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Stabalization of Medium Expansive Soils in Pakistan using Marble Industrial

Waste and Bagasse Ash

Article  in  International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering · August 2017

DOI: 10.21276/ijee.2017.10.0423

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 ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 10, No. 04

DOI:10.21276/ijee.2017.10.0423
www.cafetinnova.org August 2017, P.P. 885-891

Stabilization of Medium Expansive Soils in Pakistan Using

Marble Industrial Waste and Bagasse Ash
F AZL-E-JALAL1, KHAN S HAHZADA2, SALMAN SAEED3, IRSHAD AHMAD2 AND
KAFFAYAT ULLAH 4
1
Department of Civil Engineering COMSATS Abbottabad, Postcode 22010, PAKISTAN
2
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Postcode 25000,
PAKISTAN
3
National Institute of Urban Infrastructure Planning, University of Engineering and Technology, Postcode
25000, PAKISTAN
4
Department of Civil Engineering, King Fahad University, KSA, SAUDI ARABIA
Email: engrjalal.2006@gmail.com, shah_civil2003@yahoo.com, salmansaeed@uetpeshawar.edu.pk,
irspk@yahoo.com, kifayat.2000@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper reports an investigation of suitability of industrial and agricultural waste (i.e. marble
waste and bagasse ash) on the geotechnical properties of medium expansive soils, located across Kohat city, of
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. As most part of Pakistan falls in semi-arid zone, the geology and climatic
conditions in Kohat produce widespread distribution of swelling clays. Such soils possesses a variety of
undesirable characteristics i.e. immensely affect the pavements, boundary walls, slab-on-grade members and
other infrastructure. Soil samples were collected, cataloged, subjected to multitude of geotechnical tests and
submitted to anti-expansive treatment using prescribed percentages of stabilizers. The investigation includes
chemical analysis i.e. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray
Fluorescence (XRF) tests, and evaluation of geotechnical properties such as moisture-density relationships,
Atterberg limits, unconfined compressive strength, swell pressure and free swell. When blended with both
stabilizer materials, the compactability and strength characteristics are improved and plasticity is significantly
reduced. From the viewpoint of economy, blending of soil using 3 - 5% bagasse ash and/or 8 - 10% marble
industrial waste is recommended. This paper summarizes the results of identification, characterization and
stabilization techniques to eliminate the expansivity of swelling soils.
Keywords: Expansive soil, Stabilization of soils, XRD, SEM, Marble industrial waste, Bagasse ash

1. Introduction change in moisture, the expansive soils exhibit great

change in volume and exert upward pressure on
“Expansive soils” are also termed as Swelling soils or foundations and floor-slabs of various structures. This
Active soils or Calamitous soils wherein massive is due to mineralogical composition of swelling soils
volume changes are experienced due to moisture which is primarily governed by electric charge on
entry. They are distributed worldwide especially in surface of clay mineral, interlayer bonding and cation
arid zones (leading to moisture deficiency in soils and exchange capacity [7]. The fluctuation of moisture
rocks) where suitability of clayey minerals formation conditions are major cause of disaster may emanate
of smectite group prevails. The swelling of clay from intense rain, floods and leakages caused in water
mineral is mainly associated with three parameters: supply or sewer pipes [1, 8]. The distress and
geology, the engineering factors of the soil, and local damage to infrastructure in Oman in worth-
environmental conditions [1,2,3]. Also, the clay mentioning, which is due to overlooking of problems
mineral has very high adsorptive capacity for water associated with expansive soils during design and
[4]. Swelling soils occur in those regions where construction phases [3]. The soil characteristics are
repeated periods of rainfall and drought are observed. improved due to cation exchange which is an effective
In Asia, the types of expansive soils in KSA depend and desirable reaction, and is important indicator of
upon shale, montmorillonite content and calcareous changes in mineralogy of treated soils [4]. The
material and the distribution is function of geology, swelling and shrinkage of swelling soils is the
sedimentation and climate type. Arid climate and response of expansive soils when water gets inside,
severe weathering conditions intensify the presence of and therefore lightly loaded structures may encounter
such soils [5]. There exist a number of visual settlement and/or heaving [8]. Due to swell pressure
indicators which confirm the existence of expansive the movement of foundations exerts pressure thereby
soils. Such soils are water-sensitive, exhibit low causing cracking of pavements, upheaval and breakup
inherent shear strength and are found in different of building foundations, pavements, slopes and linings
regions across the globe [6]. When subjected to of the reservoirs as well as channels especially the
Received: February 07 2017; Accepted: June 05, 2017; Published: August 30, 2017
International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, 10(04), 885-891, 2017, DOI:10.21276/ijee.2017.10.0423
Copyright ©2017 CAFET-INNOVA TECHNICAL SOCIETY. All rights reserved.
 886 F AZL E J ALAL, K HAN SHAHZADA, S ALMAN S AEED, IRSHAD AHMAD
AND K AFFAYAT U LLAH

light structures are adversely damaged. The swell When treated with lime, the properties of clayey
pressure ranges from 30 t/m2 to 150 t/m2 and heave materials are changed immediately. As the cohesion is
value is of the order of 10cm to not less than 30cm for lost and granular nature dominates, there is an overall
expansive soils deposited in a region [3]. The improvement in mechanical properties of expansive
importance of expansive soil can be explained by cost soils [13]. The concepts of special foundations
of resulting damages from expansive soils which include various piers and moisture barriers are few
exceed 10 billion dollars annually in the United innovative ways to cater expansive clays [14]. The
States. When SO4-rich soils are treated using Ca- physiochemical mechanisms involve; cation exchange
based stabilizers, it results in ‘SO4-induced heave’ due reaction, Dissociation, Pozzolanic process and
to ettringite formation which is because of reactive cementitious process that mainly governs the soil-lime
nature of SO4 in soils. Many methods with certain reactions i.e. improvement in the geotechnical
limitations are available in literature to stabilize properties. Marble dust was employed in the
expansive soils such as using chemical additives, problematic red tropical soil and significant
prewetting, moisture control, and thermal methods improvement was observed by Okagbue et al. [8]. In
[10]. Proper design, excavate-and-replace and the recent past, a number of researchers have used
improving geotechnical properties are three main industrial and agricultural waste material for
measures to combat expansive soils, with the third expansive soil stabilization.
option been focused upon more nowadays by adding
The inevitable use of expansive soil is coupled with
various additives such as lime, cement, marble dust,
their prevalence. Large shrinkage cracks Expansive
rice husk etc. [8].
soils are causing substantial damage to roads,
Table 1. Physical properties of Kohat expansive soil buildings and various underground utilities of Kohat
city, as shown in Figure 1 (a and b) below. The
Property Value
varying proportion of Marble industrial waste (MIW)
Liquid limit, wL (%) 42.7 and Bagasse ash (BA) have been used for stabilizing
Plastic limit, wP (%) 21.5 Kohat expansive soils to evaluate effectiveness or
Plasticity Index, PI (%) 21.2 otherwise in improving plasticity, compactability,
Specific gravity, Gs 2.71 swell potential and strength characteristics. These
Optimum moisture content, wopt 14.9 stabilizer materials are economical and locally
(%) available. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) tests revealed
Maximum dry density, γdmax 18.1 the chemical composition of both the stabilizer
(kN/m3) materials. The chief reasons for selecting these
Linear Shrinkage 5% materials are that MIW has high CaO content making
Shrinkage Ratio 2.13 it suitable to be used in accordance with the most
Particles common and traditional stabilizer i.e. Lime. The high
Sand 3% mineral content renders is suitable to be used as
Silt 60% stabilizer. BA, on the other hand, is pozzolanic in
Clay 37% nature and may be used to modify SO4-rich expansive
Soil classification CL – OL soil as well. Using these two modifiers, the
combination treatments are not studied keeping in
1.1 Literature Review
view the need of analyzing and covering the isolated
The engineering characteristics of expansive soils in effects of stabilizer materials on geotechnical
Pakistan were determined by undertaking research in properties in detail and curtailing perplexity of the
Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces of scope of work [10]. The dual aim was to improve
Pakistan (Farooq, 1996). If not effectively stabilized, properties of expansive soil and reduce environmental
expansive soils are deemed as one of a potential problems currently being encountered. From the
natural hazard especially to lightly loaded structures standpoint of diminishing the tendency of swelling or
and pavements. Many additives like lime (CaO), shrinkage and to ameliorate the mechanical
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), fly ash, gypsum, properties, the stabilization of swelling soils is
agricultural wastes, industrial wastes, etc. have been considered1. It is indicated from literature that there
used for the stabilization of expansive soils over the are minimal research studies available on stabilizing
past fifty years by a number of researchers [2]. It is expansive clays in Kohat. This research is carried out
found that fly ash, lime, cement and calcium chloride to add to the literature in the same area. On the basis
are useful additives and have significantly improved of stated evidences and need for research work, a
the engineering properties of problematic soils [11]. detailed study was therefore undertaken.
Qureshi (2006) investigated the effect of lime, OPC
and fly ash on the swelling soils of Dera Ismail Khan
concluding that lime proved to be more effective
stabilizing agent than OPC. Lime is an effective
stabilizer of expansive soils that are treacherous in
nature due to high potential of volume change [12].

International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering

ISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 10, No. 04, August, 2017, pp. 885-891
 Stabilization of Medium Expansive Soils in Pakistan Using Marble
887
Industrial Waste and Bagasse Ash

For this study the soil sample obtained from a site in

Kohat, a small city of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa. It lies at
an altitude of 489 meters from mean sea level. Most
of the region is mountainous and is comprised of
series of hills. Geotechnical properties of Kohat
Expansive soil from Army base camp site (being the
worst of two sites that were selected for this study)
was collected from an excavated trench (5’x 5’x 5’),
tested and analyzed in the Laboratory. The clay
samples exhibited milky mottled to light brown color.
The Marble Industrial waste (MIW) chosen for this
(a) study was obtained from Kainat marble factory
situated on Warsak Road, Peshawar. The Sugar-cane
bagasse (from sugar refining industry) is usually a
waste product which is fibrous in nature, and
containing an amount of ethanol vapor in it. Bagasse
ash, an industrial by-product of quarries, was obtained
from Khazana Sugar Mills, Peshawar.
The X-Ray Fluorescence test was conducted on both
samples and the results are summarized in Table 2
and Table 3.
These waste materials are an environmental burden
(b) and therefore need to be safely and effectively
Figure 1. Indicators of Expansive soil in Kohat: handled. Using the Los Angeles abrasion machine
(a) Dessication cracks; (b) Wall diagonally cracked bagasse in crude form was grinded into powder form.
The lumps of marble waste were dried and then
2 Experimental Investigations pulverized into powder form using wooden pestle.
2.1 Research Materials These were oven-dried, passed from Sieve # 40 and
sealed in polythene bags to avoid entry of moisture.
Table 2. Chemical composition of MIW
CaO SiO2 MgO Na2O Al2O3 Fe2O3 TiO2 K2O MnO L.O.I*
53.75% 0.95% 0.76% 0.64% 0.16% 0.15% 0.05% 0.04% 0.04% 43.40%
Table 3. Chemical composition of BA
SiO2 CaO Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO K2O Na2O TiO2 MnO L.O.I*
47.87% 11.69% 10.02% 5.65% 2.76% 2.59% 2.36% 0.78% 0.10% 16.08%
*L.O.I = Loss on Ignition BA was blended with each portion [8]. All
experiments were carried out in respective
1.2.2 Testing methods
laboratories as per documented ASTM Standards.
To control the harmful effects of expansive soils,
different methods are available in literature and
selection of a specific method is function of economy
and time [7]. The testing program was tailored to
evaluate engineering and swelling characteristics of
raw and treated expansive soil such as Grain size
distribution, specific gravity, pH, Atterberg’s limits
[20], compaction characteristics, unconfined
compressive strength [22], free swell and swell
pressure. The design dosage level for MIW and BA
was 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% by weight, in order to study
the effectiveness of stabilizers. Powdered MIW and
BA were separately added in soil and thoroughly
mixed for ten minutes in order to achieve a uniform
mix [12]. The level of treatment of the stabilizer Figure 2. Diffracting peak patterns of X-rays from
materials has been selected using previous research planes of minerals in plain expansive soil
studies carried out. In order to get representative
samples for test, quartering was done by dividing
Kohat soil heap into 4 equal parts and the MIW and

International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering

ISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 10, No. 04, August, 2017, pp. 885-891
 888 F AZL E J ALAL, K HAN SHAHZADA, S ALMAN S AEED, IRSHAD AHMAD
AND K AFFAYAT U LLAH

Figure 4. Variation of consistency limits: (a) MIW-

treated soil; (b) BA-treated soil
3.2 Effect on Compactability
The effect of MIW addition and BA on the
compaction characteristics is shown in Figure 5. It is
Figure 3. SEM micrographs for untreated Kohat depicted that by using MIW the Maximum Dry
expansive soil (in-plane) Density (MDD) increases upto addition of 4% content
and then diminish as dosage is increased. In case of
3 Experimental Analyses
BA, it can be observed the MDD reaches its peak at
3.1 Effect on the consistency limits 6% addition, because the density of BA is more than
expansive clayey material [8], and then starts
The Figure 4 shows the effect of MIW and BA
lowering down on further addition of BA content. The
treatment on the plasticity index of natural and treated
shifting of compaction curve to the right and upward
Kohat soils. In this context, it is illustrated that the
illustrates soil stabilization at higher water contents
reduction in Plasticity index (P.I) is due to significant
[14]. Exceeding the dosage from optimum amounts
reduction in liquid limits and gentle lowering of
increases the OMC which can be associated with
plastic limits [17]. The reduction in P.I is due to
presence of additional water particles held in soil
increase in PL whereas the LL may increase or
structure and higher water absorption by BA and
decrease and is dependent on soil type. In case of
MIW. The net increase in OMC by addition of BA is
MIW-treatment, the LL decreases whereas the
due to reaction taking place between clay minerals
increase in PL is high enough, so that over all P.I
and “CaO” content and for cation exchange reaction
values decrease constantly. It is due cation exchange
to continue more water would be required for
which causes flocculation and subsequently reduces
mobilizing Ca+2 [8]. On addition of 8% and 10% lime,
the double layer thickness around clay particles [10].
i.e. having high CaO content (resembling MIW in this
The linear shrinkage also indicates decreasing trend. study), in Kashmore expansive clay, the OMC
This is explained by coating of clay particles by MIW increases from 14.75% value of un-treated expansive
particles, thereby flocculating the particles. Clay soil to 16.5% and 18% respectively; and MDD
matrix is filled up whereas voids and amount of water decreases from 1.89 Mg/m3 to 1.78 and 1.66 Mg/m3,
is reduced that renders the clayey soil as workable [8]. respectively. The higher value is due to increased
It can be observed that due to low plasticity of Kohat compaction energy (Modified Proctor Test) [12]. The
soil, the effect of BA is comparatively small which cause of reduction is probably due to particle size and
may be attributed to smaller particle size, larger SSA Gs of expansive soil as well as the stabilizer materials.
thereby making clay minerals more prone to attack by This increase in MDD corresponds to improvement of
Lime [4]. A similar trend is observed for Arlington expansive soil. Also, the reduction in MDD illustrates
clay (LL=47%) when treated with flyash as has been that in order to attain its MDD it will require low
recorded in case of BA treatment [10]. The effect of compactive energy [17]. On sites, the swelling soil is
addition of two to four percent lime brings about an not to be compacted more than what is specified in
insignificant change in the P.I value [12]. The order to achieve more dry density because generally
Shrinkage limit decreased initially, and then started the soil is compacted at 90 – 95% of the MDD.
increasing when MIW percentage exceeded 6%. In
addition, it can be observed that marble industrial
waste and bagasse ash cause reduction in P.I values of
the soil. In general, 8 – 10% MIW and 4 – 6% BA
illustrates the optimum amount to decrease the P.I
value. This reduction in P.I is indicator of soil
improvement [17,9 13]. The result is consistent with
other researchers who have utilized similar additives
for modifying geotechnical properties of high plastic
clays. Figure 5. Variation of compaction characteristics: (a)
Optimum moisture content

International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering

ISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 10, No. 04, August, 2017, pp. 885-891
 Stabilization of Medium Expansive Soils in Pakistan Using Marble
889
Industrial Waste and Bagasse Ash

of damages caused in rigid structures. Wetting of

entire layer is thus necessary for swelling stress to
develop [5]. The pozzolanic reaction that forms
cementitious products governs the reduction in free
swell and subsequent lowering down of swell pressure
values. It is also evident that clay particles are
amassed by cementation and play a major role in
controlling increase in volume of clayey soil upon
swelling. This is also explained by decrease of CEC
value when the stabilizer material percentage is
increased, and that basically is due to formation of
new phases. MIW and BA treatment causes the clay
Figure 5. Variation of compaction characteristics: particles to become flocculated i.e. more granular,
(b) Maximum dry density thus decreasing the surface activity and therefore
3.3 Effect on Swell Potential lesser water-adsorptive capacity.
Figure 6 shows the swell potential results which
indicate that the volumetric free swell of Kohat soil is
75%. At 2% MIW and 3% BA the free swell value is
dropped, reaching about 3/4th of the untreated soil.
With 8% MIW treatment, the Free swell value
decreases to 5% and with 7% BA treatment , the Free
swell of this soil lowers down to 7%. The results are
in line with the findings obtained from Atterberg’s
limits. The recommended optimum percentage of lime
is 6 – 10% by weight which effectively reduces
shrinkage of highly plastic clays. The deep hairline
shrinkage cracks vanished in samples treated with
10% lime content. It is also efficacious in increasing Figure 6. Swell potential results: (a) Volumetric free
the permeability upto as high as six folds. The MIW swell
contents of more than 10% produce an insignificant
increase in compressive strength of the soil [12]. The
addition of 6% lime reduce free swell and swell
pressure to almost zero value [3]. With further
addition of both MIW and BA, an increase in the Free
swell values is obtained. This is explained by the high
percentages of stabilizer materials addition into the
soil. The Kohat soil is less susceptible to lime attack
and therefore it acts as fine material when dosage of
stabilizer exceeds the optimum and ultimately causes
soil to swell [4]. It is also because of increase in
permeability of soil due to which moisture is
uniformly distributed on compacted soil and reduced
unit weight of stabilizer material than Kohat Figure 6. Swell potential results: (b) Swell Pressure
expansive soil, which increase the free swell [10]. At
low percentages of stabilizer materials, a higher 3.4 Effect on Compressive Strength
increase was recorded in swell potential [14]. The Gs The unconfined compressive strength of untreated and
of MIW is less than that of BA, therefore the volume treated specimens, using MIW and BA, was studied at
of MIW added is higher and MIW-soil mixture prescribed percentages at interval of 3, 7, 14 and 28
workability lowers down at decreased stabilizer days, as shown in Figure 7. It is interesting to note
content than workability of BA-soil mixture [2]. that by the third day the simple compressive strengths,
It can be seen in Figure 6 that swell pressure values of in case of both the stabilizers, show significant
untreated Kohat soil is 192 kPa. It is indicated from increase with passage of specified time intervals.
test results that swell pressure decreases significantly Comparatively, MIW is efficacious additive for
with addition of stabilizer material. The force enhancing the unconfined compressive strength of
generated due to swelling is function of cross- tested soils. The optimum MIW content can be
sectional area of sample and not the thickness. observed as 10%. It is probably due to soil-lime
Therefore, the time required to wet top portion of reaction that an increase of 300% and 154% in the
19mm sample is less and that causes rapid stress unconfined strength is recorded at 3 days and 7 days
development which ultimately intensifies the amount respectively.

International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering

ISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 10, No. 04, August, 2017, pp. 885-891
 890 F AZL E J ALAL, K HAN SHAHZADA, S ALMAN S AEED, IRSHAD AHMAD
AND K AFFAYAT U LLAH

In contrast with BA-soil mixtures, the maximum  The zone of seasonal moisture variation for Kohat
increase in strength at 7 days is observed to be 46% expansive soils was found to have an average value
when treated with 5% BA content. The increase in of 9.1 feet. This is also known as Active zone
unconfined strength i.e. effectiveness of BA at 14 and depth, and here the expansion due to entry of
28 days is insignificant. This slight increase is due to moisture is intensive in nature. This is a very useful
lack of cementitious properties in BA as presented in parameter when dealing with design of foundations
Table 3. Considering the findings, it is also observed resting on expansive soils. The soils shall be
that with 5% bagasse ash treatment, maximum values essentially stabilized till this depth before carrying
of UCS i.e. 3.20 kg/m2, 9.88 kg/m2, 12.33 kg/m2, out constructional work resting on expansive soils.
17.30 kg/m2 are recorded for 3, 7, 14, and 28 days,  The MIW improves the expansivity nature and
respectively as shown in Figure 8(b). render clayey soil workable by coating and binding
clay fragments, filling void spaces in between them
making soil aggregated which in turn alter the clay
minerals effect and thus reducing absorption.
 The MDD of expansive soils is significantly
increased with addition of MIW content upto 4%
whereas the increase in MDD of BA-treated soil is
comparatively lesser reaching its peak value upon
5% addition of BA and then showing similar
dropping trend as observed in case of MIW-treated
soils. On the same lines, the OMC first decrease till
addition of optimum stabilizer content and then
start rising as content percentage increases. Based
Figure 7. Effect on unconfined compressive strength: on the results of compaction tests, the addition of
(a) MIW treatment; (b) BA treatment 4% marble waste the MDD is observed to have
increased by 7.6% as compared for untreated soil.
4. Conclusions The optimum percentage of bagasse ash is 5%
This paper evaluated the effect of Marble Industrial brought an increase of 3.3% in MDD of the
Waste and Bagasse Ash on the swelling potential of untreated soil.
Kohat soil. In this study, the potential expansive soil  For soil treated with marble waste the unconfined
was identified using laboratory tests, characterized as compressive strength increased with the passage of
medium to high swell potential expansive soil and time, from 3 days to 28 days. The addition of 8%
stabilized using locally available industrial and and more MIW enhanced maximum early
agricultural waste material. The XRD results on unconfined strengths thereby decreasing the swell
Kohat Expansive soil revealed the presence of potential. The UCS is rapid and simple to perform
Polygorskite, also known as Attapulgite but it is not reliable testing method of strength of
(Phyllosilicate category), belonging to smectite group expansive soils as there is no confinement while
which give it the expansion character. The effect of testing saturated sample. In contrast, the UCS of
Marble Industrial Waste (MIW) and Bagasse Ash unsaturated samples results in misleading values
(BA) on Atterberg’s limits, compaction [12]. This increase in strength is attributed to
characteristics, swell parameters and unconfined cementitious behaviour of MIW and pozzolanic
compressive strength (at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days) were reaction with expansive soil particles [10]. The
investigated and the optimum content was determined unconfined compressive strength had maximum
for each case. Since a detailed study was required for average values at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days when 5% BA
each modifier to study the effect on swelling soil so was added for treatment, a similar trend was
no comparisons were made to compare MIW and BA indicated as in case of MIW treatment. The
stabilizers. percentage increase in UCS of MIW-treated soils is
several times more than BA-treated soils.
The conclusions drawn from this research study on  The experimental results indicated that expansion of
the basis of overall results and can be summarized as: soil is controlled effectively when 10% marble
 Marble Industrial Waste (MIW) and Bagasse Ash waste and 7% bagasse ash were mixed with soil
(BA) reduce the plasticity and ameliorate the separately. The swell pressure lowered with
texture of expansive soils. MIW-treated soils show increase of marble waste (upto 10%) and bagasse
considerable reduction. On the A-line chart, the ash (upto 12%) respectively. In general, 8 – 10%
Kohat soil crossed from the clayey region to silty 4. MIW and 5 – 7% BA show the optimum amount to
The extent of diagonal cracking of walls, reduce the PI, decrease volumetric shrinkage,
pronounced desiccation cracks, upheaving and/or increase the unconfined strength, decrease in swell
cracking of floors and sidewalks indicated the potential indicate an obvious improvement. It
presence of expansive soils in the region. alludes the availability of inexpensive sources of
high quality expansive soil stabilizing materials. 3%

International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering

ISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 10, No. 04, August, 2017, pp. 885-891
 Stabilization of Medium Expansive Soils in Pakistan Using Marble
891
Industrial Waste and Bagasse Ash

lime has been declared as optimum by many Modeling of Unsaturated Soils (ed. ^(eds., ASCE,
researchers. The results when compared with pp 181-189.
present study imply that in order to modify the soil [10] Puppala, A., Hoyos, L., Viyanant, C. and
as when lime is utilized more than triple amount of Musenda, C., Gsp 112. 2001.
MIW is needed. A low CaO content has higher rate [11] Petry, T.M. and Little, D.N., Review of
of attaining strength than higher lime content [8, 3]. stabilization of clays and expansive soils in
 Both MIW and BA can potentially stabilize the pavements and lightly loaded structures—history,
expansive soil, either solely or mixed with each practice, and future. Journal of Materials in Civil
other. This is beneficial in reducing construction Engineering, 2002.
cost and providing an environmental friendly [12] Ali, L. and Zafar, Z., Construction on expansive
disposal of industrial and agro-industry waste soils in semi arid zone. In Instrumentation,
product, especially in countries like Pakistan which Testing, and Modeling of Soil and Rock Behavior
is on the road to development [17]. (ed. ^(eds., ASCE, pp 256-263.
[13] Çokça, E., Stabilization of expansive soils using
Being considerably less expensive and available in
waste marble dust. MIDDLE EAST
huge quantities, utilization of these waste products as
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY.
stabilizing material for expansive soil seems to be one
[14] Phani Kumar, B. and Sharma, R.S., Effect of fly
of the many visible answers for their safe disposal
ash on engineering properties of expansive soils.
thereby achieving significant environmental benefits,
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
cost saving in construction projects, reducing land,
Engineering, 2004, 130, 764-767.
and water pollution and is obviously a positive
[15] Mujtaba, H., Farooq, K., Sivakugan, N. and Das,
welcome development as their use will reduce
B.M., Correlation between gradational
environmental hazards. BA alone will not achieve
parameters and compaction characteristics of
comprehensive modification and hence is to be used
sandy soils. International Journal of
along with other chemical additives for treating
Geotechnical Engineering, 2013, 7, 395-401.
expansive clays [4].
[16] Farooq, K., Engineering characteristics of
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International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering

ISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 10, No. 04, August, 2017, pp. 885-891

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