MARKET LEADER (upper intermediate)

UNIT 7 – MANAGEMENT STYLES

p. 66 – ex. B

Mediator = a person or organization that tries to end a quarrel between two people, groups, countries etc by
discussion; Suamavali, momrigebeli
Monitor – damkvirvebeli
Role model – misabaZi magaliTi

p. 67

Autocratic = someone who makes decisions and gives orders to people without asking them for their opinion
To delegate = give other people responsibility for work rather than doing all themselves
Empowerment = the right to take decisions and act on their own without asking managers first
Collaborative = working in partnership
Hands on = doing something yourself rather than just talking about it or telling other people to do it;
e.g. He has a very hands-on approach to management.
Laisser-faire = the principle that the government should allow the economy or private businesses to develop
without any state control or influence
Laissez-faire attitude/approach = when you do not become involved in other people's personal affairs

p. 68

Perfectionist = a person who strives for or demands the highest standards of excellence in work, etc;
perfeqcionisti, maqsimalisti
Ruthless = inexorable, feeling or showing no mercy; umowyalo, Seubralebeli

p. 69 – ANNA WINTOUR

To dispel = to disperse or drive away; gafantva

To strike (struck, struck) terror – SiSis gamowveva, SiSiT avseba
To strike loathing – siZulvilis gamowveva
To command = to be in control or authority over (a person, situation, etc.)
Blurb = a promotional description, as found on the jackets of books; mokle sareklamo anotacia wignis
ydaze, sagamomcemlo anotacia
Unauthorized – arasanqcirebuli, arauflebamosili
Editing = to prepare (text) for publication by checking and improving its accuracy, clarity, etc; redaqtireba,
gamosacemad momzadeba
To bear a look – Sexedulebis qona
Editor – redaqtori
Passion for = ardent love or affection
To come across as – STabeWdilebis Seqmna, aRqma
Brusque = blunt in manner or speech; uxeSi, utaqto, uceremonio
To strive for – miswrafeba
Intimidating – SiSis momgvreli
Armor – javSani, Tavdacva

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 PRACTICE FILE
p. 28

Remainder – darCenili nawili

Reclining chair = an armchair whose back can be lowered and foot can be raised to allow the sitter to recline in it
Maintenance costs – teqnikuri momsaxurebisa da Senaxvis xarjebi

p. 29

Contradictory results – urTierTgamomricxveli Sedegebi

To work things out – problemebis gadaWra
By/through a process of trial and error = if you do something by trial and error, you test many different
methods of doing something in order to find the best
Coercive = using threats or orders to make someone do something they do not want to do; Zaladobrivi,
iZulebiTi
Pacesetting – magaliTis mimcemi, axali tendenciebis damnergavi
Gut instinct = a reaction or feeling that you are sure is right, although you cannot give a reason for it; Sinagani /
Tandayolili instinqti
Distance learning – dauswrebeli swavleba
To initiate sweeping changes – radikaluri cvlilebebis wamowyeba
Forward looking – progresuli # backward-looking

p. 30

To be desperate for = needing or wanting something very much; gamwarebuli eZeben

Within their own ranks – TavianT sakuTar rigebSi
Expatriate – emigranti
Women are being held back by preconceptions – qalebs akavebT winaswar akviatebuli azri
To get on top of somebody = if your work or a problem gets on top of you, it begins to make you feel unhappy and
upset
To blend = to combine different things in a way that produces an effective or pleasant result; Serwyma

p. 31

With a view to – mizniT

To further their knowledge - codnis gaRrmaveba, gaumjobeseba
Clientele - klientura
To envisage = to think that something is likely to happen in the future; fiqri, ganxilva

MARKET LEADER new edition (upper intermediate)

UNIT 12 – MANAGEMENT STYLES
p.100 – ex. B

Coach = someone who gives individual advice to employees on improving their careers
Mediator = a person or organization that tries to end a quarrel between two people, groups, countries etc by
discussion; Suamavali, momrigebeli
Instigator = someone who makes a process start, especially one relating to law or politics ; sulisCamdgmeli,
damwyebi, iniciatori

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Facilitator = someone who helps a group of people discuss things with each other or do something effectively;
xelSemwyobi
Mentor = an experienced person (usually a senior manager) who advises and helps a less experienced person (more
junior ones)

p.101

Autocratic = someone who makes decisions and gives orders to people without asking them for their opinion
To delegate = give other people responsibility for work rather than doing all themselves
Empowerment = the right to take decisions and act on their own without asking managers first
Collaborative = working in partnership
Hands on = doing something yourself rather than just talking about it or telling other people to do it;
e.g. He has a very hands-on approach to management.
Laisser-faire = the principle that the government should allow the economy or private businesses to develop
without any state control or influence
Laissez-faire attitude/approach = when you do not become involved in other people's personal affairs

p.103 – THE BIG THREE MANGAMENT STYLES

Assertive = 1. behaving in a confident way, so that people notice you;

2. given to making assertions or bold demands; dogmatic or aggressive
Country club management – menejmentis stili, romlis drosac xelmZRvaneli ufro did
yuradRebas uTmobs dadebiTi fsiqologiuri klimatis SenarCunebas,
vidre sawarmoo davalebebis Sesrulebas
To assign roles and responsibilities – rolebisa da pasuxismgeblobis ganawileba
To set standards – normebis daweseba
To define expectations – molodinis gansazRvra
Concise = short, with no unnecessary words [= brief]; mokle, lakonuri
Feedback – reaqcia, reagireba
Goal-setting – miznebis dasaxva
To establish short-term goals – mokle vadiani miznebis dasaxva
Specific goals – konkretuli miznebi
Time bounded – droSi gawerili / gansazRvruli
To be clear on = feeling certain that you know or understand something
To evaluate options – variantebis, alternativebis Sefaseba
To monitor performance – muSaobis Tvalyuris devneba, gakontroleba
To brief somebody on sth = to give someone all the information about a situation that they will need;
informaciis miwodeba, saqmis kursSi yola, moxseneba
To accomplish = to succeed in doing something, especially after trying very hard = achieve
To take time to do something = deliberately spend time doing something
To challenge assumptions – varaudis kiTxvis qveS dayeneba
To coach = to train or teach
To debate = to discuss (something) formally
Facilitator = someone who helps a group of people discuss things with each other or do something effectively;
xelSemwyobi, damxmare
To stay on track = to be likely to achieve the result you want; kalapotSi zis
It draws out people’s ideas – gamoavlens xalxis ideebs
Sales target = demanding financial targets; gayidvebis realizaciis amocana

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To utilize = to use something for a particular purpose
Commitment = [uncountable] the hard work and loyalty that someone gives to an organization, activity etc;
Inventory = (American English) all the goods in a shop [= stock]
Collaboratively – erTad, urTierTSeTanxmebiT
To define problems – problemebis gansazRvra
To make adjustments = make changes in the way that someone behaves or thinks; regulireba, koreqtireba,
cvlilebebis Setana, lavireba
Equation = a situation or problem in which a number of different factors need to be considered; gantoleba;
problema, Tavsatexi
Regarding – imis gaTvaliswinebiT, imis mixedviT
One-way – calmxrivi
Obstacle – dabrkoleba
To evolve = to develop gradually; ganviTareba
Delegation = the process of giving power or work to someone else so that they are responsible for part of what you
normally do
Can be traced back to – SeiZleba momdinareobdes
Desired output – sasurveli Sedegi, rezultati
Deliverable = something that a company has promised to have ready for a customer
Update = the most recent news or information about something; uaxlesi informacia
To be off track – kursidan gadaxveva, relsebidan gadasvla

p.104 – ex. B

To bounce ideas off = to talk about your ideas with someone in order to get their opinion
To check on progress – Seamowmo warmatebiT xorcieldeba Tu ara dasaxuli amocanebi
To meet objectives = to achieve sth that you are trying to achieve; miznebis ganxorcieleba
On a regular basis – regularulad
Vote of confidence = something that you do or say that shows you support someone and approve of their actions ;
ndobis gamoxatuleba
To erode one’s confidence = to gradually reduce confidence; rwmenis Seryeva

PRACTICE FILE
p.48

Disreputable firm – cudi reputaciis mqone firma

To get recognition for work = to get public respect and thanks for someone's work or achievements ; miiRo
dafaseba
To address someone by surname – mimarTo gvariT

p. 49

Contradictory results – urTierTgamomricxveli Sedegebi

To work things out – problemebis gadaWra
By/through a process of trial and error = if you do something by trial and error, you test many different
methods of doing something in order to find the best
Coercive = using threats or orders to make someone do something they do not want to do; Zaladobrivi,
iZulebiTi
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Pacesetting – magaliTis mimcemi, axali tendenciebis damnergavi
Gut instinct = a reaction or feeling that you are sure is right, although you cannot give a reason for it; Sinagani /
Tandayolili instinqti
Distance learning – dauswrebeli swavleba
To initiate sweeping changes – radikaluri cvlilebebis wamowyeba
Forward looking – progresuli # backward-looking

p.50

To be desperate for = needing or wanting something very much; gamwarebuli eZeben

Within their own ranks – TavianT sakuTar rigebSi
Expatriate – emigranti
Women are being held back by preconceptions – qalebs akavebT winaswar akviatebuli azri
To get on top of somebody = if your work or a problem gets on top of you, it begins to make you feel unhappy and
upset
To blend = to combine different things in a way that produces an effective or pleasant result; Serwyma

p.51

With a view to – mizniT

To further their knowledge - codnis gaRrmaveba, gaumjobeseba
To envisage = to think that something is likely to happen in the future; fiqri, ganxilva

MARKET LEADER (upper intermediate)

UNIT 8 – TEAM BUILDING
p. 74
Reflection = careful or long consideration or thought
To overlook details – detalebis ignorireba
To tread [t r e d] (trod, trodden) on sb’s toes = to offend or insult a person, esp by trespassing on his field of
responsibility
p. 75
Hyperlink = a word, phrase, picture, icon, etc., in a computer document on which a user may click to move to
another part of the document or to another document
Debriefing – dawvrilebiTi moxseneba, angariSi

p. 77 – RECIPES FOR TEAM BUILDING

Cutting-edge – progresuli, Tanamedrove
To foster = encourage; waxaliseba, stimulis micema, xelis Sewyoba, gaRviveba
Bonding – kavSirebi, dakavSireba
Brisk = lively and quick; vigorous; cocxali, energiuli, marjve
Abbott Mead Vickers = AMV BBDO is an advertising agency that works with over 85 brands, including BlackBerry,
Sainsbury’s, Aviva, Walkers and Mars.
Merrill Lynch = the wealth management division of Bank of America. With over 15,000 financial advisors and
$2.2 trillion in client assets, it is the world's largest brokerage.

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eBay = an American multinational internet consumer-to-consumer corporation that manages eBay.com, an online
auction and shopping website in which people and businesses buy and sell a broad variety of goods and
services worldwide.
To cook up a storm = to cook an amazing meal
Retirement do = planning retirement
General Mills = an American Fortune 500 corporation, primarily concerned with food products, which is
headquartered in Golden Valley, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis.
Ravioli = small squares of pasta containing a savoury (madismomgvreli, saneleblebiani, ara tkbili)
mixture of meat, cheese, etc
Loin – sukis naWeri
Profiterole = small case of choux pastry (Su) that is typically filled with cream and covered with chocolate
Dab hands = a person who is particularly skilled at something; expert; speci, eqsperti; gawafuli xelebi
To pitch in = 1) to cooperate or contribute
2) to begin energetically; energiulad xelis mokideba
To pipe = to force (cream, icing, etc.) through a shaped nozzle to decorate food; milakiT SeSveba
Chocolate custard – Sokoladis moxarSuli kremi
Dispersed – mimofantuli
To cut across – erTmaneTTan dakavSireba, gadakveTa
Contrived = obviously planned, artificial, or lacking in spontaneity; forced; unnatural; arabunebrivi, daZabuli,
SeboWili
Eponymous = (of a person) being the person after whom a literary work, film, company, etc., is named; viRac, vis
saxelsac arqmeven RirSesaniSnav adgilebs, nagebobebs da sxva

Anton Mosimann = (born 22 February 1947) is a Swiss chef and restaurateur /ˌrest(ə)rəˈtɜː(r)/ who created a
private dining club called Mosimann's, a cookery school, and other enterprises in the hospitality
industry. He has also presented television programmes in the UK and Switzerland.
To cater for – momsaxureba, produqtis miwodeba, garToba
Microcosm = a miniature representation of something, esp a unit, group, or place regarded as a copy of a larger
one; miniaturuli gamosaxuleba, mikro samyaro
Venue = a meeting place
Pfizer = Pfizer, Inc. is an American multinational pharmaceutical corporation headquartered in New York City, It is
the world's largest pharmaceutical company by revenues.
Pedestrian = boring, tedious, prosaic, commonplace, dull, uninspired

PRACTICE FILE
p. 32

Disincentive = a thing that makes sb less willing or less keen to do sth; stimulis damkargveli
To realign = to make changes to sth in order to adapt it to a new situation; gadakeTeba, Secvla
Irreversible – Seuqcevadi, gardauvali
Irritable – gamaRizianebeli
A marked shift – SesamCnevi cvlileba, gadasvla
To meet the aspirations of the employees – xeli Seuwyo muSaxelis swrafvas ganviTarebisken
Drastic changes = strong and severe changes; radikaluri, mkveTri cvlilebebi

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Progress report – Sesrulebuli samuSaos angariSi
Hard and fast = strict, fixed; zusti, mkveTrad gansazRvruli hard and fast information
Give and take = compromise
Wining and dining (wine and dine) = entertain; gamaspinZleba, qeifi
Touch and go = very unsure that sth will happen; saeWvo
To push ahead with the plan – gegmaze muSaobis gagrZeleba
Thorough reorganization = comprehensive reorganization; Zireuli reorganizacia
Pros and cons = advantages and disadvantages
At length = in great detail
By and large = mostly true, in general; saerTo jamSi, mTlianobaSi

p. 33

Hustle and bustle - aurzauri

Peace and quiet – simSvide to enjoy peace and quiet
Hectic day\life = very busy, active, frantic day; giJuri dRe
Supply and demand – moTxovna-miwodeba
Trial and error = method of discovery based on practical experiment and experience rather than on theory;
eksperimentebze dafuZnebuli kvlevis meTodi
To invest your savings – Seni danazogis dabandeba
Stocks and shares - aqciebi
To introduce rules and regulations – wesebisa da normativebis SemoReba
To settle personal disagreements – piradi uTanxmoebis mogvareba

p. 34

Drained – Zalagamoclili, Ronemixdili

MARKET LEADER new edition (upper intermediate)

UNIT 9 – RAISING FINANCE
p.76

A loan shark – a person who lends money at very high rates of interest to people who aren’t able to borrow from
banks
Don’t throw good money after bad money – fulis flangva, fulis Cadeba uimedo saqmeSi

p.77 – IDIOMS

It’s money for the old rope = profit obtained by little or no effort; iolad naSovni fuli
To be over budget on sth = spend too much money; biujetis gadaWarbeba
To make cutbacks – xarjebis Sekveca
Money doesn’t grow on trees – fuli xeze ar izrdeba
Where there’s muck there’s money – fuli binZuria

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A licence to print money – fulis sabeWdi manqana
Business angel = private investors looking for new start-ups to invest in
A fool and his money are soon parted – sulels fuli ar gauCerdebao
Money is no object – fuli problema ar aris

p.78

State-of-the-art = the level or position at a given time, esp. the present, of generally accepted and available
knowledge, technical achievement, etc, in a particular field, etc; uaxlesi modelis
To go into administration with debts - kompaniis reorganizeba gareSe specialistis mier, ise rom
kompaniam nawilobriv ganagrZos saqmianoba da Tavidan
airidos likvidacia (being broken up and sold)

p.79 – RAISING FINANCE

To contemplate = to consider as a possibility; ganxilva

Capital equipment = buildings, machinery, etc used by a business to produce its goods or services; fixed assets;
ZiriTadi saSualebebi
Inadequate financial resources – arasakmarisi finansuri resursebi
Cash flow = the movement of money into and out of a business
To raise finance = to collect finance; finansebis moZieba
Management buy-in = MBI = when a management team previously not connected with the company buys enough
shares to gain control of it; v. to buy-in to a business
Management buy-out = MBO = when a company’s top managers buy the company they work for;
v. to buy-out a business from
Business angel = an affluent individual who provides capital for a business start-up usually in exchange for
ownership equity
Clearing bank = one of the High Street banks that issues and accepts cheques and passes them through the
banking system; kliringuli banki
Invoice discounting = factoring = financial transaction whereby a business sells its accounts receivable (i.e.
invoices) at a discount. It involves three parties: the seller, the debtor and the factor. The seller
then sells one or more of its invoices at a discount to the third party, the specialized financial
organization (aka (=also known as) the factor) to obtain cash. The debtor then directly pays the
factor the full value of the invoice.
Hire purchase – ganvadebiT yidva
Lease – arenda, ijara
Merchant bank = a financial institution that deals primarily with foreign trade and business finance; komerciuli
banki
Key consideration – mTavari mosazreba
To strike a balance between – dabalanseba
Capital repayment – ZiriTadi Tanxis gadaxda
Borrowed money is secured on business assets – nasesxebi fuli uzrunvelyofilia biznes
aqtivebiT
Personal assets – moZravi qoneba
To place a business into administration / bankruptcy – waradgino gakotrebaze

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To default on debt interest or repayments = to fail to pay interest or repayments; ver gadaxda
To take the risk of failure – riskis gaweva biznesis warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi
Equity stake = when a company owns shares in another company; shareholding
To avoid exposing the business to excessively high borrowings – Tavi aarido biznesis safrTxeSi
Cagdebas Warbi raodenobis sesxis aRebiT
To dilute the share capital – didi raodenobis aqciebis gamoSvebiT misi fasis dacema,
gaufasureba
Ordinary share = the largest part of a company's capital, which is owned by people who have the right to vote at
meetings and to receive part of the company's profits. if the company is in financial difficulty
dividends on common shares are paid only after those made on other particular types of share,
such as preference shares
Preference share = one of a class of shares on which if the company is in financial difficulty dividends may still be
paid even if they are not paid on ordinary shares
Development capital – biznesis ganviTarebisTvis saWiro kapitali
Corporate venturing = when larger companies give financial and technical help to smaller ones, to help them develop
their ideas in return for a share in profits if the smaller company is successful
Local authorities – adgilobrivi xelisufleba
Local development agencies – ganviTarebis adgilobrivi saagentoebi
The generation of jobs = creation of jobs; axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna
Debts due from customers – valebi, romelic marTebT klientebs
Approved debts – oficialurad aRiarebuli valebi; to approve debts – valebis cnoba
Outstanding debts – gadauxdeli valebi
Medium term loans – saSualo vadiT aRebuli valebi
Commercial mortgage – komerciuli saqmianobisTvis aRebuli ipoTekuri sesxi
Variable interest rate – cvalebadi procenti # fixed interest rate – fiqsirebuli procenti
Bank overdraft – bankisadmi davalianeba
To overdraw one’s current account - sakuTar angariSze naSTis gadameteba
Repayable on demand – eqvemdebareba gadaxdas moTxovnisTanave
Working capital fluctuations – sabrunavi kapitalis meryeoba, arastabiluroba
Bank base rate – bankis satarifo ganakveTi
To assess alternatives – alternativebis Sefaseba
To negotiate acceptable terms – misaReb pirobebze molaparakeba
To take a seat on the board – gaxde direqtorTa sabWos wevri
To ascribe votes – xmis uflebis mikuTvneba
Indemnity = insurance against loss or damage; zaralisgan dacvis garantia, kompensacia, anazRaureba
Financier = person or organization that provides money for investment; damfinansebeli
To bear costs – xarjebis gaweva
Due diligence = when a company thinking of buying another looks carefully at its accounts, as it must do by law
before the deal can be agreed; auditi
p.80

Sound business – saimedo biznesi

To renovate = restore, e.g. old buildings, oil paintings, to a good or strong condition; aRdgena
To refurbish = make clean or bright again like new; ganaxleba

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To understand the mind set of investors – gaigo investorebis ganzraxva
p.82 Case study

Expatriate – emigranti
Provisionally– winaswar, droebiT
Intelligence officer – mzveravi
The mystery unfolds – saidumlo ixsneba

PRACTICE FILE
p.36

Repayment of the loan in ten installments – sesxis gadaxda aT nawild, aTi SetaniT;
to pay by installments
To file for bankruptcy (=insolvency) = to ask to be officially bankrupt
Slim chances – mcire Sansebi
Extension of small loans – mcire sesxebis vadis gaxangrZliveba
To qualify for – uflebis miReba
Low-income households – dabal Semosavliani ojaxebi
Income generation – Semosavlis gamomuSaveba
Ongoing struggle against poverty – mimdinare brZola siRaribis winaaRmdeg

p.37

To enter into talks – molaparakebis wamowyeba

To dispose of business = to give, sell, or transfer a business to another
Flotation = the launching or financing of a commercial enterprise by bond or share issues
List price = the selling price of merchandise as quoted in a catalogue or advertisement; preiskurantis fasi
A spate of - nakadi
Fleet customers = customers who are rapid in movement; arastabiluri momxmareblebi
Copycat action – analogiuri / mimbaZveli qmedeba
To comply with the government order – daemorCilo samTavrobo dadgenilebas
Lack of transparency – gamWvirvalobis nakleboba
The complexity of the issue – sakiTxis sirTule
To thrive on = to do well; be successful

p.38

To hint at – gadakvriT Tqma sityvis

Share buyback – aqciebis gamosyidva to implement buybacks
Under no circumstances = on no account; arc erT SemTxvevaSi
To take out a loan – sesxis gamotana
Offshore = involving an activity performed outside a particular country rather than inside it
Offshore company = a company that is based in a country where taxes are lower, laws are less strict

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Page 10
Tax return = a declaration of personal income made annually to the tax authorities and used as a basis for
assessing an individual's liability for taxation; sagadasaxado deklaracia
Term deposit – vadiani anabari
Savings account - Semnaxveli anabari
Current account – mimdinare anabari
Trust = a group of companies joined together to control the market for any commodity

p.39

Oversight = a mistake caused by not noticing something; mxedvelobidan gamorCena = laxity

MARKET LEADER (upper intermediate)

UNIT 9 – RAISING FINANCE

To raise finance = to obtain finance

p. 82

A loan shark = a person who lends money at very high rates of interest to people who aren’t able to borrow from
banks; mevaxSe
Pawnbroker = a dealer licensed to lend money at a specified rate of interest on the security of movable personal
property, which can be sold if the loan is not repaid within a specified period; mevaxSe,
lombardis mepatrone
Credit-card = a payment card issued to users as a system of payment. It allows the cardholder to pay for goods
and services based on the holder's promise to pay for them. The issuer of the card grants a line of
credit to the consumer (or the user) from which the user can borrow money for payment to
a merchant.
To throw good money after bad money – fulis flangva, fulis Cadeba uimedo saqmeSi
He who pays the piper calls the tune – vinc ixdis, musikasac is ukveTavs

p. 83

Cashflow = the movement of money into and out of a business

State-of-the-art = the level or position at a given time, esp. the present, of generally accepted and available
knowledge, technical achievement, etc, in a particular field, etc; uaxlesi modelis
To go into administration with debts - kompaniis reorganizeba gareSe specialistis mier, ise rom
kompaniam nawilobriv ganagrZos saqmianoba da Tavidan
airidos likvidacia (being broken up and sold)
Mortgage – ipoTekuri sesxi
To default on a loan = a default is the failure to pay back a loan; valebis gadaxdis uunaroba, defolti
Installment – yovelTviuri Senatani sesxze; morigi Sesatani sesxis nawil-nawil dasafarad
Creditor = a person or commercial enterprise to whom money is owed
Debtor = a person or commercial enterprise that owes a financial obligation
To be in the red – valebSi yofna
To be in the black = if a bank account is in the black, it contains some money, and if a person or business is in the
black, they have money in the bank and are not in debt = to be in credit
Collateral = security pledged for the repayment of a loan; sesxis uzrunvelyofa
Lease – arenda, ijara

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p. 85 – NO MORE EASY MONEY

To get financial backing – finansuri mxardaWeris miReba

Pitch = (slang) a persuasive sales talk, esp one routinely repeated
To no avail – uSedegod
Angel = an affluent individual who provides capital for a business start-up usually in exchange for ownership equity
Venture – sarisko wamowyeba
To settle on – arCevanis SeCereba
Business Angel = usually, a former entrepreneur or professional who provides starting or growth capital in
promising ventures, and helps also with advice and contacts. Unlike venture capitalists,
angel investors usually operate alone (or in very small groups) and play only an indirect role as
advisors in the operations of the investee firm. They are deemed to be 'angels' in comparison
with grasping investors who are termed 'vulture capitalists.' Also called angel investor.

To hedge bets = to lessen one's chance of loss by counterbalancing it with other bets, investments, or the like.
To hone = to sharpen or polish; daxvewa
Hone – salesi qva
To keep one’s ears to the ground = to try to be well-informed about current trends and opinions
Disparate = utterly different or distinct in kind; gansxvavebuli
Syndicate = an association of business enterprises or individuals organized to undertake a joint project requiring
considerable capital
Equity stake = the part of a company that a person or organization owns, represented by the number of shares
they have; shareholding
Venture capital = capital that is provided for a new commercial enterprise by individuals or organizations other
than those who own the new enterprise
To get hold of = to obtain; mopoveba
To come through = to emerge successfully; to make progress; advance

p. 88 - CASE STUDY – Last throw of the dice

Dice - kamaTeli
Feature film – mxatvruli filmi
Editing – montaJi

PRACTICE FILE
p. 36

Repayment of the loan in ten installments – sesxis gadaxda aT nawild, aTi SenataniT;
To pay by installments
To wind up the company = to liquidate the company
Principal – sesxis ZiriTadi, Tavdapirveli Tanxa
Arrears – davalianeba to be in arrears with the mortgage – davalianeba ipoTekur sesxze
To file for bankruptcy (=insolvency) = to ask to be officially bankrupt

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Key consideration – mTavari mosazreba
To strike a balance between – dabalanseba
Capital repayment – ZiriTadi Tanxis gadaxda
Borrowed money is secured on business assets – nasesxebi fuli uzrunvelyofilia biznes
aqtivebiT
To default on debt interest or repayments = to fail to pay interest or repayments
To take the risk of failure – riskis gaweva biznesis warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi
Equity stake = the part of a company that a person or organization owns, represented by the number of shares
they have
To avoid exposing the business to excessively high borrowings – Tavi aarido biznesis safrTxeSi
Cagdebas Warbi raodenobis sesxis aRebiT
To dilute the share capital – didi raodenobis aqciebis gamoSvebiT misi fasis dacema,
gaufasureba

p. 37

Lack of transparency – gamWvirvalobis nakleboba

The complexity of the issue – sakiTxis sirTule
To thrive on = to do well; be successful

To enter into talks – molaparakebis wamowyeba

To dispose of business = to give, sell, or transfer a business to another
Flotation = the launching or financing of a commercial enterprise by bond or share issues
List price = the selling price of merchandise as quoted in a catalogue or advertisement; preiskurantis fasi
A spate of - nakadi
Fleet customers = customers who are rapid in movement; arastabiluri momxmareblebi
Copycat action – analogiuri / mimbaZveli qmedeba
To comply with the government order – daemorCilo samTavrobo dadgenilebas

p. 38

To hint at – gadakvriT Tqma sityvis

Share buyback – aqciebis gamosyidva to implement buybacks

Under no circumstances = on no account; arc erT SemTxvevaSi

To take out a loan – sesxis gamotana
Offshore = involving an activity performed outside a particular country rather than inside it
Offshore company = a company that is based in a country where taxes are lower, laws are less strict
Tax return = a declaration of personal income made annually to the tax authorities and used as a basis for
assessing an individual's liability for taxation; sagadasaxado deklaracia
Term deposit – vadiani anabari
Savings account - Semnaxveli anabari
Current account – mimdinare anabari
Trust = a group of companies joined together to control the market for any commodity

p. 39

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30 days overdue – 30 dRiT gadaacila
Oversight = a mistake caused by not noticing something; mxedvelobidan gamorCena = laxity

BUSINESS LAW – UNIT 11

WORLD BANKING SYSTEM IS A ‘MONEY LAUNDERERS’ DREAM’

Money laundering – fulis gaTeTreba, fulis legalizeba

‘Megabyte money’ = money which is moved around by computer – cashless transactions, electronic trading and

computerised clearing

Crooked = dishonest or illegal

Undercover = secret, covert; saidumlo, gadacmuli, SeniRbuli

Suspect – eWvmitanili

To lure = to tempt or attract by the promise of some type of reward

Alleged – eWvmitanili

Cartel = a group of similar independent companies who join together to control prices and limit competition

Seizure warrant – konfiskaciis orderi

To strike a blow – dartymis miyeneba

The Americas or America, are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World.

In the English language, the Americas refers to the landmasses of North America and South

America with their associated islands and regions, whereas America, in current usage, usually

refers to the United States of America.

To edit – redaqtireba, dasabeWdad momzadeba

Conservative estimate /ˈestɪmət/ – mokrZalebuli gamoTvla

Vintage – baraqiani, saukeTeso (vintage car – klasikuri manqana)

Ill-gotten = obtained dishonestly or illegally; ukanonod naSovni

Cashless = functioning, operated, or performed without using coins or banknotes for money transactions but

instead using credit cards or electronic transfer of funds; unaRdo

Clearing (a check) = processing a check so that funds are deducted from the payer's account and put into the

payee's account

Clearing bank = a commercial bank that is part of a network of banks that can clear checks for its clients

regardless of whether or not the check originates from the same commercial bank.

Wire transfer = an electronic transfer of funds. Wire transfers typically transfer money from one bank account

to another; fulis eleqtronuli gadaricxva

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Volume of transactions – gadaricxvebis moculoba

Aggregate /ˈægrɪgət/ = total and combined

Settlement = payment of money that is owed

Complicity – Tanamonawileoba

Corrupted – mosyiduli

To ensure = to make certain or sure; guarantee

Law enforcement officers – kanon aRmsrulebeli oficrebi

Have sth on one’s side – upiratesobis qona

In progress = taking place; under way

They risk discovery = they are in danger of discovery

Offshore = based or operating abroad in places where the tax system is more advantageous than that of the home

country

Lax = lacking firmness; not strict; susti, ara mkacri, daudevari

To disguise – SeniRbva

Shell company = non-trading firm formed (and often listed on a stock exchange) as a vehicle to (1)

raise funds before starting operations, (2) attempt a takeover, (3) for going public, or (4) as

a front (safari) for an illegal business.

Trust company = a commercial bank or other enterprise organized to perform trustee functions

Offshore trust = that is established in a jurisdiction different from where the trustor is domiciled.

Beneficiary = a person entitled to receive funds or other property under a trust, will, or insurance policy

Walking account = an account that can be easily moved at the first sign of any official enquiries

Standing – mudmivi, ucvleli

Tax avoidance – gadasaxadebisTvis Tavis arideba

Capital transfer = moving large amounts of money from one place to another

Infiltration = to gain entrance or access surreptitiously

Illicit = illegal

Nefarious = evil; wicked; sinful; arapatiosani, unamuso

Due diligence investigation – kompaniis finansuri mdgomareobis saimedoobis gamoZieba

Bulk cash – didi raodenobis Tanxa

Gambling chips = tokens (Jetoni) for playing in casinos

Lenient /ˈliːniənt/ = not as severe or strong in punishment or judgment as would be expected

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