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Probability Sampling

This document discusses different types of sampling techniques used in research, including probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling as well as non-probability sampling methods such as convenience sampling, purposive sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. It provides examples and definitions for each sampling method.

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266 views5 pages

Probability Sampling

This document discusses different types of sampling techniques used in research, including probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling as well as non-probability sampling methods such as convenience sampling, purposive sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. It provides examples and definitions for each sampling method.

Uploaded by

Ara Roquero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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JENNY ANN ROQUERO BSBA FM2A

Probability Sampling

This Sampling technique uses randomization to make sure that every element of the
population gets an equal chance to be part of the selected sample. It’s alternatively known as
random sampling.

 Simple Random Sampling: Every element has an equal chance of getting selected to
be the part sample. It is used when we don’t have any kind of prior information about the
target population.

For example: Random selection of 20 students from class of


50 students. Each student has equal chance of getting
selected. Here probability of selection is 1/50

 Stratified Sampling: This technique divides the elements of the population into small
subgroups (strata) based on the similarity in such a way that the elements within the group
are homogeneous and heterogeneous among the other subgroups formed. And then the
elements are randomly selected from each of these strata. We need to have prior
information about the population to create subgroups.

For example: Suppose you are trying to take a sample of 100 students to ask them whether
or not they support a new parking lot at the school. Certainly freshman students will have
different support levels than seniors. In this case, you might want to ensure that you are
getting all four grade levels represented in your sample. Here are the steps for the stratified
random sample:

 Take the population of all high school


students at your school and split them into
groups (strata) by grade level. Within each
strata, students are similar (same grade
level).
 Take an SRS of 25 students from each grade
level.
 Cluster Sampling

Our entire population is divided into clusters or sections and then the clusters are randomly
selected. All the elements of the cluster are used for sampling. Clusters are identified using
details such as age, sex, location etc.

Locating 100 different students within the school is quite time consuming. Instead of an SRS
or a stratified random sample, you might want to use a cluster sample to make data
collection easier. When setting up a cluster sample, it is important that each cluster is a good
representation of the population. In the school setting, this means that each cluster has to
have a good representation of all four grade levels. This
happens in some schools in a home room. We are
talking about a school that intentionally has all four
grade levels represented in each home room. Here are
the steps for the cluster sample:
 Take the population of all high school students at
your school and split them into groups (clusters)
by home room. Within each cluster, students are
different (multiple grade levels).
 Take an SRS of 3 of the home rooms. Interview
all students in each of the selected home rooms.

 Systematic Clustering

Here the selection of elements is systematic and not random except the first element.
Elements of a sample are chosen at regular intervals of population. All the elements are put
together in a sequence first where each element has the equal chance of being selected.

For example: A researcher


wants to choose 2000 people
amongst the population of
10,000 people with the help of
systematic sampling. He must
enlist all the potential
participants, and accordingly,
a starting point will be
selected. As soon as this list
gets formed, every 5th person
from the list would be selected
as a participant, as
10,000/2000 = 5.
Non-Probability Sampling

It does not rely on randomization. This technique is more reliant on the researcher’s ability to
select elements for a sample. Outcome of sampling might be biased and makes difficult for all
the elements of population to be part of the sample equally. This type of sampling is also
known as non-random sampling.

 Convenience Sampling

Convenience sampling is a type of sampling where the first available primary data source will
be used for the research without additional requirements. In other words, this sampling
method involves getting participants wherever you can find them and typically wherever is
convenient. In convenience sampling no inclusion criteria identified prior to the selection of
subjects.  All subjects are invited to participate.

In its basic form, convenience sampling method


can be applied by stopping random people on the
street and asking questionnaire questions.

For Example: ‘Pepsi Challenge’ marketing


campaign can be referred to as a relevant
example for this sampling method. ‘Pepsi
Challenge’ is occasionally held in large shopping
centers and other crowded locations and all
members of population are invited to participate
in the contest without any discrimination.

 Purposive Sampling

This is based on the intention or the purpose of study. Only those elements will be selected
from the population which suits the best for the purpose of our study.

Purposive sampling method may prove to be effective when only limited numbers of people
can serve as primary data sources due to the nature of research design and aims and
objectives.
For example: For a research analyzing
effects of personal tragedy such as family
bereavement on performance of senior level
managers the researcher may use his/her own
judgment in order to choose senior level
managers who could particulate in in-depth
interviews.

 Quota Sampling

This type of sampling depends of some pre-set standard. It selects the representative sample
from the population. Proportion of characteristics/ trait in sample should be same as
population. Elements are selected until exact proportions of certain types of data are obtained
or sufficient data in different categories is collected.

For example: A researcher might ask for a


sample of 50 females, or 50 individuals between
the ages of 32–42.

 Referral /Snowball Sampling

This technique is used in the situations where the population is completely unknown and rare.

Therefore we will take the help from the first element which we select for the population and
ask him to recommend other elements who will fit the description of the sample needed.

So this referral technique goes on, increasing the size of population like a snowball.
For example: It’s used in situations of highly sensitive
topics like HIV Aids where people will not openly discuss and
participate in surveys to share information about HIV Aids.

Not all the victims will respond to the questions asked so


researchers can contact people they know or volunteers to
get in touch with the victims and collect information

Helps in situations where we do not have the access to


sufficient people with the characteristics we are seeking. It
starts with finding people to study.

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