See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/343392221

Intelligent greenhouse monitoring and control scheme: An arrangement of

Sensors, Raspberry Pi based Embedded System and IoT platform

Article  in  Indian Journal of Science and Technology · July 2020

DOI: 10.17485/IJST/v13i27.311

CITATIONS READS

3 1,746

7 authors, including:

Jehangir Arshad Ateeq Ur Rehman

COMSATS University Islamabad Government College University, Lahore
31 PUBLICATIONS   146 CITATIONS    51 PUBLICATIONS   228 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Hafiz Mudassir Munir Noorbakhsh Amiri Golilarz

Sukkur IBA University Pakistan 28 PUBLICATIONS   431 CITATIONS   
13 PUBLICATIONS   69 CITATIONS   
SEE PROFILE
SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

EXPONENTIAL KNOWLEDGE AUTOMATION View project

Knowledge exchange, View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Ateeq Ur Rehman on 03 August 2020.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

INDIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Intelligent greenhouse monitoring and control scheme: An

arrangement of Sensors, Raspberry Pi based Embedded
System and IoT platform
Jehangir Arshad1 , Rizwan Tariq2,3 ∗ , Saqib Saleem4 , Ateeq Ur Rehman5 ,
H Mudassir Munir6 , Noorbakhsh Amiri Golilarz7 , Aamir Saleem8
OPEN ACCESS 1 Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore,
Received: 24-04-2020 540000, Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, University Kuala LumpurBMI (UniKLBMI), Selangor,
Accepted: 01-06-2020
Malaysia
Published: 31-07-2020 3 National Power Construction Corporation Limited. Dubai Branch, UAE
4 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad,
Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan
Editor: Dr. Natarajan Gajendran
5 College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, China
6 Electrical Engineering Dept, IBA University, Sukkur, Sindh, 65200, Pakistan
Citation: Arshad J, Tariq R,
7 School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and
Saleem S, Rehman AU, Munir HM,
Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 611731, China
Amiri Golilarz N, Saleem A (2020) 8 Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,
Intelligent greenhouse monitoring Lahore, 540000
and control scheme: An arrange-
ment of Sensors, Raspberry Pi
based Embedded System and
IoT platform. Indian Journal of Abstract
Science and Technology 13(27):
2811-2822. https://doi.org/
Objectives/ Methods: The conventional farming approaches have been found
10.17485/IJST/v13i27.311 unable to deliver an appropriate quantity of fertilizer. Similarly, no explicit
∗ Corresponding author. measure can be established to regulate the climate parameters. In this study,
Rizwan Tariq we have developed a prototype comprising a sensor network (SN) based
Department of Electrical node, Raspberry Pi based embedded system (ES) that is active to monitor
Engineering, University Kuala
the climatic parameters with air temperature, air humidity, soil moisture,
LumpurBMI (UniKLBMI), Selangor,
Malaysia air carbon dioxide, and light intensity within a greenhouse environment.
National Power Construction Raspberry Pi based ES is integrated with internet-of-things (IoT) analytics,
Corporation Limited. Dubai Branch, termed as ThingSpeak, and sensor nodes are physically placed in a greenhouse
UAE
rizwan.tariq@s.unikl.edu.my environment to record climate parameter data being forwarded to the
gateway. The gateway nodes direct this data to the agriculture professional(s)
Funding: None
through a web browser over the internet. Findings: Based on the received data,
Competing Interests: None the ES triggers the intelligent decision-making by implementing appropriate
Copyright: © 2020 Arshad, Tariq, arrangements to regulate climate parameters. For example, the greenhouse
Saleem, Rehman, Munir,
climate is controlled through switching ``ON'' certain devices i.e., lights, water
Amiri Golilarz, Saleem. This is an
open access article distributed sprinklers/exhaust fan, and fan. We deliberate that the proposed scheme
under the terms of the Creative can be implementable at a bigger scale without any difficulty and it will
Commons Attribution License, which
be much advantageous for an increase in sustainability, productivity, and
permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in profitability of a farming system. Novelty: Up to the authors' best knowledge,
any medium, provided the original it is the first wireless deployment of ThingSpeak analytics for a smart
author and source are credited.
greenhouse environment by using the Raspberry Pi. The main advantages
Published By Indian Society for of this intelligent crop monitoring system include uninterrupted mobile
Education and Environment (iSee)
monitoring of the greenhouse, improved crop yield and productivity, negligible
human interface/dependency.

https://www.indjst.org/ 2811
Arshad et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2020;13(27):2811–2822

Keywords: Agricultural monitoring; greenhouses; embedded system; sensor

networks (SN); IoT

https://www.indjst.org/ 2812
Arshad et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2020;13(27):2811–2822

1 Introduction
Impulsive climate variations play a crucial role in crop letdown (1). Consequently, the damage fallouts result in farmers’ incompetency to pay back the loans
that turn life-threatening to farmers as it leads them to commit suicide (1) . To control this swelling issue, the advancement in agriculture atmosphere has
been recommended as a leading need (2). These days ‘greenhouse’ notion is an extensively recognized system to encounter food inflation for both seasonal
and unseasonal vegetables, fruits and other crops. However, it is limited to greenhouse farming only, and also lacks automatic governance of environmental
parameters (3–8) . In addition to an old-style farming setup, the deployment of an internet-of-things (IoT) system could help to control all climate parameters
automatically without any human intervention and the agriculture professional could monitor these parameters remotely with the help of an internet web
browser (9) . Setup of the IoT system includes sensor network (SN), an embedded system (ES) that could control devices, fetch data from the computer and send
it to an online IoT platform such as ThingSpeak (10) . An SN based arrangement was deployed in (2) to detain allied requirements for a potato crop. The deployed
arrangement was predictable to assist the farmer in irrigation at an appropriate time and in the selection of a suitable fertilizer. A precise model sideways along
with an intelligent humidity measurement sensor was developed as an irrigation management prototype to estimate climate constrictions in (11) . Moreover,
in (11) authors have offered a wireless sensor network-based mechanization scheme in a red-berry farmhouse by deploying temperature sensors, and deployed
a general packet radio services (GPRS) gateway for transmission of data. A similar model has been deployed in the sugarcane field that is also based on an
energy-efficient SN (12) and has been deployed as a theme of IoT (13–17) . Further, device automation has been proposed in (18) , for which, actuators, camera, and
ZigBee network were installed to govern an automatic irrigation system utilizing real-time field parameters. Similarly, (19) has focused on the auto-irrigation
system using IoT based smart system and a moisture SN. Furthermore, energy-efficient sensor nodes (i.e., air temperature, air humidity, soil moisture, air
carbon dioxide, and light intensity) with smaller memory have been used in (20) . These days, the main emphasis of the research is to assess the limitations of
SNs for innumerable environments (i.e., health, education, defense systems, agriculture, and monitoring) and communication protocols (21,22) .

2 Contribution and Proposed System Model

Many archetypes of agriculture monitoring systems have been projected recently (23–28) but most of them are failed in the assessment of parameters in real-time
greenhouse scenarios (23,29,30) . To this, the present study deliberates a greenhouse scenario where environmental parametric data has been gathered using a
sensor node. The data is further sent to a Raspberry Pi based control unit (CU) for intelligent decision-making to regulate these parameters accordingly. The
key contribution of the current study is to propose, design and evaluate an automatic crop monitoring system at lab scale archetype which monitors and makes
decisions intelligently to regulate climate constraints as per the condition. The proposed implementation practices a wirelessly operated intelligent farming
organization to upsurge the yield of crops by automatically controlling climate parameters. A variety of sensors have been deployed to gather imperative data
of climate constraints i.e., air temperature, air humidity, soil moisture, air carbon dioxide, and light intensity. The instantaneous status of these constraints is
vital to produce a precise inventiveness during farming. The projected framework is SN and IoT based deployment to adjust values of climate parameters. The
deployed SN is power efficient, optimized in volume, multi-functional and low cost (31–33) . The sensors are connected to a single node and placed randomly
on desired locations for data collection that is further accelerated to the gateway. The gateway sends this data to agriculture professionals through the internet.
Based on the received information, the ES triggers intelligent decision-making by implementing appropriate arrangements to regulate climate parameters. For
example, the greenhouse climate is controlled by switching ON various devices e.g., lights, water sprinklers/exhaust fan, fan, etc. Figure 1 displays an overview
of the proposed hierarchy of the developed system.

Fig 1. Proposed Hierarchy of Smart Green House Setup

https://www.indjst.org/ 2813
Arshad et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2020;13(27):2811–2822

3 Materials and Methods

The climate and fertilizer play a dynamic role in crop growth and yield; but, the former one can be a source of environmental pollution that could cause in the
form of imbalance in climate parameters and consequently, it can damage crop nutrients. The disproportionate amount of fertilizers could instigate eutrophic
in underground water streams and marinade the field with inorganic elements. Therefore, it is indispensable to use the appropriate amount of fertilizer by
providing an intelligent/automatic regulation of climate parameters such as air temperature, air humidity, soil moisture, air carbon dioxide, and light intensity.
To accomplish this, we are aimed at the proposition of a smart greenhouse scheme observatory arrangement with the deployment of SNs and IoT based
system. An elementary organizational proposal of the projected structure is shown in Figure 2. In this study, we have integrated a Raspberry Pi based ES with IoT
analytics (termed ThingSpeak). Up to authors’ best knowledge, it is the first wireless deployment of ThingSpeak analytics for a smart greenhouse environment
using a Raspberry Pi board-based ES.

Fig 2. Design demonstration: an arrangement of IoT-based proposed system Model.

The ES is proficient to compare climate parameters with pre-set threshold values and capable of decision-making to turn ON /OFF devices intelligently
to regulate unstable climate parametric values. Furthermore, the received information from different sensors is transmitted to the internet web browser to
monitor the status of devices on a graphical user interface (GUI) provided by ThingSpeak analytics. The main advantages of this intelligent crop monitoring
system include: 1) uninterrupted mobile monitoring of the greenhouse, 2) improved crop yield and productivity, 3) negligible human interface/dependency that
lessens the labor cost, 4) secured (login and password-based two-factor) authentication to avoid the access of the unauthorized person. The projected design
entrenches a combination of diverse electronic components to accomplish different tasks i.e., environmental parameter sensing, data processing, controlling the
operation of attached peripherals, and monitoring the values over the web browser. The proposed system is wireless, secure, flexible and capable of intelligent
decision-making. The electronic components used in the circuit design along with their specifications are defined in Table 1.

Table 1. Electronic components used in the proposed circuit design

Components Name Specifications of the Component
Raspberry Pi (34) Raspberry Pi 3

Analog to Digital Converter (35) ADS 1115

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) (36) Display format

Relay Module (37) 5 Volts Relay Modules

Continued on next page

https://www.indjst.org/ 2814
Arshad et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2020;13(27):2811–2822

Table 1 continued
Components Name Specifications of the Component
Relay and Cooling Fan (38,39) Maximum switching voltage: 150V AC; 24V DC

Sensors (40,41) i) Temperature sensor (3.3V-5V operating voltage; range: 0-50◦ C);
ii) DHT11 Humidity sensor,
iii) Light dependent resistor sensor (DC 3–5 V operating voltage; 5 mm diameter);
iv) Soil moisture sensor (3.3V-5V operating voltage, 35mA current);
v) CO2 MQ5 sensor.

Power supply or Adapter Input: 120-240V; Output: 5V-12V

3.1 Raspberry Pi 3
It is third-generation of Raspberry Pi that has replaced the second-generation model of Raspberry Pi 2 released in February 2016. Main features of this model are
i) 64-bit 1.2GHz central processing unit with a Broadcom (BCM-2837) model and support of 1GB RAM, ii) onboard Bluetooth low energy (BLE) and wireless
LAN connectivity, iii) 40 general purpose input-output pins (GPIO) with 4 USB (2.0) ports and HDMI port for external display. Additionally, it supports
audio/video ports, CSI camera port, DSI touch screen port, and micro SD card (42) . The core property of this model is that it can provide wireless connectivity
to an access point and provides an opportunity to develop a plug and play wireless system.

3.2 Analog to Digital Converter

We have used an analog to digital converter (ADC) model ADS1115 which is a 16-bit ADC and 4 channels capable of converting 860 samples/sec at I2C. It is
used because the output of the CO2 sensor is analog that needs to be converted into digital before sending it to the ThingSpeak server.

3.3 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and HDMI cable

To display the readings of climate parameters sensed through sensors is displayed on LCD (36) . In further, HDMI cable is used to connect the Raspberry Pi
board with an LCD or LED display for setting up Pi 3 and python programming. Its model is JHD-162A with colorless pixels and thin display. For every
liquid-crystal particle, each pixel is fenced by 2 luminous electrodes along with 2 polarizing filters. The attached LCD with the proposed system has a standard
American Standard Codes of Information Interchange (ASCII) characters from DB0 – DB7.

3.4 Relay module and Cooling Fan

In electrical systems, the relay module is used to switch devices ON and OFF (38) . It includes two different circuits: one being used as an ‘input’ and the other
is used as an ‘output’. Relay works as a switch by opening and closing the contacts. It is crucial to keep the atmospheric temperature of greenhouse stable to get
better yield and better growth rate. To achieve this, a cooling fan (39) is rummage-sale to control the environmental temperature. Likewise, exhaust fan (39) is
also attached to sustain the humidity level of the greenhouse environment. A 12V, 120mm fan is connected with the system to regulate the temperature.

3.5 Sensors
We have used five sensors to sense the data of climate parameters and send it to Raspberry Pi 3 based embedded system. These include temperature, air humidity,
soil moisture, carbon dioxide, and light intensity sensors to collect data for intelligent decision making. For temperature sensing, DS 1820 temperature sensor
(-2, + 2 Co precision for temperature 0–50 Co) is used whereas DHT11 (5 percent precision for humidity readings for 20–80%) is used to sense humidity. The
key features include: these sensors need 3-5 V to operate, with max. of 2.5mA current. Moreover, the FC-28 moisture sensor is used that has 4 pins including
VCC, A0 pin for analog output, D0 pin for digital output and ground pin. The moisture sensing module comprises a potentiometer to set a threshold value
that will be further compared by the comparator (LM393). Further, for the light sensor, LDR (40) is used because it is efficient in detecting the visible light.
It comprises a resistance that varies when the light falls on this resistance. To measure soil moisture, a soil moisture sensor (43) is rummage-sale to check the
humidity level of the soil. It also operates on 3.3-5V.

3.6 Implementation of the Proposed Scheme

The proposed model proficiently screens climatic parameters and intelligently regulates the climate parametric values (using sensors, attached output devices,
Raspberry Pi) to capitalize crop yield and enhance the production. The real-time instantaneous status of climate parameters in the greenhouse environment
can be seen on LCD as well as on ThingSpeak.

3.7 VNC Viewer

It is a freeware that can be adapted to use the desktop of Raspberry Pi 3 remotely. It provides a user-friendly GUI for the user. It only requires account signup
of the user and IP address of Raspberry Pi 3 whenever a user is logged in and automatically sets up the connection. Once the connection is built, the desktop
of Raspberry Pi 3 can be used from any remote location.

https://www.indjst.org/ 2815
Arshad et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2020;13(27):2811–2822

3.8 Proposed Construction of Embedded System using Raspberry Pi

The proposed integration of hardware components is shown in Figure 3. Raspberry Pi works as a heart of the proposed intelligent system as it works as a central
processing unit (CPU) in monitoring the real-time values of climate parameters in a greenhouse environment. Correspondingly, based on these values it
performs comparisons of preset threshold values with received values and makes decisions to control these climate parameters if it finds any kind of imbalance.
In total, five sensors are used including air temperature, air humidity, soil moisture, air carbon dioxide, and light intensity.

Fig 3. Proposed schematic of hardware assembling.

If there is any variation monitored in climate parametric values by any of the deployed sensors, this variation is communicated to the Raspberry Pi 3 which
subsequently compares the received value with the preset threshold values. Consequently, if Raspberry Pi 3 finds any imbalance then it will trigger one of the
relays to turn the related device ON so that the respective climatic parameter can be stabilized. On every occasion when the proposed system realizes that the
received parameter value is less or more than the set threshold value, it will contemplate that it is essential for field resources and directs a signal to trigger
the relay module to turn ON the corresponding electric components to satisfy the requirement of resources in the greenhouse environment. The connected
appliance(s) will function uninterruptedly until sensors get balanced values. For example, if a value captured by the soil moisture sensor is less than a specific
limit ( the least amount of water contented in soil), it will communicate the value to the Raspberry Pi 3 that will intelligently direct a signal the corresponding
relay module to switch the water pump ON until the needed water volume for the soil is not completed. Likewise, all other sensors will operate by sending
values to the control unit that will decide either there is a need or not to ON/OFF the electrical appliances until the sensor gets stable values. Additionally, the
up-to-date status of the greenhouse environment which means all sensors and components are presently functional is also displayed on an LCD.

Fig 4. Proposed assembling of hardware schematic.

https://www.indjst.org/ 2816
Arshad et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2020;13(27):2811–2822

[ Figure 4] stretches an outline of inclusive functionality done in the form of a flow chart. Rendering to which, the Raspberry pi 3 B+ is used in this
deployment that has built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth facility, however, to attain maximum reliability and range we are using Wi-Fi for the connectivity of embedded
system with an access point and further access point will send data to ThingSpeak through the gateway. Once the connectivity of the proposed system is
completed through Wi-Fi, it checks for the connectivity of agriculture professionals. If he/she is not connected to the system through the internet, it specifies
‘no user connected’ and connectivity counter will fail as shown in Figure 4. If client connectivity is found, it moves towards the ThingSpeak main page and
brings up-to-date sensor data as per the latest received values of real-time climate parameters. As the upgradation of ThingSpeak is completed according to
received sensor’s values, it will reconfirm the connectivity of client and keep on repeating this loop of data up-gradation and at any upgradation, the imbalance
is found the system will automatically run the corresponding device to switch on the device for the sake of stability at regular time intervals.

3.9 Embedded System and Internet Connectivity

ThingSpeak (44) is an IoT based analytics plate form that helps in the establishment of internet connectivity of ES and agricultural professional and delivers
real-time system information. It is an open-source web plate form that is used for testing of real-time IoT based implementation of research determinations. It
is proficient of collect and analyzing live data in the cloud.
Primarily, ThingSpeak offers a facility for creating an account for the user to create an account followed by the formation of a new channel. Once the channel
is formed, a new window popup letting to add the channel name and its description Figure 5. The fields shown on ThingSpeak GUI page shown in Figure 5
have to be designated concerning climate parametric measurements established according to the proposed application i.e. the proposed system that monitors
air temperature, air humidity, soil moisture, air carbon dioxide, and light intensity in which, fields are marked as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. The channel is
saved after completing the necessary information in the ThingSpeak form. Point to ponder is that each of the created channels will have an exclusive ‘Write
API key’ used while writing the software code. Moreover, ThingSpeak demonstrates the real-time sensor values in the form of a graph. Of note, the sensor’s
data will have vanished in case of no internet connectivity. However, it can be tackled by maintaining a separate database or a separate server instead of using
a building IoT plate form. Another solution is that an isolated memory element may be used directly associated with the sensor nodes, but this arrangement
will be sovereign and independent of internet connectivity. Wireless connectivity of this proposed system is another distinguishing attribute as it is the best
available solution as the wall outlets might not be constantly appropriate in a greenhouse environment.

Fig 5. GUI page of ThingSpeak (44) .

4 Results and Discussion

The structure of the prescribed system is explicated in [ Figure 6] in the form of a flow diagram. As the circuit is functional, all attached sensors initiate the
sensing of climate parameters and communicate the recorded values to ES. Once these values are received from sensors, ES equates the gotten values with the

https://www.indjst.org/ 2817
Arshad et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2020;13(27):2811–2822

stabilized preset values. If any of the values are less or greater than the limit value (a preset threshold value), the ES will direct a control signal towards the
relay module to switch ON the matching appliance so that the imbalance value can be normalized. In the proposed structure, if the value of Light Dependent
Resistor (LDR) is lower than the preset threshold value, it will be taken as nighttime, and ES will direct a control signal to the relay module to switch ON the
associated lights till the sensor value augmented the preset threshold value (a value in the day time). Similarly, if the temperature and humidity sensor values
are less than the threshold, the exhaust fan and fan will turn ON to fulfill the requirement of air. Trails just as the functioning of all connected sensors, the
ES will measure and compare the Soil moisture through soil sensor. If the value is less than the preset threshold, ES will take it as the low moisture and fewer
contents and water is needed to increase the level of soil moisture. Consequently, ES will switch ON the watering pump until the set threshold is realized. The
data obtained from all sensors are simultaneously referred to as the LCD module and that can be visualized on it. Every time fresh data comes, it substitutes
the existing values that presently displayed on LCD. Raspberry pi-based ES was initially designed on ‘https://www.circuito.io/ ’ as shown in Figure 7 that is an
online platform rummage-sale for Raspberry Pi and Arduino based the electrical/electronic circuit design.

Fig 6. Software flow to explain the control of greenhouse with ES.

https://www.indjst.org/ 2818
Arshad et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2020;13(27):2811–2822

Fig 7. Implementation of the proposed system on Proteus

The Raspberry Pi libraries are not built-in in this platform, nevertheless, these are open source libraries. After the inclusion of these libraries, we can use the
above-mentioned platform to implement the proposed system as shown in Figure 8. The system has been developed and tested in the lab prototype. Figure 8
illustrates the demonstration of the anticipated IoT based greenhouse stem to monitor and control the climate parameters. Figure 8 displays the assembling
of the prescribed components of the proposed system along with results displayed on LED. The right portion of the figure shows the five sensors, then the
relay module is displayed in the central part and on the right side, the live values captured by the sensors are shown on LCD. The measured values of climate
parameters i.e. temperature is measured as 22.8 C0 where its normal/set value is 35 C0 .

Fig 8. Assembling of the components of the proposed system & results

https://www.indjst.org/ 2819
Arshad et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2020;13(27):2811–2822

The measured value is normal, hence the message shown on the LCD is displayed as “temperature is normal Fan OFF” and the corresponding LED is OFF.
However, in lower screen short, the value of the temperature sensor is 36.5 C0 that is an imbalanced value and to bring the temperature down we need to turn on
the fan. Hence, the relay will turn on the fan and the message can be seen as “Temperature Increase Fan On”. Similarly, the other four parameters including CO2 ,
humidity (preset threshold ≥ 55), light intensity, and soil moisture (preset threshold = 50) are displayed in Figure 8,with their live values, normal threshold
values and the corresponding device attached to regulate the particular climate parameter value. This results in Figure 8 only shows the switching of relays
only as we have proposed a lab prototype but it can operate all attached sensors and respective mentioned devices to control the environment accordingly to
fulfill the needs. Figure 9 shows five different plots for all five fields (for five sensors). As shown in Figure 5, fields are set from Field 1 to Field 5 while creating
a channel on ThingSpeak. The temperature fluctuations can be monitored on the plot of Field 1, Field 2 for humidity, Field 3 for soil Moisture, Field 4 for light
intensity and Field 5 to display CO2 monitoring. All given fields in Figure 9, shows automated control over time. The preliminary values are taken by sensors
and are stabilized by the proposed system to its normal (set) value. Table 2 displays the evaluation attributes of existing systems and the proposed systems
in (11,20,45,46) .

Table 2. Comparison of the Proposed System VS Old Systems

Functionality Proposed System Old System
Intelligent Green House Scenario Yes No
Raspberry Pi Based ES Yes No
Evaluation of Practical Scenario Yes No
ThingSpeak Based Implementation Yes No
5 Climate Parameters Monitored Yes No

Fig 9. Thing Speak plots: conduct of regulated climate parameter values w.r.t time

https://www.indjst.org/ 2820
Arshad et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2020;13(27):2811–2822

5 Conclusion and Future Recommendations

This study proposed the integration of third-generation Raspberry Pi based intelligent embedded system, climate sensors and IoT analytics (ThingSpeak). The
proposed plug and play prototype can be physically installed in a greenhouse environment to record climate parametric data being forwarded to the gateway. The
gateway nodes are in control to frontward this data to agriculture professional(s) through a web browser over the internet. Based on the received information, the
ES activates the smart decision making by the implementation of a suitable arrangement to control the climate parameter values. For example, the greenhouse
climate is controlled through switching “ON” certain devices i.e. fan, lights/heater, water sprinklers/exhaust fan, and alarm, etc. The installed sensor network is
very simple, power-efficient, multi-functional, low cost and optimal in size. It is deliberated that the anticipated system can be easily implementable at a bigger
scale. It will be beneficial for visible growth in productivity, profitability, and sustainability of greenhouse farming setup. It is a primary wireless deployment of
an intelligent greenhouse system using ThingSpeak analytics and Raspberry Pi board-based ES. Conclusively, we can claim that the proposed system comprises
the following benefits:

• It is capable of providing uninterrupted mobile monitoring of the greenhouse farm.

• There will be negligible human interface/dependency that significantly lessens the labor cost,
• The Login and password-based (two-factor authentication) scheme can be implemented
• using a Raspberry Pi board to avoid unauthorized that ensures the system security.
• All the above points will show some prominent rise in crop yield and productivity.

As a future research problem, image processing can be used with the proposed system to spot and monitor the defect in the leaves to take precautionary
measures. Moreover, a small single-board computer e.g., Raspberry Pi, can be used with wireless sensors network instead of wired sensors to increase the
performance of the system and deployment of the modern wireless environment.

6 Acknowledgment
Authors are thankful to the Editor and respected anonymous reviewers for their perceptive comments and useful recommendations that will surely improve
the eminence of this work.

References
1) Gluhak A, Krco S, Nati M, Pfisterer D, Mitton N, Razafindralambo T. A survey on facilities for experimental internet of things research. 2011. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2011.6069710.
2) Shete R, Agrawal S. IoT based urban climate monitoring using Raspberry Pi. In: and others, editor. International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP). 2016. Available from:
https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsp.2016.7754526.
3) Alabassby BFNM, Mahdi JF, Kadhim MA. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering Design and Implementation WSN Based on Raspberry Pi for Medical Application. In: 2nd International
Conference on Sustainable Engineering Techniques (ICSET 2019). 2019. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/518/5/052022.
4) Al-Adwan I, Al-D MSN. The use of zigbee wireless network for monitoring and controlling greenhouse climate. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology. 2012;2:35–39.
5) Shamshiri R, Ismail WIW. A review of greenhouse climate control and automation systems in tropical regions. J Agric Sci Appl. 2013;2:176–183.
6) Benammar M, Abdaoui A, Ahmad S, Touati F, Kadri A. A Modular IoT Platform for Real-Time Indoor Air Quality Monitoring. Sensors. 2018;18(2):581–581. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/
s18020581.
7) Maitra S, Yelamarthi K. Rapidly Deployable IoT Architecture with Data Security: Implementation and Experimental Evaluation. Sensors. 2019;19(11):2484–2484. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/
s19112484.
8) Rahali A, Alami H, Hilali A. Design and Implementation of a System for Monitoring and Remote Control of a Greenhouse Climate Parameters. Journal of Automation and Control Engineering. 2015;3:425–427.
Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.12720/joace.3.5.425-427.
9) Jayasundara JMSMB, Herath HMSK, Wanniarachchi WKIL. An Automated Soil and Climatic Conditions Controlling Greenhouse: A Preliminary Study. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and
Technology. 2017;6(12):349–349. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2277-1581.2017.00056.0.
10) Mendez GR, Yunus MAM, Mukhopadhyay SC. A WiFi based smart wireless sensor network for monitoring an agricultural environment. In: Proc. Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference
(I2MTC). 2012;p. 13–16. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/I2MTC.2012.6229653.
11) Kiani F. Reinforcement Learning Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Sensor Networks. In: Proc. 7th International Symposium on Cloud and Service Computing (SC2). 2017;p. 22–25. Available from:
https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SC2.2017.18.
12) Arshad J, Siddique MAB, Zulfiqar Z, Khokhar A, Salim S, Younas T, et al. A Novel Remote User Authentication Scheme by using Private Blockchain-Based Secure Access Control for Agriculture Monitoring.
2020 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET). 2020;p. 1–9.
13) Suma N, Samson SR, Saranya S, Shanmugapriya G, Subhashri R. IOT based smart agriculture monitoring system. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communications.
2017;5:177–181.
14) Gondchawar N, Kawitkar RS. IoT based smart agriculture. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communications Engineering. 2016;5:838–842.
15) Aher A, Kasar J, Ahuja P, Jadhav V. Smart agriculture using clustering and IOT. Int Res J Eng Technol. 2018;5:4065–4068.
16) Jayaraman P, Yavari A, Georgakopoulos D, Morshed A, Zaslavsky A. Internet of Things Platform for Smart Farming: Experiences and Lessons Learnt. Sensors. 2016;16(11):1884–1884. Available from:
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16111884.
17) Arshad J, Salim ST, Younas M, Amentie G, Farid A, Rehman. A Study on Device Automation: An Integration of Internet protocols and Embedded System. In: 2020 International Conference on Engineering
and Emerging Technologies (ICEET). 2020. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICEET48479.2020.9048204.
18) Mumtaz Z, Ullah S, Ilyas Z, Aslam N, Iqbal S, Liu S, et al. An Automation System for Controlling Streetlights and Monitoring Objects Using Arduino. Sensors. 2018;18:3178–3178. Available from:
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103178.
19) Gubbi J, Buyya R, Marusic S, Palaniswami M. Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions. Future Generation Computer Systems. 2013;29:1645–1660. Available from:
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2013.01.010.
20) Mat I, Kassim MRM, Harun AN, Yusoff IM. IoT in precision agriculture applications using wireless moisture sensor network. In: Proc. Open Systems (ICOS). 2016.
21) Kiani F, Amiri E, Zamani M, Khodadadi T, Manaf AA. Efficient Intelligent Energy Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks. 2015;11(3):618072–
618072. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/618072.
22) Kiani F. AR-RBFS: Aware-Routing Protocol Based on Recursive Best-First Search Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. Journal of Sensors. 2016;2016:1–10. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/
2016/8743927.
23) Hakojarvi M, Hautala M, Ahokas J, Oksanen T, Maksimow T, Aspiala A, et al. A Platform for simulation of automated crop production. Agronomy Research Journal. 2010;8:797–806.
24) Inglada J, Arias M, Tardy B, Hagolle O, Valero S, Morin D, et al. Assessment of an Operational System for Crop Type Map Production Using High Temporal and Spatial Resolution Satellite Optical Imagery.
Remote Sensing. 2015;7:12356–12379. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs70912356.
25) Schmedtmann J, Campagnolo M. Reliable Crop Identification with Satellite Imagery in the Context of Common Agriculture Policy Subsidy Control. Remote Sensing. 2015;7:9325–9346. Available from:
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs70709325.
26) Balanthandapani R, Boopathi D, Jotheeshwaran S, Arundeva G, Saranya C. Automatic rain water and crop saving system using embedded technology. International Journal of Science Engineering and
Technology Research. 2015;4:577–580.
27) Durrani M, Rehman AU, Farooq A, Meo JA, Sadiq MT. An Automated Waste Control Management System (AWCMS) by Using Arduino. In: 2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging
Technologies (ICEET). 2019;p. 1–6. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711844.
28) Li J, Huang G, Arshad J. Cross-tier interference mitigation for RTDD-based macro-femto networks. IEEE 26th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications
(PIMRC). 2015. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.2015.7343566.
29) Olvera-Olvera CA, Duarte-Correa D, Ramirez-Rodriguez SR, Alaniz-Lumbreras PD, Lara-Herrera A, Gomez-Melendez D, et al. Development of a remote sensing and control system for greenhouse
applications. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 2011;6:4947–4953. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.1231.

https://www.indjst.org/ 2821
 Arshad et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2020;13(27):2811–2822

30) Chaudhary DD, Nayse SP, Waghmare LM. Application of Wireless Sensor Networks for Greenhouse Parameter Control in Precision Agriculture. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks.
2011;3(1):140–149. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijwmn.2011.3113.
31) Leccese MCF, Trinca D. A New Remote and Automated Control System for the Vineyard Hail Protection Based on ZigBee Sensors, Raspberry-Pi Electronic Card and WiMAX. Journal of Agricultural Science
and Technology B. 2013;3(12):853–864.
32) Mary A, Rose X, Rajasekaran L, K. Continuous and remote monitoring of ground water level measurement in a well. International Journal of Water. 2018;12(4):356–369. Available from: https:
//doi.org/10.1504/IJW.2018.095397.
33) Greenville AC, Emery NJ. Gathering lots of data on a small budget. Science. 2016;353:1360–1361. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aag3057.
34) Maksimović M, Vujović V, Davidović N, Milošević V, Perišić B. Raspberry Pi as Internet of Things hardware: Performances and Constraints. 2014.
35) Arduino Ethernet Shield 2. 2018. Available from: https://store.arduino.cc/usa/arduino-ethernet-shield-2.
36) Standard LCD 20x4. 2018. Available from: https://www.adafruit.com/product/198.
37) Potentiometer. 2018. Available from: https://components101.com/potentiometer.
38) How to Set Up 5V Relay on the Arduino. 2018. Available from: http://www.circuitbasics.com/setting-up-a-5v-relay-on-the-arduino/.
39) Coolerguys Slim Ultra Quiet 120x120x15mm 3 Pin Fan. 2018. Available from: https://www.coolerguys.com/collections/dc-12-volt-fans/products/coolerguys-slim-120mm-fan-fan-cg12015l12b2-3y.
40) DHT11 & DHT22 Sensors Temperature and Humidity Tutorial using Arduino. 2018. Available from: https://howtomechatronics.com/tutorials/arduino/dht11-dht22-sensors-temperature-and-humidity-
tutorial-using-arduino/.
41) Akhtar M, Hussain J, Arshad, Ahmad. User Authentication Scheme for Greenhouse Remote Monitoring System using WSNs/IOT. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Future Networks and
Distributed Systems. 2019.
42) Ahmad U, Subrata DM, Arif C. Speaking Plant Approach for Automatic Fertigation System in Greenhouse. International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Processing and Pattern Recognition. 2011;4(3).
43) Electrical4u. Light Dependent Resistor. 2018. Available from: http://www.electrical4u.com/light-dependentresistor-ldr-working-principle-of-ldr/.
44) Rehman AMU, Asif RM, Tariq R, Javed A. Gsm based solar automatic irrigation system using moisture, temperature and humidity sensors. International Conference on Engineering Technology and
Technopreneurship. 2017;(ICE2T). Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICE2T.2017.8215945.
45) Haule J, Michael K. Deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSN) in automated irrigation management and scheduling systems: a review. Proceedings of the 2nd Pan African International Conference on
Science, Computing and Telecommunications (PACT. 2014.
46) Tay NNW, Botzheim J, Kubota N. Human-Centric Automation and Optimization for Smart Homes. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering. 2018;15(4):1759–1771. Available from:
https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tase.2018.2789658.

https://www.indjst.org/ 2822

View publication stats