GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

CELLULAR RESPIRATON

Cellular respiration is the process through which cells convert sugars into energy.
✓ Cells require fuel and an electron acceptor which drives the chemical process of
turning energy into a useable form.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP.
The glucose is then turned back into carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis.
While photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, cellular
respiration requires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

THE PROCESS:

2 NADH 10 NADH – 30 ATP


2 ATP 2 FADH2 – 4 ATP
8 NADH TOTAL : 34 ATP
2 Pyruvate
2 ATP NET : 32 ATP (2 ATP
2 FADH2 used to transport 2 NADH
from cytoplasm to
6 CO2 mitochondria)
,

GLYCOLYSIS - ANAEROBIC and occurs in the CYTOPLASM.


1. Energy investment phase - (energy-requiring phase)
2. Energy payoff phase - (energy-releasing phase)
OVERVIEW:

Glycolysis involves:
- "priming" reactions which require energy
- cleavage reaction of the 6-carbon sugar into two three carbon molecules
- energy harvesting reactions.

A. "priming" reactions which require energy:

Glycolysis starts with using energy from ATP (steps 1 & 3) producing a 6-carbon molecule
with 2 phosphates.

B. cleavage reaction of the 6-carbon sugar into two three carbon molecules

- Phosphorylated 6-carbon molecule is split into two forming 2 3-carbon sugar phosphates
(G3P)
(BUT IN THE DIGARAM YOU WILL SEE THERE DHAP, DHAP WILL THEN UNDERGO
ISOMERIZATION AND WILL TURN INTO G3P, THEN)
C. Energy harvesting reactions.

- Each of the two 3-carbon molecule is converted to pyruvate. In the process Hydrogen is
harvested as NADH and 2 ATP molecules are formed for EACH pyruvate.

What are the products of glycolysis?

• When a molecule of glucose is split, 2 pyruvic acid/pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 4 ATP are
produced.

• Glycolysis makes 4 molecules of ATP but it takes 2 molecules of ATP for the reaction to
occur. Therefore, Glycolysis yields a net of 2 ATP molecules.

Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP

If there is oxygen, pyruvate will be oxidized and will proceed to Krebs Cycle. But if there is
noa available oxygen, pyruvate will have a different catabolic pathway which is anaerobic.
Lactic acid fermentation- convert starches or sugars into lactic acid, requiring no heat in
preparation

Alcohol fermentation- break pyruvate molecules—the output of the metabolism of glucose


(C6H12O6) known as glycolysis—into alcohol and carbon dioxide molecules.
KREBS CYCLE- The final pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules: carbohydrates, fatty
acids, and amino acids.
✓ aerobic process
Also known as the:
– Citric acid cycle
– Tricarboxylic acid cycle

OVERVIEW:

PRODUCTS:
KREBS CYCLE = Krebs Cycle + Pruvate Oxidation
2 ATP 2 ATP
6 NADH 8 NADH
2 FADH2 2 FADH2
4 CO2 6 CO2
OXIDATIVE PHOSPJORYLATION - Oxidative phosphorylation is the process in which ATP is
formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH 2 to O 2 by a series of
electron carriers.
✓ This process, which takes place in mitochondria, (INNER MEMBRANE) is the major source
of ATP in aerobic organisms
✓ Electron Transport Chain - a cluster of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane
within mitochondria to form a gradient of protons that drives the creation of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
✓ Chemiosmosis - free energy from the series of reactions that make up the electron
transport chain is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane, establishing an
electrochemical gradient. 3 H+ = 1 ATP
TAKE NOTE:
1. How many protons pumped per NADH and FADH2 in ETC?
NADH = 10
FADH2 = 6
2. How many protons are required in the synthesis of one ATP?
3 H+ = 1 ATP
3. No. of ATP produced per pair of electrons from NADH and FADH2?
NADH = 10/3 = 3 ATP
FADH2 = 6/3 = 2 ATP
4. Total ATP of ETC
TOTAL: 34 ATP NET: 32 ATP
5. Net gain of ATP per glucose molecule.
32 ETC
2 KREBS 1 GLUCOSE = 36 ATP
2 GLYCOLYSIS
DEEPENING:

If you poke a hole in a mitochondria, can it still perform oxidative respiration?


Can fragments of mitochondria perform this process?
- Poking holes in the mitochondrion "uncouples" electron transport from oxidative
phosphorylation. Uncoupling of mitochondria occurs when anything permeabilizes
the inner wall of the mitochondrion to protons. Then the linkage between electron transport
and oxidative phosphorylation is broken. However, fragments can still do oxidative
phosphorylation but since it needs to have high concentration in intermembrane space, ATP
production will be disrupted. H+ escapes the mitochondria.

If cellular respiration is a stock market, where would you get the most return on your investment :
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle or the ETC? Explain.
- ETC – because more ATPs produced

Soft drinks are artificially carbonated, which causes them to fizz. Beer and sparkling wines are
naturally carbonated. How does this natural carbonation happen?
- Soft drinks get their fizz from the carbon dioxide added under pressure into
the beverage solution. The pop that occurs upon opening a soft-drink container is
the sound of carbon dioxide being released in the form of bubbles.
- Alcohol fermentation, also known as ethanol fermentation, is the anaerobic pathway
carried out by yeasts in which simple sugars are converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide.
DEEPENING:
John always makes it a habit to go to the gym every after work. But from time to time, he
feels pain on her back and muscles when he does lifting. Why do a person's muscles
become sore during extraneous exercise?

- When your body runs out of oxygen or your other systems simply can’t deliver it to your
muscles quickly enough, your muscles begin converting glucose into lactic acid instead of
energy, anaerobic exercise takes over, power output drops and fatigue sets in.

- Lactic Acid Fermentation is the type of anaerobic respiration carried out by yogurt bacteria
(Lactobacillus and others) and by your own muscle cells when you work them hard and
fast.

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