Pay hse MONE ac By Soumen Roy. ~ ae : (BASIC)About the author : Soumen Roy Author is an undergraduate student from Adamas University located in Barasat, West Bengal, India. He has studied Mathematics in the Y _ Undergraduate years. “Mathematics is the language of The Universe. A language that stays forever. People should learn this language, to be able think rationally. ” _ Soumen RoyPREREQUISITES This book presents a mathematics course which includes topics of Number Theory, Algebra , Shapes, Trigonometric Ratios, Scalar, Vector, Co-ordinate geometry. I have attempted to start each topic from zero level. A curious mind is all that is needed to use this book. The motto underlying the book is Mathematics is enjoyable. The basic aim of this book is to make students learn and understand the basic principles of Mathematics and their applications in real life. Yes, I have taken care of the application part also. T hope that readers will like the book. In case you find any mistake in the book. Please let me know. Send the feedback to this Gmail ID : soumenr732@gmail.comWhat is mathematics ? Mathematics is a unique language of this universe. It's the only language that has the capability to hold great phenomenon and secrets of this universe, into equations, that holds true forever. It's so pure and eternal that, it maintains it's originality everywhere in this world. " Beauty of mathematics lies in it's freedom." Once it's importance is realized. It may me considered as a rational tool or a ultimate method that can solve the problems of people's livelihood, can tell the possibilities that people believe is impossible. It's the language that shows, we humans are the most intelligent species on this planet.What is Applied Mathematics ? Applied mathematics is the application of mathematical methods by different fields such as physics, engineering, medicine, biology, finance, business , space exploration, computer science, and industry. Thus, applied mathematics is a combination of mathematical science and specialized knowledge. To be honest, the actual definition of applied mathematics is beyond the scope of this book.STUDY OF QUANTITY ( NUMBER THEORY ) A number is a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label. The original examples are the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and so forth.IMPORTANCE OF NUMBERS IN DAILY LIFE We use numbers in time, date, year and weather. We use numbers in school and work, counting money, measurements, phone numbers, password on our phone , locks, reading, page numbers, and TV channels. Engineers use number for their calculation to construct building and roads. Doctors use it for blood counts and medicines. We always encounter numbers in our everyday life. We are using them in adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing our payments or other expenses. For example, if we go to the supermarket or any store, we would not be able to know the total amount we spent and our change if we don’t learn numbers.One plus one equals two. There are 60 seconds in one minute. Sixty minutes equals one hour. There are 24 hours in one day. One year consists of 365 days. These are all basic facts that we know by heart, but they highlight the importance of one thing: numbers. Can you imagine a world without numbers? It's safe to say that society as we know it today would never have developed without numbers. The scientific and technological advances upon which society is built depend upon mathematics, which in turn depends upon numbers. Despite their importance, the development of numbers remains mostly a mystery. That's because the first ancient prehistoric people who likely developed simple methods of counting didn't leave any records behind to explain themselves.TYPES OF NUMBERS Rational — Integer 2 aa -1 Ke \( fae 2 The image contains almost all the names of types, symbols and examples of numbers.IMAGINARY NUMBERS ? =-1,i= -1 An imaginary number is a complex number that can be written as a real number multiplied by the imaginary unit i, which is defined by its property i? = -1. Complex Number Z=x+iy 4% Real part | Imaginary part Imaginary number In mathematics, a complex number is a number that can be expressed in the form a-+bi, where a and b are real numbers, andiis a symbol called the imaginary unit, and satisfying the equation i? = -1.IRRATIONAL NUMBERS e Are not ratios of two numbers « Decimals do not repeat or terminate e Are infinite non-repeating decimals T = 3.1415926... Infinite Non-Repeating V13 = 36055512 Not Ratio of 2 Integers In mathematics, the irrational numbers are all the real numbers which are not rational numbers. That is, irrational numbers cannot be expressed as the ratio of two integers.Decimal Numbers Decimal system, also called Hindu- Arabic number system in mathematics, positional numeral system employing 10 as the base and requiring 10 different numerals, the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. It also requires a dot (decimal point) to represent decimal fractions. In this scheme, the numerals used in denoting a number take different place values depending upon position. Ex: In a base-10 system the number 543.21 represents the sum (5 x 102) + (4 x 101) + (3 x 10°) + (2 x 1071) +(1 x 10-2).NUMBER LINE In math, a number line can be defined as a straight line with numbers placed at equal intervals or segments along its length. A number line can be extended infinitely in any direction and is usually represented horizontally. Negative Numbers (—) Positive Numbers (+) 76543210 12 3 4 5 6 A number line can also be used to represent both positive and negative integers as well. Writing numbers on a number line makes comparing numbers easier. Numbers on the left are smaller than the numbers on the right of the number line.NUMBER SYSTEM The number system or the numeral system is the system of naming or representing numbers. There are various types of number systems in mathematics like binary, decimal, etc.TALLY MARKS Tally marks, also called hash marks, are a unary numeral system. They are a form of numeral used for counting. They are most useful in counting or tallying ongoing results, such as the score in a game or sport, as no intermediate results need to be erased or discarded. Here are some numbers. TT [eH P4 ill f9 MII A | 10) JerOPERATIONS ON NUMBERS Rational Numbers Operation (1). Addition [+] (2). Subtraction FI] (3). Multiplication [x] (4). Division [+] FRACTION The numerator —— The fraction enumerates - = bar separates counts how a numerator, de- many of the nominator, It is denominator “~~ asymbol for there are. ae b division: a +b The denominator is the part of the whole that is being counted by the numerator.ADDITION Addition is bringing two or more numbers (or things) together to make a new total. addend — Addend Sum tom to 5$+3=8 SUBTRACTION Subtraction is taking one number away from another. 9-7=2 poy XN Minuend — Subtrahend Difference ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS A=xt jy B=w+t jz A+B=(x+w)+ j(y +z) A-B=(x-w)+j[y-z)MULTIPLICATION Multiplication is when you take one number and add it together a number of times. 15 multiplicand x 2. multiplier 30 product MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBER Multiplication (a+bi)(c+di) =c(a+bi)+di(a+bi) =ac+bci+adi+bdi* =ac—bd+(be+ad)i DIVISION The division is a method of distributing a group of things into equal parts. It is reverse of multiplication.Parts of a Division @-2-8-@ dividend divisor quotient remainder quotient divisor dividend remainder DIVISION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS aor (<5) al i(—b1) = (a+ iby pet aa be z aal+ bbl | alb— abl, zl ‘al?+b1? al? + b1?FRACTIONING OOO OO8 200APPLICATION OF NUMBERS MONEY AND TIME Here are few examples. $2.45 2) $5.70 + $1.32 + $1.27 $3.77 $6.97 $3.34 $5.44 $6.03 $3.12 $9.37 $8.56 $3.26 $7.04 $4.13 $2.65 $7.39 $9.69 minutes seconds 35 ad (34+60=94) 28 (60 +20 = 80) 45 30 49 50APPLICATIONS OF FRACTIONS Fractions are used in‘ «Determining the part of a number. *Calculating decimals and percentages. *Ratio and proportion. *Probability. *Algebraic equationsAPPLICATIONS OF IMAGINARY NUMBERS Imaginary numbers can also be applied to signal processing, which is useful in cellular technology and wireless technologies, as well as radar and even biology (brain waves). Essentially, if what is being measured relies on a sine or cosine wave, the imaginary number is used. Imaginary Cartesianform: = Z, = R, + jal Polarfomm: —Z, =|Z,|e# Cartesian form: Polar form:APPLICATION OF NUMBER LINE IN REAL LIFE We use number lines in our lives ALL the time. When we drive, a road is just a gigantic number line. We listen to our GPS and we know about how far 1/4 mile is to our next turn. We use number lines when we measure length, or even as we measure capacity ina liquid measuring cup. —_ thermometer Comparisons F 4 Beaker Ruled with 100 mL GraduationsAPPLICATION OF NUMBER SYSTEM IN REAL LIFE The most common application for the binary number system can be found in computer technology. All computer language and programming is based on the 2-digit number system used in digital encoding. Digital encoding is the process of taking data and representing it with discreet bits of information. Here is some Binary Code 01000010 01101001 01101110 01100001 01110010 01111001 00100000 01000011 01101111 01100100 01100101 00100000 01010100 01110010 01100001 01101110 01110011 01101100 01100001 01110100 01101111 01110010APPLICATION OF DECIMALS IN REAL LIFE We use decimals every day while dealing with money, weight, length etc. Decimal numbers are used in situations where more precision is required than the whole numbers can provide. For example, when we calculate our weight on the weighing machine, we do not always find the weight equal to a whole number on the scale.ALGEBRA Algebra is a branch of mathematics dealing with symbols and the rules for manipulating those symbols. In algebra, those symbols represent quantities without fixed values, known as variables. Algebra is all about manipulating variables. Symbol having unknown value is called variable.VARIABLES IN ALGEBRA A variable expression is a mathematical phrase that contains numbers, operations, and variables. You can use a variable expression to describe a real world situation where one or more quantities have an unknown value or can change in value. Figure out which quantity in the situation is unknown and define a variable to represent the unknown quantity. ETE CCM oem cele -rtd(el) 2x + 3p - 10y Variables of algebraic expressionEXAMPLE SITUATION Kate has to read two books over her 72-day summer vacation. Her plan is to read the same number of pages each day. First, Kate should decide on her variables. She doesn't know the number of pages in either book, so she will need two variables. Let x equal the number of pages in the first book. Let y equal the number of pages in the second book. Next, write a variable expression using x and y. In total Kate will have to read x + y pages. She is going to read the same number of pages each of the 72 days of vacation. This means she should divide the total number of pages by 72 to find out how many pages she needs to read each day. Her expression is (x + y)/72The answer is Kate needs to read xty72 pages each day if x is the number of pages in the first book and y is the number of pages in the second book. This means she should divide the total number of pages by 72 to find out how many pages she needs to read each day. Her expression is (x + y)/72 The answer is Kate needs to read (x + y)/72 pages each day if x is the number of pages in the first book and y is the number of pages in the second book. Now, you have seen how Algebra can make it simple to manipulate unknown quantities. Algebra makes it easy to find value of unknown quantities.ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION An algebraic expression in mathematics is an expression which is made up of variables and constants, along with algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, etc.). Expressions are made up of terms. They are also termed algebraic equations. Variable Operctor LZ 3x +45 1 \/ Coefficient ConstantsPOLYNOMIALS In mathematics, a polynomial is an expression consisting of variables (also called indeterminate) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative integer exponentiation of variables. An example of a polynomial of a single indeterminate xis x? - 4x+ 7. An example in three variables is x? + Qxye-— yz+1. 3 Bye 5xy? - 3x +5y? -3 xoTYPES OF POLYNOMIAL BASED ON DEGREE OF POLYNOMIAL degree name Examples constant 2.5,7, J2 linear ot V3, 4 quadratic we? —-1 cubic 2, (2-138 quartic = 4x", (x - 1)(x" +2) quintic —2°,(2-4) sextic septic octic nonicTYPES OF POLYNOMIAL BASED ON TERMS IN POLYNOMIAL Monomial : The polynomial with only one term is called monomial. A number or a product of a number and a variable. Binomial : The polynomial with two- term is called binomial. Two monomials are connected by + or -. Trinomial = The polynomial with three- term are called trinomial. Three monomials are connected by + or -. Types of Polynomials Wirelatemcis Meiielaicicy MidlaelacitsyFACTORING POLYNOMIALS Factoring polynomials is defined as finding factors of a polynomial into smaller non-divisible polynomials. Factorization results in the factors that when combined together, make the same polynomial. Factoring a polynomial is the opposite process of multiplying polynomials. Any polynomial of the form f(a) can also be written as P(x) = Q(x)*D(x) + R where Dividend = Quotient * Divisor + Remainder . If the polynomial F(x) is fully divisible by Q(x), then the remainder will be zero. Thus, F(x) = Q(x) * D(@). Thus, the polynomial F(x) is a product of two other polynomials Q(x) and D(x).FACTORS Factoring is an important process that helps us understand more about our equations. Through factoring, we rewrite our polynomials in a simpler form, and when we apply the principles of factoring to equations, we yield a lot of useful information. ord derbjaxetoxtd =x?+(atb)xtab at+b=c ab=d 3a? + 6x + 4a +8 = (3a? + 6a) + (4a + 8) = 32(x + 2) +4(x + 2) = (« +2)(3x +4)ROOTS OF A POLYNOMIAL A polynomial is defined as the sum of more than one or more algebraic terms where each term consists of several degrees of same variables and integer coefficient to that variables. The roots or also called as zeroes of a polynomial P(x) for the value of x for which polynomial P(x) is equal to 0. In other words, we can say that polynomial P(x) will have the same value of x if x=r ie. the value of the root of the polynomial that will satisfy the equation P(x) = 0. These are sometimes called solving the polynomial. The degree of the polynomial is always equal to the number of roots of polynomial P(x).ROOTS OF POLYNOMIAL Solve the polynomial equation by factoring. 4x® + 4x5 - 24x4= 0 4xt(x2 + x - 6) = 0 Factor out the GCF, 4x4. 4x4(x + 3)(x - 2) =0 Factor the quadratic. 4x4 = 0 or (x + 3) = 0 or (x - 2) =0 Seteach factor equal to 0. x=0,x=-3,x=2 Solve for x. The roots are 0, -3, and 2. Now, if we put x=0,2,-3 we will get the value of equation to be zero. This is one of the way to find roots of a polynomial.APPLICATION OF ALGEBRAIC EQUATION Algebra can be used to form an equation to trace the path of a fired canon ball. This is also helpful to find the height of Canon ball with respect to distance travelled by the ball. (not to scale)Different polynomials can be plotted on Cartesian plane Here are few functions plotted for you.SHAPES In geometry, a shape can be defined as the form of an object or its outline, outer boundary or outer surface. Everything we see in the world around us has a shape. Here are few examples of 8D shapes.POLYGONS Polygons are many-sided 2D figures, with sides that are line segments. Polygons are named according to the number of sides and angles they have. The term polygon originates from the Greek word “poly -” meaning “many” and “- goon,” meaning “angles.” Here are few examples of basic polygons and their names. Aged Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon Heptagon Octagon Nonagon DecagonTYPES OF POLYGONS Depending on the sides and angles, the polygons are classified into different types : 1.Regular Polygon: A regular polygon is a polygon in which all the interior angles are equal, and also, all the sides are equal. There are different types of regular polygons. 2.Irregular Polygon: An irregular polygon is a polygon with a different measure of angles and side lengths. 3.Convex Polygon: This is a type of polygon with all the interior angles strictly less than 180 degrees. The vertex of a convex polygon always points outwards from the center of the shape. 4.Concave polygon: If one or more interior angles of a polygon are more than 180 degrees, it is known as a concave polygon. A concave polygon can have at least four sides-the vertex points towards the inside of the polygon.REGULAR POLYGON ATQOO Equilateral Square Regular Regular Regular Triangle Pentagon Hexagon Heptagon 2 OL Regular Regular Regular Octagon Nonagon Decagon IRREGULAR POLYGON mwTOA GS SRCONVEX POLYGON oF CONCAVE POLYGON a YWPolygon Properties Triangle Has 3 sides and 3 vertices + Has no diagonals + Sum of the interior angles is 180° Quadrilateral *Has 4 sides and 4 vertices + Has two diagonals + Sum of the interior angles is 360° Pentagon *Has 5 sides and S vertices «Has 5 diagonals + Sum of the interior angles is 540° Hexagon *Has 6 sides and 6 vertices + Has 9 diagonals + Sum of the interior angles is 720° Heptagon Has 7 sides and 7 vertices + Has 14 diagonals * Sum of the interior angles is 900° Octagon +Has 8 sides and 8 vertices *Has 20 diagonals *Sum of the interior angles is 1080° Nonagon Has 9 sides and 9 vertices * Has 27 diagonals + Sum of the interior angles is 1260° A o O O) Decagon Has 10 sides and 10 vertices + Has 35 diagonals *Sum of the interior angles is 1440°TYPES OF TRIANGLES Triangles Based on Sides Scalene Length of all sides are different lsosceles Length of two sides are equal Triangles Based on Angles Equilateral A Length of all sides are equal | Acute Each angle is < 90° Right One angle is = 90° Obtuse af One angle is > 90° PYTAGOREAN THEOREMAPPLICATION OF POLYGONS AND SHAPES IN REAL LIFE *The tiles that you walk on are squared in shape, which implies that they are polygons. *The truss of a building or bridge, the walls of a building, etc., are examples of polygons. Trusses are triangular in shape, while walls are rectangular shaped. *The rectangular part of a chair on which you are sitting is an example of a polygon. *The rectangular-shaped screen of your laptop, television, or mobile phone is an example of a polygon. °A rectangular football pitch or playground is an example of a polygon. *The Bermuda Triangle, which is a triangular shape, is a polygon. *The Pyramids of Egypt are also an example of polygons (triangular) *Star-shaped figures are examples of a polygon. *Road signs are also an example of polygons.POLYGONS IN REAL LIFE Traffic Signals © Hexagonal structure of beehive wy Ww STP 3 ORS > oe 9: m PBs % ® YY 4] é > (SoEeeF » yi D> @ Ke La3D SHAPES es Sphere Cube Cuboid a Cylinder Hexagonal prism Triangular prism 5S Square-based pyramid Triangular-based pyramidAPPLICATION OF 3D SHAPES IN REAL LIFE We can see a cube in a Rubik's cube and a die, a rectangular prism in a book and a box, a sphere in a globe and a ball, a cone in carrot and an ice cream cone and a cylinder in a bucket and a barrel, around us.CIRCLE Acircle is a shape consisting of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the centre; equivalently it is the curve traced out by a point that moves ina plane so that its distance from a given point is constant.APPLICATION OF CIRCLE IN REAL LIFE Some examples of circles in real life are camera lenses, pizzas, tires, Ferris wheels, rings, steering wheels, cakes, pies, buttons and a satellite's orbit around the Earth.TRIGNOMETRY Trigonometry (from Greek trigénon, "triangle" and metron, "measure") is a branch of mathematics that studies relationships between side lengths and angles of triangles. Yon ny, Se wv z= vn ° Q| Q| ° Adjacent In the above diagram , Adjacent side is called as Base and the Opposite side is called as Height.Trigonometric Ratios Name of function Abbreviation Definition opposite side sine A sin A hypotenuse adjacent side cosine A cos A hypotenuse opposite side gent A fee adjacent side hypotenuse opposite side hypotenuse adjacent side cosecant A esc A secant A adjacent side Sores opposite side 2 6 B a Some Important ValuesTRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES Complementary angles sin 0 = cos(90° — 8) — sin 40° = cos50° cos 8 = sin(90°— 8) > cos15° = sin 75° tan 0 = cot (90° — 0) > tan 30° = cot 60° sin? + cos’ =1 sin’?@ +cos’0 = 1 (+cos’6) cos*@ cos*® —cos*0 2 ins 2 in" 00096 0:1 tan’0 +1= sec’ 0 tan? +1=sec’O sin?0 +cos*?0 = 1 (+sin?0) 1+cot?0 = cosec*6 sin?® sin?®—sin?0 1+ cot? 0 =cosec’0APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN REAL LIFE Using trigonometry distances can be measured i in abnormal conditions. Trigonometry can be used to measure the glide angle of a plane. h= Vertical Height d = Horizontal Distance _— a=Glide Angle ae = Flight Path ae Vertical Hei i ; mm = From trigonometry ; tan(a) z ratio itevteomeal DistanceSCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITY A scalar quantity is defined as the physical quantity that has only magnitude, for example, mass and electric charge. On the other hand, a vector quantity is defined as the physical quantity that has both magnitude as well as direction like force and weight. Scalar Quantities | Vector Quantities Have magnitude but Have magnitude and no direction direction Distance Displacement Speed Velocity Mass Weight Energy Acceleration Density Force Power Impulse Length, Area, Volume Pressure Time Momentum Temperature Gravity Work DragVECTOR A vector is a quantity or phenomenon that has two independent properties: magnitude and direction. The term also denotes the mathematical or geometrical representation of such a quantity. Examples of vectors in nature are velocity, momentum, force, electromagnetic fields, and weight. A vector is represented by an arrow. It has a head and a tail. Here is the diagram of a vector. its? ) Head = S cireot™UNIT VECTOR A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude, as well as direction. A vector that has a magnitude of 1 is a unit vector. It is also known as Direction Vector.VECTOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION pe Here is an example of subtraction of two vectors. Similarly we can also add two vectors. A= 2) + 5j +7k B= i - 5j +10k A -B = 2) + 5j +7k - (i- 5j +10k) = 2i + 5j +7k -i + 5j -10k = (2-1)i +(5+5)j +(7-10)k =i+10j-3kVECTOR MULTIPLICATION Dot Product : The dot product or scalar product is an algebraic operation that takes two equal-length sequences of numbers (usually coordinate vectors), and returns a single number. The Vector Dot Product x a-b = |al|b] cos0 a-b cos8= Talib] The dot product of two vectors a = (a), a2, ..., @,] and b = [bj, bo, ..., Dp] is defined as: n ab= So ajbj = ayby + agby + +++ + Anda i=lCROSS PRODUCT Two linearly independent vectors a and b, their cross product, a X b (read "a cross b"), is a vector that is perpendicular to both a and b, and thus normal to the plane containing them. Vector Cross Product Formula ee en #F a x b =a] |b] sind n ax b = i (azbs- ay be)+j (as by - a; bs) + k (a, bs - a by)APPLICATION OF VECTORS IN REAL LIFE Vectors can be used to find the direction and resultant path. your velocity Vector Field can be used to show the distribution of wind speed of cyclone.CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM A coordinate system is a method for identifying the location of a point on the earth. Most coordinate systems use three numbers, a coordinate, to identify the location of a point. Each of these numbers indicates the distance between the point and some fixed reference point, called the origin. Here is a diagram of rectangular co- ordinate system.CIRCULAR CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM The polar coordinate system is a two- dimensional coordinate system in which each point on a plane is determined by a distance from a reference point and an angle from a reference direction. The reference point is called the pole, and the ray from the pole in the reference direction is the polar axis.APPLICATION OF CIRCULAR CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM Polar coordinates are two-dimensional and thus they can be used only where point positions lie on a single two- dimensional plane. They are most appropriate in any context where the phenomenon being considered is inherently tied to direction and length from a center point.SPHERICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM A spherical coordinate system is a coordinate system for three- dimensional space where the position of a point is specified by three numbers: the radial distance of that point from a fixed origin, its polar angle measured from a fixed zenith direction, and the azimuthal angle of its orthogonal to the zenith, measured from a fixed reference direction on that plane. It can be seen as the three-dimensional version of the polar co-ordinate system.CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM Acylindrical coordinate system is a three- dimensional coordinate system that specifies point positions by the distance from a chosen reference axis, the direction from the axis relative to a chosen reference direction, and the distance from a chosen reference plane perpendicular to the axis.CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM A Cartesian coordinate system in a plane is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely by a pair of numerical coordinates, which are the signed distances to the point from two fixed perpendicular oriented lines, measured in the same unit of length.QUADRANT IN CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM The axes of a two-dimensional Cartesian system divide the plane into four infinite regions, called quadrants, each bounded by two half-axes. These are often numbered from 1st to 4th and denoted by Roman numerals: I (where the signs of the (x; y) coordinates are I (+; +), II (-; +), III (-; -), and IV (+; -). Quadrants y Quadrant II Quadrant | +) (+, +4) 10 -8 7 6 8 8 dD ses eeieanst 1290867 8 Quadrant III tant Quadrant IV (4h)ORIGIN IN CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM In a Cartesian coordinate system, the origin is the point where the axes of the system intersect. The coordinates of the origin are always all zero, for example (0,0) in two dimensions and (0,0,0) in three. y-axis “5 -4 -3 2 -1Abscissa and ordinate In common usage, the abscissa refers to the horizontal (x) axis and the ordinate refers to the vertical (y) axis of a standard two-dimensional graph. If co-ordinates of a point are (x , y) then x is abscissa and y is ordinate. ¥ (ordinate) Perpendicular distance from Y-axis. (x-coordinate, Termenteecensecs “? y-coordinate)APPLICATION OF CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM Co-ordinate system can be used to locate places on a map. Each position has a unique pair of co- ordinates. Thus any position can be named after respective co-ordinates. Now these maps with co-ordinate systems can be used for various navigational purposes. yLATITUDE AND LONGITUDE For the real world locations, describing the accurate location and shape of features will require a coordinate framework. So for these purpose, a special coordinate system called geographical coordinate system is used to assign geographic locations to objects. You might have studied latitudes and longitude in geography, these measurements are actually used to accurately point any place or object on the earth’s surface. prime meridian meridiansEXPONENTIAL FUNCTION An exponential function is a Mathematical function in form f (x) = a*, where “x” is a variable and “a” isa constant which is called the base of the function and it should be greater than 0. The most commonly used exponential function base is the transcendental number e, which is approximately equal to 2.71828. Example : f(x)=24xAPPLICATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION Exponential functions are often used to represent real-world applications, such as bacterial growth/decay, population growth/decline, and compound interest. Exponential Growth/Decay P= Per P = total population after time t P, = starting population r=% rate of growth/decay t=time e = Euler’s numberLOGARITHMIC FUNCTION The logarithm is the inverse function to exponentiation. That means the logarithm of a given number x is the exponent to which another fixed number, the base b, must be raised, to produce that number x. A logarithmic function is a function of the form. which is read “ y equals the log of x, base b” or “ y equals the log, base b, of x.” In both forms, x > 0 andb >0,b#1. There are no restrictions on y.APPLICATION OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION The binary logarithm uses base 2 and is frequently used in computer science. Much of the power of logarithms is their usefulness in solving exponential equations. Some examples of this include sound (decibel measures), earthquakes (Richter scale), the brightness of stars, and chemistry (PH balance, a measure of acidity and alkalinity). \a=0.26, 1=0"PROBABLITY Probability is the branch of mathematics concerning numerical descriptions of how likely an event is to occur, or how likely it is that a proposition is true. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1, where, roughly speaking, 0 indicates impossibility of the event and 1 indicates certainty. impossible unlikely. even chance, Valy cuttoinSIMPLE PROBABLITY Probabilty = Favorable outcomes Total outcomes Example: ~~ Number of red marbles P(red) =— 12 ~~ Total number of marbles (sample space) ~ Number of blue marbles P(blue) =— 12~ Total number of marbles (sample space) For example, the probability of rolling a 6 or lower on one die is = 1/6. If none of the possible outcomes are favorable for a certain event (a favorable outcome is impossible), the probability is 0. For example, the probability of rolling a 7 on one die is = 0.APPLICATION OF PROBABILITY IN REAL LIFE Probability theory is applied in everyday life in risk assessment and modeling. The insurance industry and markets use actuarial science to determine pricing and make trading decisions. The probability theory is very much helpful for making prediction. Estimates and predictions form an important part of research investigation. With the help of statistical methods, we make estimates for the further analysis. Thus, statistical methods are largely dependent on the theory of probability. “And now the 7-day forecast...”SOME MORE APPLICATIONS Many politics analysts use the tactics of probability to predict the outcome of the election’s results. For example, they may predict a certain political party to come into power; based on the results of exit polls. Winning or losing a lottery is one of the most interesting examples of probability. In a typical Lottery game, each player chooses six distinct numbers from a particular range. If all the six numbers on a ticket match with that of the winning lottery ticket, the ticket holder is a Jackpot winner- regardless of the order of the numbers. The probability of this happening is 1 out of 10 lakh.DATA HANDLING Data handling refers to the process of gathering, recording and presenting information in a way that is helpful to others - for instance, in graphs or charts. Data handling is also sometimes known as statistics and you will often come across it in the study of both Maths and Science. o(%- | hi ©DIFFERENT WAYS TO PLOT DATA A plot is a graphical technique for representing a data set, usually as a graph showing the relationship between two or more variables. The plot can be drawn by hand or by a computer. Here are few examples : a= 6 Bar i DoughnutAPPLICATION OF DATA HANDLING IN DAILY LIFE There are a lot of applications of data handling. Some of them are : ‘libraries. edoctors keep records of patients. *meteorologists take records of the weather. sastrologists record the movement of stars. *recording water levels in rivers. srecording the economical income of each household. srecording on a graph, the progress you have made in your education Others Shopping Transfer (Work) TransferNow, since you have gone through the book and understood all the basic concepts well, you are ready for the next level ( advanced level). Soumen __ Author CONGRATULATIONS !To be continued... Part-2 (ADVANCED )