M1.

(a) any two from:

• travel (at same speed) through a vacuum / space

do not accept air for vacuum

• transverse

• transfer energy

• can be reflected

• can be refracted

• can be diffracted

• can be absorbed

• travel in straight lines

2

(b) can pass through the ionosphere

accept atmosphere for ionosphere
do not accept air for ionosphere
accept travel in straight lines
accept not refracted / reflected / absorbed by the ionosphere
1

(c) v=f λ

1.2 × 106 / 1200 000

allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie 3.0 × 108 = f × 2.5 × 102
2

hertz / Hz
do not accept hz or HZ
accept kHz or MHz
answers 1.2 MHz or 1200 kHz gain all 3 marks
for full credit the unit and numerical value must be consistent
1
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M2. (a) (i) gamma
accept correct symbol
1

(ii) any one from:

• (ultraviolet has a) higher frequency

ultraviolet cannot be seen is insufficient

• (ultraviolet has a) greater energy

• (ultraviolet has a) shorter wavelength

ignore ultraviolet causes cancer etc
1

(b) 1.2 × 107 / 12 000 000

allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 3 × 108 = f × 25
2

hertz / Hz / kHz / MHz

do not accept hz or HZ
answers 12 000 kHz or 12 MHz gain 3 marks
for full credit the numerical answer and unit must be
consistent
1

(c) (i) away (from each other)

accept away (from the Earth)
accept receding
1

(ii) distance (from the Earth)

accept how far away (it is)
1

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 speed galaxy is moving
1

(iii) (Universe is) expanding

1
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M3. (a) (i) two correct rays drawn
1 mark for each correct ray

• ray parallel to axis from top of object and refracted through focus and
traced back beyond object

• ray through centre of lens and traced back beyond object

• ray joining top of object to focus on left of lens taken to the lens refracted
parallel to axis and traced back parallel to axis beyond object

an arrow showing the position and correct orientation of the image for their
rays
to gain this mark, the arrow must go from the intersection of
the traced-back rays to the axis and the image must be on
the same side of the lens as the object and above the axis
1

(ii) (x) 3.0

accept 3.0 to 3.5 inclusive
or

correctly calculated
allow 1 mark for correct substitution into equation using their
figures
ignore any units
2

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 (b) any two from:

in a camera the image is:

• real not virtual

• inverted and not upright

accept upside down for inverted

• diminished and not magnified

accept smaller and bigger
accept converse answers but it must be clear the direction of
the comparison
both parts of each marking point are required
2
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M4. (a) (i) to check rise in temperature (of other thermometers) was due to the
(different wavelengths of) light
accept as a control / comparison
to measure room temperature is insufficient
1

(ii) any two from three:

• different colours produce different heating effects / (rises in) temperatures

• red light produces the greatest heating effect / (rise in) temperature

or

• violet produces the least heating effect / (rise in) temperature

• all colours produce a greater heating effect than outside the spectrum
an answer
the longer the wavelength the greater the (rise in)
temperature
or
the lower the frequency the greater the (rise in) temperature
gains both marks
2

(b) move a thermometer into the infrared region / just beyond the red light
allow use an infrared camera / infrared sensor
1

the temperature increases beyond 24(°C)

accept temperature higher than for the red light
1

(c) v=f×λ

9.4 × 10-6
accept 9.375 × 10-6 or 9.38 × 10-6

or

0.0000094

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 accept 0.000009375
or 0.00000938
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie 3 × 108 = 3.2 × 1013 × λ
2

(d) at night the surroundings are cooler

accept at night the air is colder
there is no heat from the Sun is insufficient

or

at night there is a greater temperature difference between people and surroundings

1

(so surroundings) emit less infrared (than in daytime)

accept camera detects a greater contrast

or

gives larger difference in infrared emitted (between people and surroundings)

1
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M5.(a) (i) frequency
1

wavelength
1

(ii) 10-15 to 104

1

(b) 2.0 × 105

correct substitution of
3.0 × 108 / 1500 gains 1 mark
2

Hz
1

(c) (i) (skin) burns

1

(ii) skin cancer / blindness

1

(d) (i) any one from:

• (detecting) bone fractures

• (detecting) dental problems
• treating cancer
1

(ii) any one from:

• affect photographic film

• absorbed by bone
• transmitted by soft tissue

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 • kill (cancer) cells
answer must link to answer given in (d)(i)
1

(iii) 9 / 36 = 0.25
0.5 / 2 = 0.25
4 / 16 = 0.25
accept:
36 / 9 = 4
2 / 0.5 = 4
16 / 4 = 4
2

conclusion based on calculation

two calculations correct with a valid conclusion scores 2
marks
one correct calculation of k scores 1 mark
1
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M6. (a) C or 0.18 mm
1

(b) 0.6 (m)

allow 1 mark for correct substitution and/or transformation or
1 mark for changing frequency to Hz
answer 600 gains 1 mark
2

(c) creates an alternating current

accept ‘ac’ for alternating currentaccept alternating voltage
1

with the same frequency as the radio wave

accept signal for radio wave
accept it gets hotter for 1 mark provided no other marks
scored
1

(d) X-rays cannot penetrate the atmosphere

accept atmosphere stops X-rays
do not accept atmosphere in the way

or

X-rays are absorbed (by the atmosphere) before reaching Earth

ignore explanations
1
[6]

M7.(for both fibres) increasing the wavelength of light decreases and then increases the
percentage / amount of light transmitted
accept for 1 mark:
(for both fibres) increasing the wavelength (of light) to 5 (x
10-7 metres), decreases the (percentage) transmission
1

(for both fibres) the minimum transmission happens at 5 (x 10-7 metres)

or
maximum transmission occurs at 6.5 (x 10-7 metres)
accept for a further 1 mark:

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 (for both fibres) increasing the wavelength of the light from 5
(x 10-7 metres) increases the amount of light transmitted
increasing wavelength (of light), decreases the percentage
transmitted is insufficient on its own
1

the shorter fibre transmits a greater percentage of light (at the same
wavelength)
accept for 1 mark:
Any statement that correctly processes data to compare the
fibres
1
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M8. (a) 10–15 metres to 104 metres
1

(b) (i) any one from:

• (TV / video / DVD) remote controls

mobile phones is insufficient

• (short range) data transmission

accept specific example, eg linking computer peripherals

• optical fibre (signals)

do not accept Bluetooth
1

(ii) 0.17
an answer 17 cm gains 3 marks
an answer given to more than 2 significant figures that
rounds to
0.17 gains 2 marks
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 3 × 108 = 1.8 × 109 × λ
3

(c) (maybe) other factors involved

accept a named ‘sensible’ factor, eg higher stress /
sedentary lifestyle / overweight / smoking more / diet / hot
office / age
not testing enough people is insufficient
unreliable data is insufficient
1
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