IPM

 Integrated Insect Pest Management an

effective and environmentally sensitive
approach to pest management that relies on a
combination of available pest control
methods, used to manage pest damage by the
most economical means, and with the least
possible hazard to people, property, and the
environment.
 METHODS OF CONTROL
 1) HOST PLANT RESISTANT
 2)BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
 3) CULTURAL CONTROL
 4) GENETIC CONTROL
 5) MECHANICAL CONTROL
 6) INSECTICIDE
(1) HOST PLANT RESISTANT
 There are three approaches that plant
breeders use to develop resistant cultivars:
 (1) Antibiosis. Plants produce a wide
variety of defensive compounds
(allelochemicals) that protect them from
herbivores. These compounds may reduce
growth, inhibit reproduction, alter
physiology, delay maturation, or induce
various physical or behavioral abnormalities
in herbivores.
 (2) Antixenosis. A physical or chemical
property of a plant can make it so
unpalatable that it is largely protected from
herbivore attack. This type of resistance is
often known as nonpreference. It may
involve the presence of feeding repellents (or
the absence of feeding attractants), or it may
involve physical traits such as hairs, waxes, or
a thick, tough epidermis that do not provide
the pest with a desirable feeding substrate.
 (3)Tolerance. Some plant genotypes are
simply able to "tolerate" injurious insects
better than others. Tolerant cultivars may
be exposed to the same pest populations as
susceptible ones, but they do not suffer as
much injury.
 (2) BIOCONTROL
 the use of an organism to control other
organsim
 the use of the natural enemies to control
insect pest population
 i)parasitoid
 ii)predator
 iii)microbes
 Parasitoid & predators
 PREDATORS:
 mainly spiders, ants, predatory beetles, lacewing,
mantids
 for vertebrate: birds, bats, small mammals, fish,
duck etc
 PARASITOIDS:
 Primarily Hymenoptera & Diptera
 eg; Trichogramma sp., Goryphus bunoh, Apanteles
sp.
 Parasitoid & predators
 ADVANTAGES:
 i)introduced natural enemies suitable, so
permanent
 ii)not harmful to human
 iii) to develop less expensive
 iv)low potential to resistance to occur
 Parasitoid & predators
 Disadvantages:
 i)inconsistent result: if the pest population is
low, they might migrate to new places
 ii)incompatible with pesticides
 iii)low profit, less investment from private
sector
 (3) CULTURAL CONTROL
(IMPORTANT)
 modifications of a pest's environment or
habitat
 i)crop rotation
 ii)intercropping
 Iii) sanitation
 CROP ROTATION
 Rotating the field to a different type of crop
can break this cycle by starving pests that
cannot adapt to a different host plant.
 Effective against pest species that has narrow
host range & limited range of dispersal
 Make sure rotate with non-host crops plant
 No time for colonization
 INTERCROPPING
 Planting 2 or more crops in alternating
portions
 Slow the spread of pest
 Encourage natural enemies
 Improve soil fertility
 Plant flowering crops or wild vegetation to
provide nectar for natural enemies
 SANITATION
 After harvest where do pests go?
 i)alternative crops
 Ii)crop debris
 Iii)dormant in the soil
 destroy animal waste and crops residue
 Eg: remove and destroy fruits drops (small scale area)
 Tilling or plowing a field may disrupt a pest's life cycle
by causing mechanical injury, by increasing exposure to
lethal cold temperatures, by intensifying predation, or
by burying the pests deep beneath the soil surface.
4)MECHANICAL CONTROL
 The use of hands-on techniques as well as simple
equipment, devices, and natural ingredients that
provide a protective barrier between plants and
insects.
 1)handpicking

 effective with foliage-feeding insects

 2) Traps and Attractants

 Sticky trap with lure such as metyhl eugenol for

f/fly
 3)Water Pressure Sprays
 forceful stream of water will sometimes
dislodge insects such as aphids and spider
mites

 4) Insecticidal Soaps
 Control aphis and mites
 5)GENETIC CONTROL
SIT(sterile insect technique)
 Works best when pest population is low
 Usually male (sterilized by gamma ray)
 sterile males compete with the wild males
for female insects.
 female x sterile male = no offspring, thus
population is reduced.
 Eg: control of screwworm fly (in cattle)
 6)INSECTICIDE
 use of chemical substances to kill or disrupt
the life cycle of an insect pest (conventional
insecticide)
 There are less toxic compounds that disrupt
insect development or modify behavior
 1) CHEMOSTERILANT
(IMPORTANT)
 chemical control of reproduction
 chemical substances that are known to cause
reproductive sterility in insects.
 Some of these compounds inhibit ovarian growth
and development, while others appear to induce
fundamental changes in the chemical structure of
nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These changes
(mutations) prevent cell division or obstruct normal
embryonic development.
 These compounds are applied directly to the insect
or incorporated into food that serves as a bait.
 2)SEMIOCHEMICAL
 Chemical control of insect behavior
 They serve as attractants or repellents, they may
stimulate or inhibit feeding, they may provoke
flight or inhibit it, or they may simply elicit
behavior patterns at inappropriate times.

 Eg: Sex phemromones (ATTRACTANT)

 Eg: The neem tree, Azadirachta indica
(Meliaceae) is a promising new source of feeding
REPELLANT that may be developed for use on
selected non-crop plants
 3)INSECT GROWTH
REGULATOR (IGR)
 Chemical control of development
 The enzymes and hormones that regulate
developmental processes within an insect's
body
 1)Chitin inhibitors.
 These chemicals (e.g., diflubenzuron and
teflubenzuron) inhibit the molting process
 2) Molting Hormone Analogues
 Ecdysteroids (found in some plants) stimulate
the molting process by mimicking the action of
 3) Anti-juvenile Hormones (prococene)
 Destroy corpora allata so no JH being
produced
 In immature insects, causes premature
development of adult
 In adult, precocenes can cause sterility because
the presence of juvenile hormone is necessary for
normal production of eggs and sperm
4) CONVENTIONAL INSECTICIDE

 Three ways insecticide works:

 i) SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDE
 The insecticide is introduced into the soil where
it is absorbed by plant roots. It then moves up
through the plant to external areas (leaves, twigs,
fruits, branches), where it lays on the plant
surface area and is poisonous to any insects that
come chewing on the plant.
 ii)contact insecticide
 must directly hit the insect

 iii)ingested insecticide
 Insect consume the insecticide

 Insecticide can enter human body also in 3

ways: eating/drinking, inhaling and through
skin
 TYPES OF INSECTICIDES
 INORGANIC (does not contain carbon) and
ORGANIC (contain carbon)
 COMMON TYPE OF ORGANIC
INSECTICIDES:
 1) Organochlorine (OC) –works by attacking
the nerve cells of insects
 EG: DDT, Lindane and Chlrodane
 2) Organophosphates (OP) –
 These types of insecticides are a combination
of an organic molecule and phosphates.
 They attack insect’s nerve.
 act primarily by inhibiting (merencat)
enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thereby
allowing acetylcholine to accumulate at
synapses
 3) Carbamates – These insecticides work in
the same way as organophosphates but do
not remain in the area for nearly as long,
making them a better choice for the earth.
Bendiocarbamate is a common type.
 4) Pyrethrum – Found in nature, a product
of the tropical chrysanthemum,
 this insecticidal chemical is very effective,
even in small doses
 5) Pyrethroids – A synthetic version of the
natural insecticide pyrethrum, it mimics
pyrethrum;
 significantly less toxic than other
compounds. Pyrethroids are most often used
in residential applications.