With a finished time (yesterday / last week etc.), we use the past (arrived/saw/was etc.): past + finished time yesterday. last week. We arrived | at 3 o'clock. 2002. six months ago. yesterday last week six months ago finished time past now Do not use the present perfect (Ihave arrived / have done / have been etc.) with a finished time: 0 I saw Paula yesterday. (Wot I have seen) 1 Where were you on Sunday afternoon? (ot Where have you been) 1 We didn’t have a holiday last year. (vor We haven't had) 1 ‘What did you do last night?” ‘Tstayed at home? D William Shakespeare lived from 1564 to 1616. He was a writer. He wrote many plays and poems Use the past to ask When ... ? or What time 2 1 When did you buy your computer? (no! When have you bought?) G What time did Andy go out? (nor What time has Andy gone out) Compare: present perfect © Thave lost my key. (© J can’t find it now) 1g Ben has gone home. (© he isn’t here now) @ Have you seen Kate? (= where is she now?) tine wnt mw D> past I lost my key last week. G Ben went home ten minutes ago. 11 Did you see Kate on Saturday? Finished time past now 1 Have you ever been to Spai (in your life, until now) 0 My friend is a writer, He has written many books. © The letter hasn’t arrived yer. 5 We've lived in Singapore for six years we live there now) past simple > Units 11-12 present perfect -> Units 15-18 past now 1 Did you go to Spain last year? 1 Shakespeare wrote many plays and poems 1 The letter didn’t arrive yesterday. © We lived in Glasgow for six years, but now we live in Singapore.Exercises Unit 20 20.1 Complete the answers to the questions. (Ll 1 Have you seen Kate? (% (saw her five minutes ago. \ 2.| Have you started your new job? Yes,1 last week. 3 Have your friends arrived? Yes, they at 5 o'clock. 1 Has Sarah gone away? | | Yes, on Friday. 20.2 Are these sentences OK? Correct the verbs that are wrong, (The verbs are underlined.) 1 Live lost my key. I can’t find it. 0K. 2 Have you seen Kate yesterday? Did, you. see. 3 L've finished my work at 2 o'clock 4 ('m ready now. ve finished my work. 5. What time have you finished your work? 6 Sue isn't here. She's gone out. 7 Steves grandmother has died two years ago. 8 Where have you been last night? 20.3 Put the verb in the present perfect or past. 1 My friend is a writer. He ...Mas, turitten... (write) many books. 2 We... didn’t, have... (not/have) a holiday last year. 31 (play) tennis yesterday afiernoon. 4 What time (you/go) to bed last night? 5 (you/ever/meet) a famous person? 6 The weather (not/be) very good yesterday. 7 Kathy travels a lot. She (visit) many countries. 81 (switch) off the light before going out this morning, 9 Live in New York now, but (live) in Mexico for many years. 10 ‘What's Canada like 20.4 Put the verb in the present perfect or past. Is it beautiful?” ‘I don’t know. 1 (not/be) there? 1a: Hae. you ever, been (you/ever/be) to Florida? B: Yes, we ...WeNE (go) there on holiday two years ago. A (you/have) a good time? Bi: Yes, it (be) great. 2a: Where's Alan? (you/see) him? : Yes, he (go) out a few minutes ago. A: And Rachel? B: [don't know. 1 (not/see) her 3 Rose works in a factory. She (work) there for six months. Before that she (be) a waitress in a restaurant. She (work) there for two years, but she (not/enjoy) it very much. 4s; Do you know Martin’s sister? bl Gee) her a few times, but I (never/speak) to her. (you/ever/speak) to her? a: Yes. I (meet) her at a party last week. She’ very nice, > Additional exercises 19-23, 29-31 (pages 260-62, 265-67) 51‘The office is cleaned every day. ‘The office was cleaned yesterday. Compare active and passive: Somebody cleans the office every day: (wtive) ‘The office is cleaned every day. (passive) Somebody cleaned the office yestentay. (active) ‘The office was cleaned yesterday. (passive) The passive is: past participle cleaned done present simple | am/is/are ‘past simple | was/were (nog | + built ‘The past participle of regular verbs is ~ed (cleaned /damaged etc.) For a list of irregular past participles (done /built/taken etc.), see Appendix 2-3. © Butter is made from milk. 1 Oranges are imported into Britain, 1B How often ate these rooms cleaned? 11am never invited to parties. © This house was built 100 years ago. © These houses were built 100 years ago. 1 When was the telephone invented? 1 We weren’t invited to the party last week. Was anybody injured in the accident?” “Yes, two people were taken to hospital’ was/were born 1 Lwas born in Berlin in 1989. (not Lam born) ‘Where were you born?” ‘In Cairo! passive + by © The telephone was invented by Alexander Bell in 1876. OI was bitten by a dog a few days ago. 5 Do you like these paintings? ‘They were painted by a friend of mine. = Alexander Bell invented it) is being done J has been done — Unit 22 ative and passive -» Appendix 1 Irregular verbs — Unit 24, Appendix 2-3 by» Unit 111Exercises Unit 21 21.1 Write sentences from these words. Some of the sentences are questions. Sentences 1-7 are present. 1 (the office / clean / every day) The office. is cleaned, every day. 2 (these rooms / clean / every day?) Are, these rooms cleaned every day? 3 (glass / make / from sand) Glass 4 (stamps / sell / in a post office) 5 (this room / not / use / very often) 6 (we / allow / to park here?) 7 (how / this word / pronounce?) Sentences 8-15 are past. 8 (the office / clean / yesterday) The office was cleaned. yesterday. 9 (the house / paint / last month) The house 10 (my phone / steal / a few days ago) 11 (three people / injure / in the accident) 12 (when / this bridge / build?) 13 (1 / not / wake up / by the noise) 14 (how / these windows / break?) 15 (you / invite / to Jon's party last week?) 21,2 These sentences are not correct. Correct them. 1 This house built 100 years ago. This house. was, buitt 2 Football plays in most countries of the world. 3. Why did the letter send to the wrong address? + A garage is a place where cars repair 5 Where are you born? 6 How many languages are speaking in Switzerland? 7 Somebody broke into our house, but nothing stolen, 8 When was invented the bicycle? 21.3 Complete the sentences. Use the passive (present or past) of these verbs clean. damage find give invite make make show steal take- 1 The room ... Aeaned. every day, 2 J saw an accident yesterday, Two people .... Were taken... to hospital, 3. Paper from wood. 4 There was a fire at the hotel last week. Two of the rooms 5 ‘Where did you get this picture?” ‘It to me by a friend of mine’ 6 Many American programmes on British television. 7 ‘Did Jim and Sue go to the wedding?” ‘No. They , but they didn’t go? 8 ‘How old is this film?” ‘It in 1965. 9 My car last week, but the next day it by the police. 21.4 Where were they born? 1 (lan / Edinburgh) fan. was bom in Edinburgh. 2 (ally / Manchester) Sally 3 (her parents / Ireland) Her 4 (you / 7) c 5 (your mother / ?22)is/are being ... (present continuous passive) Somebody is painting the door ———_—_ ‘The door is being painted. factive) (passive) C My car is at the garage. It is being repaired. (= somebody is repairing it) © Some new houses are being built opposite the park. (= somebody is building chem) Compare the present continuous and present simple: 1 The office is being cleaned at the moment. (continuous) ‘The office is cleaned every day. (simple) © In Britain football matches are often played at the weekend, but no matches are being played next weekend. For the present continuous and present simple, see Units 8 and 25. has/have been ... (present perfect passive) before sow = = ow ] = Fy Somebody has pained the door . (active) A al 2 —Thedoor has been painted. (passive) © My key has been stolen. (= somebody has stolen it) cl My keys have been stolen. (= somebody has stolen them) G I'm not going to the party. I haven’t bees ited, (= nobody has invited me) © Has this shirt been washed? (= has somebody washed it?) Compare the present perféct and past simple: 0 The room isn’t dirty any more. It has been cleaned. (present perfect) ‘The room was cleaned yesterday. (past simple) 10 I can’t find my keys. I think they've been stolen. (present perfect) My keys were stolen last week. (past simple) For the present perfect and past simple, see Unit 20. is done | was done > Unit 21 active and passive > Appendix 1Exercises Unit 22 22, 22. 22. 1 2 What's happening? Cee 1 The car 3. The windows 2A bridge 4 The grass Look at the pictures. What is happening or what has happened? Use the present continuous (is/are being ...) or the present perfect (has/have been raw, 3 (the office / clean) _.. The, office. is being cleaned. {the shirts / iron)... The. shirts, have, been ironed. 1 2( 3 (the window / break) The window 4 (the roof / repair) The roof. 5 (the car / damage) 6 (the houses / knock / down) 7 (the trees / cut / down) 8 (they / invite / to a party) Complete the sentences. (Study Unit 21 before you do this exercise.) 1 [can't use my office at the moment. It,....46,.belng. palnted. (pains), 2 We didn't go to the party, We .... weren't, invited. (not/invite) 3. The washing machine was broken, but it’s OK now. It (repair) 4 The washing machine (repait) yesterday afternoon. 5 A factory is a place where things (niake) 6 How old are these houses? When (chey/build)? TA (the computer / use) at the moment? B: Yes, Steve is using it 8 ve never seen these flowers before. What (they/eall? 9. My sunglasses (steal) at the beach yesterday. 10 The bridge is closed at the moment. It (damage) last week and it (not/repair) yet. > Additional exercises 24-27 (pages 263-64) 55———_—— am/is/are + -ing {present continuous) 9 Units 3-4 and 25 was/were + -ing. | (past continuous) | > Unie 13 am/is/are + past participle (passive present simple) > Unit 21 ‘was/were + past participle {passive past simple) 3 Unit 21 have/has + pust participle (present perfect) = Units 15-18 do/does + infinitive (present simple negative and questions) sui 67 did + infiniive (past simple negative and questions) 3 Unit be (= am/is/are/was/were) + -ing (cleaning/working etc.) imegular verbs —> Unit 24, Appendix 2-3 17 Please be quiet. I'm working, 0 Itisn’t raining at the moment. a What are you doing this evening? 1 I was working when she arrived. 0 It wasn’t raining, so we didn't need an umbrella, 1 What were you doing at 3 o'clock? be + past participle (cleaned/made/eaten etc.) 11 I'm never invited to parties © Butter is made from milk. 1 These offices aren’t cleaned every day. The office was cleaned yesterday. 1B These houses were built 100 years ago. 2 How was the window broken? 5) Where were you born? have/has + past participle (cleaned /lost/eaten/been etc.) 1 P've cleaned my room. 1 Tom has lost his passport GW Kate hasn’t been to Canada (a Where have Paul and Nicole gone? do/does/did + infinitive (Clean /like/eat/go etc.) I like coffee, but I don’t like tea. 1 Chris doesn’t go out very often. 1D What do you usually do at weekends? 1 Does Silvia live alone? 1 didn’t watch TV yesterday. 0 It didn’t rain last week G What time did Paul and Nicole go out?Exercises Unit 23 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 Write is/are or do/does. 1 ...P0.... you work in the evenings? 6 the sun shining? 2 Where ....0#8.... they going? 7 What time the shops close? 3 Why you looking at me? 8 Maria working today? 4 Bill live near you? 9 What this word mean? 5 you like cooking? 10 you feeling all right? Write am not/isn’t/aren’t or don't/doesn't. All these sentences are negative. 1 Tom ... doesn't... work at weekends, 2 I'm very tired. 1 want to go out this evening, 3 I'm very tired. 1 going out this evening, 4 Gary working this week, He's on holiday. 5. My parents are usually at home. They go out very often. 6 Nicole has travelled a lot, but she speak any foreign languages. 7 You can turn off the television. 1 watching it, 8 Liz has invited us to her party next week, but we going ‘Write was/were/did/have/has. 1 Where ... We... your shoes made? 6 What time she go? 2 you go out last night? 7 When these houses built? 3 What you doing at 10.307 8 Steve artived yer? 4 Where your mother born? 9 Why you go home early? 5 Barbara gone home? 10 How long they been married? Write isfare/was/were/have/has, 1 Joe ...RAS... lost his passport. 2 This bridge built ten years ago. 3 you finished your work yet? 4 This town is always clean. The streets cleaned every day. 5 Where you born? 61 Just made some coffee, Would you like some? 7 Glass made from sand 8 This is a very old photograph. It taken a long time ago. 9 David bought a new car. ete the sentences. Choose from the box and put the verb into the correct form. damage ai enjoy —-go—pronounce eat listen use open go__understand 1 P'm going to take an uinbrella with me. [es .."aning 2 Why are you so tired? Did you... 92... to bed late last night? 3 Where are the chocolates? Have you them all? 4 How is your new job? Are you i 5. My car was badly in the accident, but I was OK. 6 Chris has got a car, but she doesn't it very often. 7 Mary isn’t at home. She has away for a few days. 8 don't the problem. Can you explain it again? 9. Martin is in his room. He's to music. 10 I don’t know how to say this word. How is it ? 11 How do you this window? Can you show me? 57Regular verbs Past simple (> Unit 11) ast participle Irregular verbs make past simple | made past participle | made 1 Leleaned my room yesterday. © Charlie studied engineering at university. break broke broken pai The past simple and past participle of regular verbs is -ed: clean cleaned live — lived have/has + past participle (present perfect —> Units 15-18) 1 have cleaned my room. 1 Tina has lived in London for ten years. he (is/are/were/has been etc.) + past participle (passive > Units 21-22): 11 These rooms are cleaned every day. U My car has been repaired. cut cut cut painted study — studied “The past simple and past participle of irregular verbs do not end in -ed: Sometimes the past simple and past participle are the same. For exampie: make find buy cut snl ads past participle found bought cut I made a cake yesterday. (past simple) GT have made some coffee. (past participle — present perfect) 1 Butter is made from milk. (past participle — passive present) Sometimes the past simple and past participle are ferent. For example: past simple | broke past pasticiple | broken break know begin —_go. knew began went known begun _gone 1 Somebody broke this window last night. (past simple) © Somebody has broken this window. (past participle ~ present perfect) Oi This window was broken last night. (past partiiple — passive past) inregular verbs + Appendix 2-3 spelling {regular verbs) > Appendix SExercises Unit 24 24.1. Write the past simple / past participle of these verbs. (The past simple and past participle are the same for all the verbs in this exercise.) 1 make made 6 enjoy 11 hear 2 cut cat, 7 buy 12 put 3 get 8 sit 13 catch 4 bring 9 leave 14 watch 5 pay 10 happen 15. understand 24.2, Write the past simpfe and past participle of these verbs. 1 break broke. broken 8 come 2 begin 9 know 3 eat 10 take 4 drink 11 go 5 drive 12 give 6 speak 13. throw 7 write 14 forget 24.3 Put the verb in the right form. 1 1...washed. my hands because they were dirty. (wash) 2 Somebody has... broken... this window. (break) 3 I feel good. 1 very well last night. (leep) 4 We a really good film yesterday. (see) 5 It a lot while we were on holiday. (rain) 6 [ve my bag. (lose) Have you it? (see) 7 Rosa’ bicycle was last week. (steal) 81 to bed early because I was tired. (go) 9 Have you your work yet? (Gnish) 10 The shopping centce was about 20 years ago. (build) 41 Anna to drive when she was 18. (learn) 12. I've never a horse. (ride) 13 Julia is a good friend of mine. I've her for a long time. (know) 14 Yesterday 1 and my leg. (fall / hurt) 15 My brother in the London Marathon last year. Have you ever in a marathon? (run / run) 24.4 Complete these sentences. Choose from the box and put the verb into the correct form. cost. drive fly make meet sell speak swim tell think ~— wake up wi 1 Thave ...™ade.. some cot 2. Have you John about your new job? 3. We played basketball on Sunday. We didn't play very well, bat we the game. 4 Tknow Gary, but I've never his wie 5 We were by loud music in the middle of the night 6 Stephanie jumped into the river and to the other side. 7 ‘Did you like the film? "Yes, 1 it was very good? 8 Many different languages are in the Philippines. 9 Our holiday a lot of money because we stayed in an expensive hotel. 10 Have you ever a very fast car? 11 All che tickets for the concert were very quickly. 12 A bird in through the open window while we were having our dinnerWhat are you doing tomorrow? today is Sunday I'm playing tennis. tomorrows. They are playing tennis (now) He is playing tennis tomorrow. We use am/is/are + -ing (present continuous) for something happening now (© ‘Where are Sue and Amanda?” ‘They're playing tennis in the park! 3 Please be quiet. I'm working. We ako use am/is/are + -ing for the future (tomorrow / next week etc.) © Andrew is playing tennis tomorrow. 5 I’m not working next week. Iam doing something tomorrow = I have arranged to do it, I have a plan to do it ‘ophie is going to the dentist on Friday (= she has an appointment with the dentist) © We're having a party next weekend. G Are you meeting your friends tonight? 1D What are you doing tomorrow e Pim going to a concert tomorrows ening? 1 P’'m not going out tonight, I'm staying at home. You can also say ‘I’m going to do something’ (> Unit 26). Be carefull! Do not use the present simple (I stay / do you go etc.) to say what somebody has arranged to do: 1) Pm staying at home this evening. (not I stay) 1 Are you going out tonight? (not Do you go) 1D Lisa isn’t coming to the party next week. (not Lisa doesn't come) But We use the present simple for timetables, programmes, trains, buses ete. 2 The train arrives at 7.30. 3 What time does the film finish? Compare present continuous (usually for people) present simple (for timetables, programmes etc) 5 What time are you leaving? 1S Pm going to a concert tomorrow. | ‘The concert starts at 7.30. |B What time does your train leave? t 60 present continuous > Units 34 present simple» Units 5-7 Fm going to... -» Unit 26 ——Exercises Unit 25 251 25.2 25.3 25.4 Look at the pictures, What are these people doing next Friday? ANDREW RICHARD RACHEL TOMAND SUE 1. Andrew, is, playing tennis on Friday. 2 Richard to the cinema. 3 Rachel 4 lunch with Ken. ‘Write questions. All the sentences are future. (you / go / out / tonight?) ‘Are. you. going. out. tonight? (you / work / next week?) (what / you / do / tomorrow evening?) (what time / your friends / come?) (when / Liz / go / on holiday?) vrone Write sentences about yourself, What are you doing in the next few days? Um staying at home. tonight, 'm_ going to. the, theatre. on Monday. Bene 6 Put the verb in the present continuous (he is leaving etc.) or present simple (the train leaves ete). 1 *.. Are, you. going... (you/go) out tonight?” ‘No, I'm too tired.” 2 We're. going (we/go) to a concert tonight. It, starts. (it/start) at 7.30. 3 Do you know about Sally? (he/get) married next month! 4 A: My parents (go) on holiday next week. B: Oh, that’s nice. Where (they/go)? 5 Silvia is doing an English course at the moment. The course (finish) on Friday. 6 There's a party tomorrow night, but (/nor/go) 7 (I/go) out with some friends tonight. Why don’t you come too? (we/meet) outside the Royal Hotel at 8 o'clock. 8 a: How (you/get) home after the party tomorrow? By taxi? 1: No, I can go by bus. The last bus (leave) at midnight. 9 A: Do you want to go to the cinema tonight? x: Yes, what time (che film / begin)? 10 a: What (you/do) tomorrow afternoon? 8 (/work) 61I'm going to do something morning this evening She is going to watch TV this evening, We use am/is/are going to .. for the furure: 1am he/she/it is | (not) going to | drink we/you/they are am I buy . is he/she/it | going to | eat are _we/you/they weat sas? Iam going to do something = | have decided to do it, my intention is to do it: I decided to do it ——> past now “fture 1 ’'m going to buy some books tomorrow. cl Sarah is going to sell her car 1 P’'m not going to have breakfast this morning. I'm not hungry. cl What are you going to wear to the wedding next week? Your hands are dirty’ “Yes, I know. I’m going to wash them! 1c Are you going to invite Martin to your party? We ako use the present continuous (I am doing) for the fature, usually for arrangements, (@ Unit 25): Lam playing tennis with Julia tomorrow Something is going to happen Something is going to happen = we can see now that itis sure to happen: © Look at the sky! I’s going to rain. (black clouds now — rain) © Oh dear! It’s 9 o'clock and I’m not ceady. Pm going to be late (9 o’clock now and not ready — late) present for the future — Unit 25 will + Units 27-28Exercises Unit 26 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 What are these people saying? ey =te a Complete the sentences. Use going to + these verbs: do eat_~— give. tie down ~—stay_— walk —-wash = watch = -wear 1 My hands are dirty. 1m, going. bo.wash. them. 2 What ....are. you going. to wear. to the party tonight? 3 It’s. a nice day. I don’t want to take the bus. I 4 Steve is going to London next week. He with some friends. 5 I'm bungey. 1 this sandwich, 6 Ie Sharon’ birthday next week. We her a present. 7 Sue says she’s feeling very tired. She for an hour 8 ‘There’ a good film on Channel 6 tonight. you iv? 9 What Rachel when she leaves school? ae a |2 18's, going. to. rain, The shelf ‘The car He What are you going to do today or tomorrow? Write three sentences. itm 63sim will/shall 2 VU camry it for you Bye, I'L phone you tomorrow, OK? You can use I'M... (I will) when you offer something or decide to do something: U ‘My bag is very heavy? ‘PH carry it for you’ 1 ‘Pl phone you tomorrow, OK? ‘OK, bye” We often say I think Pll ... / 1 don’t think PIL... when we decide to do something: 5 I’m tired. I think Pl go to bed early tonight. It’s a nice day. I think Pll sit outside. O Its raining, I don’t think Pll go out. Do mot use the present simple (I go / I phone etc.) in sentences like these: 1 P'M phone you tomorrow, OK? (not [phone you) D [ think P’M1 go to bed early. (not I go to bed) | Do not use Pl ... for something you decided before (> Units 25-26): © P'm working tomorrow. (wor I'll work) G There’ a good film on TV tonight. I’m going to watch it. (not ['ll watch) C1 What are you doing at the weekend? (not What will you do) Shall I ... ? Shall we ... ? Shall 1 / Shall we . good idea? 0 It’s very warm in this room. Shall I open the window? (2 ‘Shall 1 phone you this evening?’ “Yes, please’ 1 I'm going to a party tonight. What shall I wear? 2 = Do you think this is a good thing to do? Do you think this is a 1D Ita nice day. Shall we go fora walk? 1 Where shall we go for out holidays this year? 1 ‘Let's go out this evening’ ‘OK, what time shall we meet?’ tomorrow? > Unit 25 I'm going to. -» Unit 26 will/shall 1 > Unit 27 66Exercises 28.1 Complete the sentences. Use I'll (I will) + these verbs: carry do cat send show sit My bag is very heavy. Enjoy your holiday. I don’t want this banana. Do you want a chair? Did you phone Jenny? ‘Are you commmg with me? How do you use this camera? CU carry, Thank you. Well, 'm hungry. No, it's OK. Ob no, | forgot. No, I don't think so. Give it to me and 28.2 buy buy go have play Ies cold today... dan’ think. UU. go I'm hungry. 1 3 [feel very tired. 4 Llike this hat. 5 This camera is t00 expensive. Which is right? 1 Lphone-/ I'll phone you tomorrow, OK? (I'll phone és right) Thaven’t done the shopping yet. do / I'll do ie later. I like sport, Lwatch / I'l watch a lot of sport on TV. I need some exercise. I think 1 go / I'll go for a walk. Gerry is going to buy / will buy a new car, He told me last week “This letter is for Rose? a: Are you doing / Will you do anything this evening? B: Yes, I'm going / I'l go out with some friends 1 2 28.3 28.4 Write sentences with Shall I ,.. ? Choose from the two boxes. Complete the sentences. Use I think I'll ... or | don't think I'll ... Unit 28 stay ft it for you. you a postcard, it on the floor. it now. + these verbs: out something to eat, tennis. it, tt. “OK. [give / I'll give / I'm going to give it to her? I can’t go out with you tomorrow night. I work / I'm working / I'll work. some sandwiches the light cura off turn on, make open, the television sthewindowe Iv very warm in this room. ‘This programme isn’t very good. I'm hungry. _B8S dark in this room, 28.5 a Sy ( ‘Shall open the, window?, Write sentences with Shall we ... ? Choase from the two boxes, what where buy invite -what-time who go meet. Let's have a party. —+ Additional exercises 28-31 (pages 264-67) 1 Let’ go out to OK, ... what time shall. we meet? 2 Let's have a holid | oK, 3 | Let’ spend some money. OK, im 67Where are you going for your holidays? He might go to New York. (= it is possible that he will go to New York) Ie might rain, (& itis possible that it will rain) might + infinitive (might go / might be / might rain etc.) be T/we/you/they | go hhe/sherie | MHBHE C00) | yay come etc. I might = it is posible that | will 11 I might go to the cinema this evening, but I'm not sure. (= it is possible that I will go) Ca: When is Rebecca going to phone you? B: don't know. She might phone this afternoon. 1 Take an umbrella with you, It might rain. © Buy a lottery ticket. You might be lucky. (= perhaps you wil] be lucky) ‘Are you going out tonight?” ‘I might? (=I might go out) Study the difference: 5 P’'m playing tennis tomorrow. (sure) I might play tennis tomorrow. (possible) 1B Rebecca is going to phone later. (sure) Rebecca might phone later. (possible) I might not = itis possible that 1 CL might not go to work tomorrow. (= itis possible that f will not go) 1 Sue might not come to the party. (= it is possible that she will not come) may You can use may in the same way, I may = I might: © [ may go to the cinema this evening. (= I might go) 1 Sue may not come to the party. (= Sue might not come) May I... ?=Isit OK to ...?/ Cant... 2 11 May Task a question? (= is it OK to ask / can Task?) CO “May Tsit heve?” “Yes, of course? will > Units 27-28 can > Unit 30Exercises Unit 29 29.1 Write sentences with might, 1 (ies possible that I'll go to the cinema) \ might. go. to, the. cinema, 2 (it’s possible that I'll see you tomorrow) I 3. (it’s possible that Sarah will forget to phone) 4 Gs possible that it will snow today) 5 (it’s possible that I'll be late tonight) Write sentences with might not. 6 (its possible that Mark will not be here next week) 7 (its possible that I won't have time to go out) 29.2 Somebody is asking you about your plans. You have some ideas, but you are riot sure. Choose from the list and write sentences with | might fish goaway Ttaly Monday a new car _—_ taxi )- 1 (~ Where are you going for your holidays? Tm not sure, _.L might. go, to, Italy...» 2 What are you doing at the weekend? I don’t know. 1 3 When will you see Kate again? I'm not sure. 4] Whatare you going to have for dinner? I don’t know. | How are you going to get home tonight? Tm not sure Theat you won some money. What are Thaven't decided yet. ou going to do with it?_/ 29.3 You ask Bill questions about his plans for tomorrow. Sometimes he is sure, but usually he is not sure. 1 Are you playing tennis tomorrow? Yes, in the afternoon. 2 Are you going out tomorrow evening? Possibly. 3 Are you going to get up early? Perhaps. 4 Are you working tomorrow? No, I'm not 5.| Will you be at home tomorrow morning? Maybe. 8 Are you going to watch television? I might Are you going out in the afternoon? Yes, Lam. Pethaps. 5 XY Are you going shopping? / Now write about Bill. Use might where necessary. 1... He's. playing tennis. tomorrow. a ftemoan....... 2D ook, might. go.ome. LOMORLOW.. MING ss 3 He 4 6 7 8 29.4 Write three things that you might do tomorrow. 1 69can and could T can play the piano Could. you open the door, please?, He can play the piano. can + infinitive (can do / can play / can come etc:) do } do? I/we/you/they | can play I) le | \/we/you/they | play? he/she/it | can’t (cannot) | see | he/she/it | see? come ete. come? etc, I can do something = | know how to do it, or it is possible for me to do it 11 can play the piano. My brother can play the piano too. 1 Sarah can speak Italian, but she can’t speak Spanish. 10 ‘Can you swim?’ “Yes, but I'm not a very good swimmer’ 1 ‘Can you change twenty pounds?” ‘I’m sorry, [ can’t? 0 I'm having a party next week, but Paul and Rachel can’t come. For the past (yesterday / last week etc.), we use could/couldn’t: 1a When I was young, I could run very fast. 1 Before Maria came to Britain, she couldn’t understand much English. Now she can. understand everything 11 I was tired last night, but | couldn’t sleep. cI had a party last week, but Paul and Rachel couldn’t come. Can you ... ? Could you... ? Can I... ? Could I... ? We use Can you ... ? or Could you ... ? when we ask people to do things: 1 Can you open the door, please? or Could you open the door, please? 1Can you wait a moment, please? or Could you wait ... ? We we Can I have ... ? or Could I have ... ? to ask for something: (in a shop) Can I have these postcards, please? or Could I have ... ? Can I... ? or Could I... ? = is it OK to do something? 1 Tom, can I borrow your umbrella? or Tom, could I borrow your umbrella? ©) (on the phone) Hello, ean I speak to Gary, please? or... could I speak ... ?Exercises Unit 30 30.1 Ask Steve if he can do these things: x Steve = = 10 kilometres Can you do these things? Write sentences about yourself. Use | ean or I can't. 71 10 8 iu 9 12 30.2 Complete these sentences. Use can or can't + one of these verbs: -come find hear _—see.—speake 1 Pm sorry, but we cal, come to your party next Saturday, 2 Llike this hotel room, You the mountains from the window. 3 You are speaking very quietly. 1 you. 4 Have you seen my bag? it 5 Catherine got the job because she five languages. 30.3 Complete these sentences. Use can't or couldn't + one of these verbs: decide eat find «= go. go steep 1 Twas tired, but I ...couldn't, sleep. 2 I wasn't hungry yesterday. I my dinner, 3. Kate doesn't know what to do. She 4 [wanted to speak to Martin yesterday, but I him. 5 James to the concert next Saturday. He has to work. 6 Paula to the meeting last week. She was ill. 0.4 What do you say in these situations? Use can or could.ies a fantastic. film You must see it. must + infinitive (must do / must work etc.) [/we/you/they | | go he/she/it | "St T must (do something) = I need to do it C P'm very hungry. I must eat something, CO Its a fantastic film. You must see it. G The windows are very dirty, We must clean them. For the past (yesterday / last week etc.), we use had to ... (not must) I was very hungry. had to eat something. (not I must eat) © We had to walk home last night. There were no buses. (nof We must walk) mustn’t (= must not) ~ (Sou mustn't touch I mustn’t (do something) = it is necessary 10! to do it, it is the wrong thing to do: O11 must hurry. I mustn’t be late. (I mustn’t forget to phone Jane. (= L must remember to phone her) (1 Be happy! You mustn’t be sad. (= don’t be sad) © You mustn’t touch the pictures (= don’t touch the pictures) don’t need to T don’t need (to do something) = it is not necessary: 111 don’t need to go yet. I can stay a litle longer. 11 You don’t need to shout. I can hear you OK. You can also say don’t have to 5 I don’t have to go yet. I can stay a little longer. Compare don’t need to and mustn’t: 1 You don’t need to go. You can stay here if you want. 3 You mustn’t go. You must stay hereExercises Unit 31 311 31.2 31.3 314, 31.5 Complete the sentences. Use must + these verbs: be eat = go—slearm = meet. — wash win 1 Tm very hungry. 1 ..trlsb.€ab . something, 2. Marilyn is a very interesting person, You her. 3. My hands are ditty. T them. 4 You to drive. It will be very usefil 51 to the post office. I need some stamps. 6 The game tomorrow is very important for us. We 7 You can't always have things immediately. You patient. Write | must or | had to. 1 _.Unad. 0... walk home last night. There were no buses. 2 Ie’ late. go now. 3.1 don’t usually work on Saturdays, but last Saturday work. 4 get up early tomorrow. I’ve got a lot to do. 5 [went to London by train last week, The train was full and stand all the way. 6 [was nearly late for my appointment this morning. run to get there on time 7 I forgot to phone David yesterday. phone him later today. Complete the sentences, Use mustn't or don't nced to + one of these verbs: forget go hurry lose. — phone —wait 1 1 ..don’t need. to.90... home yet. I can stay a little longer 2 We have a lot of time. We 3 Keep these papers in a safe place. You them, 4 I'm not ready yet, but you for me. You can go now and I'll come later. 5 We to turn off the lights before we leave. 6 I must contact David, but I him — I can send him an email. Find the sentences with the same meaning. 1 We can leave the meeting early. ‘A. We must stay until the end. 1 2 We must leave the meeting early. B We couldn't stay until the end. | 2 3. We mustn't leave the meeting early. |_| C We can't stay until the end. 3 4 We had to leave the meeting early D We can stay until the end. 4 5 We don’t need to leave the meeting } | E We don't need to stay until the carly. end Write must / mustn't / had to / don't need to. 1 You _..don’t need. to... go. You can stay here if you want. 2 Ika fantastic film, You .... MASE... see it. 3. The restaurant won't be busy tonight. We reserve a table. 4 Twas very busy last week. I work every evening, 5 I want to know what happened. You tell me. 6 You tell Sue what happened. I don't want her to know. 71 hurry or I'l be late. 8 ‘Why were you so late?” ‘I wait half an hour for a bus’ 9 We decide now. We can decide later. 10 It's Lisa’s birthday next week. I forget to buy her a present.should * infinitive (should do / should watch etc.) Te L/we/you/they | should | stop | he/she/it | shouldn’t | go | watch etc. | | You should do something = it is a good thing to do, itis the right thing to do: 1 Tom doesn't study enough, He should study harder. 1 It a good film. You should go and see it. [a When you play tennis, you should always watch the ball. | You shouldn’t do something ~ it is not a good thing to do. Shouldn’t = should not: 1 Tom shouldn't go 20 bed so late © You watch TV all the time. You shouldn’t watch TV so much. We often say I think ... should I think .., should 0 f think Lis: should buy some new clothes. = think itis a good idea.) Its late. T think I should go home now, DA: Shall I buy this coat? ss: Yes, | think you should. I don’t think ... should 2 I don’t think you should work so hard. (= I don’t think it is a good idea.) I don’t think we should go yet. Irs too early. Do you think ... should ... 2: 1D Do you think I should buy this hat? J What time do you think we should go home? I Mast is stronger than should: B Its. good film, You should go and see it. © It a fantastic film, You must go and sec it. I Another way to say should is ought to: 1 Its a good film. You ought to go and see it. (= you should go) I think Lisa ought to buy some new clothes. (= Lisa should buy) 4 shall Us must (aExercises 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 Complete the sentences. Use you should + these verbs: eat go take visit awateh- = wear When you play tennis, ... you. should. watch. the ball. 1 2 Ith late and your'e very tired. to bed. 3 plenty of fruit and vegetables. 4 Ifyou have time, the Science Museum. It’s very interesting, 5 When you're driving, a seat belt 6 Its too far to walk from here to the station. a taxi Write about the people in the pictures, Use He/She shouldn't ... so 1 She. shouldn't watch TY. so much. 3 hard. 2 He 4 You are not sure what to do, so you ask a friend. Write questions with Do you think | should ... ? 1 You are in a shop. You are trying on a jacket. (buy?) You ask your friend: ._.D0 you. think (should. buy this jacket? 2 You can’t drive. (learn?) You ask your friend: Do you think 3. You don't like your job. (get another job?) You ask your friend: 4 You are going to have a party. (invite G You ask your friend: Write sentences with | think ... should ... and | don't think ... should ... . 1 We have to get up early tomorrow. (go home new).....!. ink, we should, go. home. now. 2 That coat is too big for you. (buy it) ....|. don't. think you, should, buy. ib. 3 You don't need your car. (ll it) 4 Karen needs a rest. (have a holiday) 5 Sally and Dan are too young. (get married) 6 You're not well this morning. (go t0 work) T James isn't well today. (go to the doctor) 8 The hotel is too expensive for us. (tay there) What do you think? Write sentences with should. 1 [think everybody, should, learn another language. 2 think everybody 3 I think 4 I don't think 5 [think I shouldThis is my medicine U have to take it T have to do something = it is necessary for me to do it, am obliged to do it todo Vawe/you/they have | O00 he/she/it_ has | f° 8° to wear etc. 1D T'll be late for work tomorrow. I have to go to the dentist. 1 Jane starts work at 7 o'clock, so she has to get up at 6. 1 You have to pass a test before you can get a driving licence, ‘The past (yesterday / last week ete.) is had to 1 Twas late for work yesterday. I had to go to the dentist. © We had to walk home last night. There were no buses. In questions and negatives we use do/does (present) and did (past): present do I/we/you/they have to .. have to ... does _he/she/it he/she/it doesn’t ae don’t past | I/we/you/they did | /ve/you/they didn’t have to ... he/sherit _ | Have to he/she/it 1D What time do you have to go to the dentist tomorrow? 1D Does Jane have to work on Sundays? © Why did they have to leave the party early? I don’t have to (do something) = it is not necessary to do it 1 I'm not working tomorrow, so | don’t have to get up early. 1 Ian doesn’t have to work very hard. He's got an easy job. 1 We didn’t have to wait very long for the bus — it came in a few minutes. must and have to You can use must or have to when you say what you think is necessary, when you give your opinion: 1 Ita fantastic film, You must see it or You have to see it. When you are nor giving your personal opinion, use have to (ot must). Compare: Jane won't be at work this afternoon. She has to go to the doctor, (this is not my personal opinion ~ it is a fact) 1 Jane isn’t well. She doesn’t want to go to the doctor, but I told her she must go. (this is my personal opinion) ‘must / mustn't / don't need to —> Unit 31Exercises Unit 33 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 33.6 Complete the sentences. Use have to or has to + these verbs: do hit read speak ~— travel «swear 1. My eyes ate not very good. 1... have. to,.Wear.. glasses, 2 At the end of the course all the students atest 3 Sarah is studying literature. She a lot of books. 4 Albert doesn’t understand much English. You very slowly to him. 5 Kate is not often at home. She a lot in her job, 6 In tennis you the ball over the net. Complete the sentences. Use have to or had to + these verbs: answer buy change go. walle 1 We... Wad..to.Wwalk... home last night. There were no buses, 2 Is tate. 1 now, I'll see you tomorrow. 3 I went to the supermarket after work yesterday. 1 some food. 4 This train doesn't go all the way to London. You at Bristol 5. We did an exam yesterday. We six questions out of ten. Complete the questions. Some are present and some are past. Sy _ 1 (Thave to get up early tomorrow. What time ...40. you have. to. get, up 2 corge had to wait along time. | | How long 3 | Liz has to go somewhere. Where 4| We had to pay a lot of money. How much 5X Uave to do some work. / \ What exactly Write sentences with don't/doesn't/didn't have to 1 Why are you going out? You .... donb, Maye. to, go_ out. 2 Why is Sue waiting? She 3 Why did you get up early? You 4 Why is Paul working so hard? He 5 Why do you want to leave now? We Which is correct? Sometimes must and have to are both correct. Sometimes only one is correct. 1 [3a fantastic film, You must see / have to see it. (both are correct) 2 Julia won't be at work this afternoon. ‘She -sause-ge-/ has to go to the doctor, (has £0 go is correct) 3. You can't park your car here for nothing. You must pay / have to pay. 4 [didn’t 5 1 eat too much chocolate. | really must stop / have to stop. 6 Paul is in a hurry. He must meet / 7 What’ wrong? You must tell / I ¢ any money with me last night, so | must borrow / had to borrow some. to meet somebody in five minutes Ime. {want to help you. Write some things that you (or your friends or family) have to do or had to do. 1 (every day) .. | Rave bo travel ten miles every day. 2 (every day) 3 (yesterday) 4 (tomorrow)‘My Would you like ...? I'd like ... RY Would you like . = Do you want ... ? Would. you like We use Would you like ... ? to offer things: a: Would you like some coffee? B: No, thank you. D a: Would you like « chocolate? B: Yes, please. © a: What would you like, tea or coffee? B: Tea, please. We use Would you like to ... ? to invite somebody: © Would you like to go for a walk? 1D A: Would you like to have dinner with us on Sunday? : Yes, P'd love to. (= I would love to have dinner with you) J What would you like to do this evening? J 1d tike ... is a polite way to say'I want’, Td like = 1 would like: D I'm thirsty, I'd like a drink. 8 (in a tourist office) Vd like some information about hotels, please. 1 I'm feeling tired. T'd like to stay at home this evening, Would you like ... ? and Do you like ... ? Would you like ... ? / 1d like ... Do you like ... 2 / I like Would you like some tea? = Do you want some tea? "1a: Would you like to go to the cinema tonight? = do you want to go tonight?) | Do you like tea? = Do you think tea | B: Yes, I'd love to. | | | is nice? GA: Do you like going to the cinema? (in general) b: Yes, I go to the cinema a lot. 1 Pd like an orange, please. (= can I have an orange?) 1 I like oranges. (v1 general) 3 What would you like to do next weekend? 1D What do you like to do at weekends? 78 like to do and like ~ing —> Unit §2 | would do something if.. > Unit 100Exercises Unit 34 341 34.2 34.3 What are the people in the pictures saying? Use Would you fike ... ? What do you say to Sue in these situations? Use Would you like to ... ? 1 You want to go to the cinema tonight. Perhaps Sue will go with you. (go) You say: .... Would. you, like, 0.90, to’ the. cinema, tonight? 2 You want to play tennis tomorrow: Perhaps Sue will play too. (play) You say: 3 You have an extra ticket for a concert next week. Perhaps Sue will come. (come) You say: - - _ 4 Its maining and Sue is going out. She hasn't got an umbrella, but you have one. (borrow) You say: oo co - Which is right? 1 ‘Be-youttike / Would you like a chocolate?’ “Yes, please’ (Would you like is right) 2 ‘Do you like / Would you like bananas?” “Yes, I love them? ‘Do you like /Would you like an ice-cream?” ‘No, thank you. ‘What do you like / would you like to drink?’ ‘A glass of water, please’, ‘Do you like / Would you like to go out for a walk?" ‘Not now. Perhaps later? Llike / I'd like tomatoes, but I don’t eat them very often. ‘What time do you like / would you like to have dinner this evening? ‘Do you like / Would you like something to eat?" ‘No, thanks. I'm not hungry? ‘Do you like / Would you like your new job? ‘Yes, 'm enjoying it? 10 I’m tired. Llike / 1 like to go to sleep now. 11 ‘Llike / I'd like a sandwich, please? ‘Sure. What kind of sandwich?” 12 ‘What kind of music do you like / would you like?” ‘All kinds. err sHee“wm Do this! Don't do that! Let's do this! We use come/look/go/wait/do/be etc. when we tell somebody to do something 1 “Come here and look at this!” ‘What is it?” 17 I don’t want to talk to you. Go away! I'm not ready yet. Plea 1 Please be quiet. I'm working. wait for me, also Bye! Have a good holiday! / Have a nice time! / Have a good flight! / Have fun! T hope you have a good holid ‘Have a chocolate? ‘Oh, thanks. ( would you like a chocolate?) EY We use don’t ... when we tell somebody not to do something: Gi Be careful! Don’t fall. G Please don’t go. Stay here with me. Be here on time. Don’t be late. You can say Let’s ... when you want people to do things with you, Let's = Let ws, Sa nice day. Let’s go out wou and [can go out) Come on! Let’s dance. (© you and I can dance) 0 Are you ready? Let’s go. Let’s have fish for dinner tonight. ‘A: Shall we go out tonight? 8: No, I’nt tired. Let’s stay at home. ‘The negative is Let’s not . Irs cold. Let’s not go out. Let's stay at home. © Let’s not have fish for dinner tonight. Let's have chicken, Or you can say Don’t let's Oi It’s cold. Don’t let’s go out. Let’ stay ac home. 80 shall we ...? -* UExercises Unit 35 35.1. Look at the pictures, What are the people saying? Some sentences are positive (buy/come etc.) and some are negative (don't buy / don’t come ete.). Use these verbs: be buy come drink drop forget have sit sleep smile 1 Come inn 2 C SS D Don's drine the water! [3 Bye! 2 nice time! ° careful with that wo phone me i) Don't worry. U won't 35.2 Complete the sentences. Use let's with: -go-for-aswim go toa restaurant take a taxi wait alittle | watch TV /t 1 (Would you like to play tennis? (No, 28'S go. for @ swim 2| Do you want to walk hom No, 3 Shall I put a CD on’ No, 4.| Shall we have dinner at home? No, 5 (Would you like t0 go now? No, 35.3 Answer with No, don't \ 1 Shall T wait for you?» -+ oF No, let's not ... . (No, don’t wait forme. 2/ Shall we go home now? No, Let's not go home. yeb. 3 Shall we go out? 4 | Do you want me to close the window? Shall I phone you tonight? | Do you think we should wait for Andy 6 7 | Do you want me to turn on the light? 8 Ne Shall we go by bus?| used to ... DAVE a few years ago Dave today work in a factory T work in a supermarket. 1 used to work in a factory Dave used to work in a factory. Now he works in a supermarket Dave used to work ina factory = he worked in a factory before, but he doesn’t work there now: he used to work | he works (past Tow You can say T used to work ... / she used to have ... / they used to be ... etc. be Uyow/we/they work evsherit | 4 ®| have play etc. T used, to have very long hair 1D When I was a child, I used to like chocolate, 0 Lused to read a lot of books, but I don't read much these days 0 Liz has got short hair now, but it used to be very long, 1 They used to live in the same street as us, so we used to see them alot. But we don’t see them very often these days. © Helen used to have a piano, but she sold it a few years ago. The negative is I didn’t use to © When I was a child, I didn’t use to like tomatoes The question is did you use to ... ?: © Where did you use to live before you came here? SH We use used to ... only for the past. You cannot say ‘I use to ..’ for the present: Ui Lused to play tennis. These days I play golf. (not I use to play golf) 1 We usually get up early. (not We use to get up carly) 82 ‘by > Units 21, 63, 109 atfon -> Units 103, 106. preposition + ing —> UnitExercises 36.1 Look at the pictures. Complete the sentences with used to . Unit 36 EN / She. used. 40, have. long... hair. We live in London now in the country. 2 when (was younger >) Pm a hairdresser vow 6 | A son ma a fe ca PS, sou SS This building 36.2. Karen works very hard and has very little free time. A few years ago, things were different. Do you do any spore? \—6Y Do you go out much? Karen a few years ago Su T swim every play volleyball |» Yes, most evenings. Do you play a musical instrument? Yes, the guitar. Do you like reading? Yes, [ read a lot, Do you travel much? Yes, I go away two or three times a year. Write sentences about Karen with used to ... . 1 .. She used to, swim, every. day, She 3 6 ant) | Karen now T work very hard in my job. | don’t have any free time. 36.3 Complete these sentences. Use used to or the present simple (I play / he lives ete.). by ain? 1 1. used. to play. tennis. I stopped playing a few years ago. 2 ‘Do you do any sport?” “Yes, 1. PLAY... basketball 3 ‘Have you gota car?” ‘No, I one, but I sold it? 4 George a waiter. Now he’s the manager of a hotel. 5 ‘Do you go to work by car?” "Sometimes, but most days I 6 When I was a child, I never meat, but I eat it now. 7 Mary loves watching TV. She TV every evening. 8 We near the airport, but we moved to the city centre a few years ago. 9 Normally I start work at 7 o'clock, so I What games you up very early, when you were a child?SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY 7 | THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY ‘There's aman on the roof. There’s a train at 10.30. ‘There are seven days in a week. singular there is .. (there’s) There’s a big tree in the garden, is there ...? © There’s nothing on TV tonight. there is not... (there isn’t 11a; Have you got any money? or there’s not) b: Yes, there’s some in my bag, Ga: Excuse me, is there a hotel near here? : Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. 1 We can't go skiing. There isn’t any snow. plural there are © There are some big trees in the garden. are there ...? There are a lot of accidents on this road. there are not... (there aren’t) | (A: Are there any restaurants near here? == 5, Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t. O This restaurant is very quiet. There aren’t many people here. G How many players ate there in a football team? © There are 11 players in a football team. there is and it is there is itis ‘There’s a book on the table. like ‘this book - e's interesting. {not It’s a book on the table.) (It = this book) Compare: ‘What’ that noise? ‘It’s a train’ (It = that noise) ‘There’s a train at 10.30, Te a fast train. (It = the 10.30 train) 11 There’s a lot of salt in this soup. I don't like this soup. It's too salty. (It = this soup) there was / were / has been etc. -> Unit 38 it and there -» Unit 39 some and any — Unit 76Exercises Unit 37 37.1 37.2 37.3 374 37.5 Kentham is a small town, Look at the information in the box and write sentences about Kentham with There is/are or There isn'tfaren’t. 1 a castle? No 1... There isn’t a. castte. 2 any restaurants? Yes (a lot) | 2. There, are. a. lob. of restaurants 3 a hospital? Yes 3 4 a swimming pool? No | 4 5. any cinemas? Yes (two) 5 6 a university? No 6 7 any big hotels? No 7 Write sentences about your town (or a town that you know), Use There is/are or There isn't/aren’t. There, are a few restaurants. There's a. big park. wens Write there is / there isn’t / is there or there are / there aren't / are there. 1 Kentham isn’t an old town. _.. here. aren't. any old buildings. 2 Look! a photograph of your brother in the newspaper! 3 ‘Excuse me, abank near here? “Yes, at the end of the street! 4 five people in my family: my parents, my two sisters and me. 5 ‘How many students in the class?” “Twenty? 6 The road is usually very quiet much traffic 7 a bus fiom the city centte to the airport?” “Yes, every 20 minutes. 8 any problems?” ‘No, everything is OK? 9 nowhere to sit down, any chairs Write sentences with There are ... . Choose from the boxes, ‘seven twenty-six | | letters days the solar system eight thirty players days — fifteen fifty planets states | | a rugby team the English alphabet 1. There are. seven days. in, a. week 3 4 6 Write there's / is there or it’s / is it. 1+ There's... a train a¢ 10.30, IS Hb. a fast erain?” 2 I'm not going to buy this shire too expensive. 3. ‘What's wrong?” * something in my cye? 4 a red car outside your house. yours? 5 anything good on TV tonight?” "Yes, a film at 8.15! 6 ‘What's that building? * a school’ 7 a restaurant in this hotel?” ‘No, I'm aftaid not?Jr there was/were there has/have been Sie there will be EE: | there was / there were (pas!) ‘There is a train every hour. The time now is 11.15. ‘There was a train at 11 o'clock. Compare: there is/are (present) there was/were (past) 1 There is a good film on TV tonight. | © There was a good film on TV last night. We are staying at a very big hotel. |G We stayed at a very big hotel There are 550 rooms. | There were 550 rooms. © Are there any phone messages for 15 Were there any phone messages for me me this morning? yesterday? I'm hungry, but there isn’t anything | 1 I was hungry when I got home, but to cat. there wasn’t anything to eat. there has been / there have been (present perfect) © Look! There’s been an accident (there’s been = there has been) 1 This road is very dangerous. There have been many accidents Compare there was (past) Ci There was an accident last night. (not There has been an accident last night.) For past simple and present perfect, see Unit 20. a, rm 1 Do you think there will be a lot of people at the party on Saturday? GMB, 0 The manager of the company is leaving, so bob there will be a new manager soon. © I'm going away tomorrow. ['ll do my packing today because there won't be time tomorrow, re A (there won't be = there will not be) There will be rain tomorrow afternoon waslwere > Unit 10 _has/have been > Unit 86 there and it >» Units 37, 39 some and any -> Uni 8 will > Unit 27 there is/are —> Unit 37Exercises Unit 38 38.1 Look at the two pictures. Now the room is empty, but what was in the room last week? Choose from the box and write sentences with There was ... or There were ... . narmchair a carpet —_ some flowers a sofa some books elec: three pictures a small table last week now 1 There, masa, clock on ear the window. 2 on the floor. 3 on the wall near the door. 4 in the middle of the room. 5 on the table 6 on the shelves, 7 in the corner near the door 8 opposite the armchair 38.2 Write there was / there wasn't / was there or there were / there weren't / were there. 1 I was hungry, but ... ¥aere, wasn’t... anything to eat. 2 Were. there... any phone messages for me yesterday? 3 1 opened the envelope, but it was empty. nothing in it. 4 ‘We stayed at a very nice hotel’ ‘Really? a swimming pool?” 5 ‘Did you buy any egg?” ‘No, any in the shop’ 6 The wallet was empty: any money in it 7 many people at the meeting? “No, very few! 8 We didn’t visit the museum. enough time. 9 I'm sorry I'm hate. a lot of traffic 10 Twenty years ago many tourists here. Now there are a lot. 38.3. Write there + is / are / was / were / has been | have beca / will be. 1. There, Was a good film on TV last night 2 24 hours ina day. 3 a party at the club last Friday, but I didn’t go. 4 ‘Where can I buy a newspaper?” a shop at the end of the street? 5 ‘Why are those policemen outside the bank?” * a robbery’ 6 When we arrived at the theatre, a long queue outside. 7 When you arrive tomorrow, somebody at the station to meet you! 8 Ten years ago 500 children at the school. Now more than a thousand, 9 Last week I went back to the town where I was born, Ies very different now. a lot of changes, 10 I think everything will be OK. I don't think any problems.We use it for time/day /distance/weather: time © What time is it? Ie’ half past ten. OI late. It time to go home. 1 What day is it? 1 It’s Thursday. © It’s 16 March. © It was my birthday yesterday. distance © Its three kilometres from our house to the city centre. 13 How far is it from New York to Los Angeles? It’s a long way from here to the station. 1 We can walk home. It im't far. 4, We use far in questions fis it far?) and negatives (it isn’t far) Odtty contre In positive sentences, we use a long way (it’s a long way) ‘weather CUS taining, Itisn'training, Is it snowing? It rains alot here. It didn’t rain yesterday. Does it snow very often? It's warm/hot/cold/fine /cloudy/windy /sunny/foggy dark ete. 0 Its nice day today. Compare it and there C1It rains a lot in winter. ‘There is a lot of rain in winter. It was very windy. There was a strong wind yesterday. It’s nice to ... ete. casy / difficult / impossible / dangerous / safe expensive / interesting / nice / wonderful / terrible ete. It’ nice to see you again. 17 It’s impossible to understand her. 3 It wasn't easy to find your house. Don'e forget it: 1D Its raining again. (not Is raining again) 17 Is it true that you're going away? (wot Is true that ...)Exercises Unit 39 39.1 99,2 39.3 39.4 39.5 Write about the weather in the pictures. Use It’s ... . 2 a) |. W's “raining 1 2 5 3 6 Write it is (it’s) or is it. 1 Whar time i$ 2 2. We must go now. very late. 3 true that Bill can fly a helicopter? 4 ‘What day today? Tuesday?” ‘No, Wednesday’ 5 ten kilometres from the airport to the city centre. 6 possible to phone you at your office? 7 "Do you want to walk to the hotel?” ‘I don’t know. How far ? 8 Lisa’ birthday today. She’ 27 9 I don't believe it! impossible, Write questions with How far ... ? 1 (here / the station) How, fax is it from here to the station? 2 (the hotel / the beach) How 3. (New York / Washington) 4 (your house / the airport) Write it or there. 1 The weather isn’t so nice today. _..t . ’s cloudy. 2. There... was a strong wind yesterday. 3 ‘shot in this room. Open a window. 4 was a nice day yesterday. ‘was warm and sunny. 5 was a storm last night. Did you hear it? 6 1 was afiaid because was very dark 7 ’ often cold here, but isn’t much rain. 8 ‘sa long way from here to the nearest shop. Complete the sentences. Choose from the boxes. work in this office -getup-early easy dangerous it’s | diffiewle nice to | visiedifferent places go out alone impossible _ interesting see you again make friends 1 Ifyou go to bed late, ..#s_ difficult, to_get up early in the morning. 2 Hello, Jane. How are you? 3 - There is coo much noise 4 Everybody is very nice at work. 5 I like travelling, 6 Some cities are not safe. at night.(he is = he is tired) was/were DA have/has Bi do/does/did | oa: will oA might »: must aA b 10 ‘Are you tired?" bs: Tdi She isn’t tired, but he is. In these examples, it is not necessary to repeat some words (‘he is tired’ ‘she doesn’t like tea’. can B 1 ‘Will Alan be here tomorrow?" ‘Yes, he will. / No, he won't! Tas there a bus to the airport?” We use do/does for the present simple (—* Units 6-7) (11 don’t like hot weather, but Sue does. (= Sue likes hot weather) 1 Sue works hard, but I don't. 1B "Do you enjoy your work?” “Yes, 1 do? We use did for the past simple (* Unit 12) @ a: Did you and Chri , but Chris didn’t, (= I enjoyed it, but Chris didn’t enjoy i) ‘Thad a good time’ ‘I did too’ (= I enjoyed it t00) G ‘Did it rain yesterday?” hhave you? / don't you? ete. > Unit 41 He likes tea, but she doesn’t. (she doesn’t = she doesn’t like tea) You can use these verbs in the same way: am/is/are C1 [ haven't got a car, but my sister has. (= my sister has got a car) Please help me. I'm sorry. [can’t (= I can't help you) Are you tived? I was, but I'm not now. (= I was tired, but I'm not tired now) Do you think Jane will phone this evening? She might. (= she might phone) Are you going now? Yes, I'm afraid I must. (= I must go) You cannot use ?m/’s/?ve etc. (short forms) in this way. You must use am/is/have etc. Oi She isn't tired, but he is. (wot ... but he’s) But you car use isn’t / haven’t / won't etc. (negative short forms) 1D My sister has got a car, but I haven't “Are you and Jane working tomorrow?” ‘I am, but Jane isn’t?” You can use Tam / I’m not etc. after Yes and No: “Yes, Lam. / No, I’m not? “Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t! don't work hard) enjoy the film? “No, it didn’t! so am 1 neither do I ete. —» Unit 42