COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ENGINEERING LABORATORY II

SUBJECT CODE BAA 2921

SUBJECT ENGINEERING LAB II

EXPERIMENT SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT INFLUENCE

TITLE LINE
DATE OF
26 FEBUARY 2020
EXPERIMENT

GROUP NUMBER 06

SECTION 02

1. MUHAMMAD SYAMIR BIN SAMSUDIN AA18186

2. NURUL NAJEEHA BT MOHD NASIR AA18200

3. SITI NUR AIN BT MISRON AA18206

GROUP MEMBER:
NAME & ID NUMBER
4. PRAVINA KAMINI A/P GUNASEKARAN AA18199

5. SITI NABIHAH BT AMRAN AA18204

6. ABDULLAH AMEIR BIN A. RASHID AA19269

PERSON IN
MUHAMMD NURUL FAKHRI BIN RUSLI
CHARGE
REMARKS

ENDORSEMENT

1
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
NO TITLE SHEAR FORCE BENDING MOMENT
INFLUENCE LINE INFLUENCE LINE

1. INTRODUCTION 1 18

2. PRINCIPLES 2 19

3. OBJECTIVE 3 20

4. APPARATUS 4 21

5. PROCEDURE 5 22

6. RESULTS 7 24

7. CALCULATION 8 25

7. DISCUSSION 14 31

8. CONCLUSION 17 34

9. REFERENCES 35

10. APPENDIX 36

2
SHEAR FORCE INFLUENCE LINE

INTRODUCTION

Influence line have important application for the design of structures that resist large live
loads. An influence line represents either the variation of the reaction, shear, moment, or deflection
at a specific point in a member as a concentrated force moves over the member. Once this line is
constructed, one can tell at glance where the moving load should be place on the structures so that it
creates the greatest influence at the specific point.

Furthermore, the magnitude of the associated reaction, shear moment, or deflection at the
point can be calculated from the ordinates of the influence line diagram. An influence line shows the
variation of an external or internal force as a unit load travels across the length of the structure.

For a beam-type bridge structure, the internal force may be either transverse shear force or
bending moment acting at some discrete location along the length of the bridge. Influence line for
truss bridge are commonly used to show the magnitude of the axial force acting in a truss member
as a unit load travels across the panel points of the bottom chord. Influence line for the reaction forces
at external support location are employed in all bridge type to determine the amount of load
transferred to the bridge bearings. The two common methods for constructing an influence line are
through consideration of equilibrium or by applying the concept of virtual work (i.e., the Muller
Breslau Principle)

1
PRINCIPLES

The Muller-Breslau principle or qualitative influence line is a method to determine influence

line diagrams (shear force or moment). This is another alternative available to qualitatively develop
the influence line for different functions. It is states that the ordinate value of an influences line for
any function on any structure is proportional to the ordinates of the deflected shape that is obtained
by removing the restraint corresponding to the function from the structure and introducing a force
that causes a unit displacement in the positive direction. The influence line for shear force at a
specific section is the graph (diagram) representing the variation of shear force at a section for various
position of the load on the span of the beam. By using Muller Breslau method, the shear force
influence line for simply supported beam at any specific point, C is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Influence line for shear force at section C

As discussed earlier, the shear force, C is computed by the load multiplied by the ordinate of
influence line diagram covered by unit load. Hence, shear force given by:

Shear force, V = load (P) x ordinate of influence line diagram [Equation 1]

As shown in Figure 1, maximum negative shear can be achieved when the head of the load is at the
section C. Meanwhile, maximum positive shear can be obtained when the tail of the load is at the
Section C.

2
OBJECTIVES

1. To construct the shear force influence line at specific point when the load moving in either
direction along the beam.
2. To determine the maximum shear force influence line at specific point when the load moving
in either direction along the beam.

3
APPARATUS

1. A pair of simple support

2. Special beam with a cut section
3. A set weight with a cut several load hangers

4
PROCEDURE

Start

v
2. The load cell is connected to the digital indicator.

3. The indicator has been switch on. For stability of the reading the indicator must be switch on
10 minutes before taking readings.
v
4. The two simple supports is fixed to the aluminum base at a distance equal to the span of the
beam to be tested. The supports is screwed tightly to the base.
v
5. The load hanger has been hang to the beam.
v
6. The beam is placed on the supports.

v
7. The load hanger is placed at the 50mm from the left support.
v
7. The indicator reading is noted. If it is not zero the tare button is pressed on the indicator.

8. A load is placed on the load hanger.

9. The indicator reading is recorded. This represents the shear force at the cut section.

10. The load is removed from the hanger.

11. The load hanger is moved to 100mm from the left support and step 7 to 11 is repeated. Each
time the distance is increased by 50mm.

5
12. Step 7 to 11 is repeated until the load reaches end B.

End

6
RESULTS
Case 1: Single Point Load, W1

L1

W1

x RB
RA

Beam Span = 1050mm

Distance of Shear Section from left support , 𝐿1 = 650mm
Weight, W1 = 2N

Table 1: Result Data for Case 1

Shear Force at x-x

Distance from left support (mm)
Experimental = Vx (N) Theory (N)
100
-0.07 -0.195

200
-0.13 -0.390

300
-0.17 -0.586

400
-0.19 -0.781

800
-0.27 0.391

7
CALCULATION
Calculations for Case 1 (Muller-Breslau Method):

a
1− = 0.381
V (N) L

0
C =650 1050(mm)

a
− = −0.619
L
When Distance from left support is 100mm,
100 x
=
650 − 0.619

X = −0.095
Shear force at C = 2
x − 0.100 = −0.195

When Distance from left support is 200mm,

200 x
=
650 − 0.619

X = −0.190
Shear force at C = 2
x − 0.200 = −0.390

When Distance from left support is 300mm,

300 x
=
650 − 0.619

X = −0.286
Shear force at C = 2
x − 0.300 = −0.586

8
When Distance from left support is 400mm,
400 x
=
650 − 0.619

X = −0.381
Shear force at C = 2
x − 0.400 = −0.781

When Distance from left support is 800mm,

200 x *（200 is the length from right hand side）
=
400 0.381

X = 0.191
Shear force at C = 2
x + 0.200 = 0.391

9
Case 2: Series Load with Two Point Loads, W1 and W2

L1 s1

W1 W2

x RB
RA

Beam Span = 1050 mm

Distance of Shear Section from left support , 𝐿1 = 650 mm
Distance Betweem W1 and W1, s1 = 50 mm
Weight, W1 =2N
Weight, W2 =2N

Table 2: Result Data for Case 2

Shear Force at x-x

Distance from left support (mm)

Theory (N)
Experimental = V (N)

100 -0.13 -0.481

200 -0.20 -0.866
300 -0.29 -1.253
400 -0.41 -1.638
800 -0.45 0.677

10
Calculation for case 2 (Muller-Breslau Method):

When Distance from left support is 100mm,

150
-0.195 + 2 ( x -0.619)
650
Shear force at C = -0.481N

When Distance from left support is 200mm,

-0.390 + 2 ( 250 x -0.619)
650
Shear force at C =-0.866N

When Distance from left support is 300mm,

-0.586+ 2 ( 350 x -0.619)
650
Shear force at C =-1.253N

When Distance from left support is 400mm,

450
-0.781 + 2 ( x -0.619)
650
Shear force at C = -1.638N

When Distance from left support is 800mm,

150
0.391 + 2 ( x 0.381)
400
Shear force at C = + 0.677N

11
Case 3: Series Load with Three Point Loads, W1, W2 and W3

L1 s1 s2

x
W1 W2 W3

x RB
RA

Beam Span = 1050 mm

Distance of Shear Section from left support , 𝐿1 = 650 mm
Distance Betweem W1 and W1, s1 = 50 mm
Distance Betweem W2 and W3, s2 = 50 mm
Weight, W1 =2N
Weight, W2 =2N
Weight, W3 =2N

Table 3: Result Data for Case 3

Shear Force at x-x

Distance from left support (mm)

Experimental =V(N) Theory (N)

100 -0.43 -0.862

200 -0.67 -1.437
300 -1.42 -2.015
400 -1.17 -2.590
800 -0.59 0.868

12
Calculation for case 3 (Muller-Breslau Method):

When Distance from left support is 100mm

200
-0.481 + 2 ( x -0.619)
650
Shear force at C = -0.862N

When Distance from left support is 200mm

300
-0.866 + 2 ( x -0.619)
650
Shear force at C =-1.437N

When Distance from left support is 300mm

400
-1.253 + 2 ( x -0.619)
650
Shear force at C =-2.015N

When Distance from left support is 400mm

500
-1.638 + 2 ( x -0.619)
650
Shear force at C =-2.590N

When Distance from left support is 800mm

100
0.677 + 2 ( x 0.381)
400
Shear force at C = +0.868N

13
DISCUSSION
1. From this experiment, construct the influence line diagram for shear at x- x section.

a
1− = 0.381
V (N) L

0
C =650 1050(mm)

a
− = −0.619
L
Case 1

Shear Force against Distance from left support

0.6

0.4

0.2
Shear Force X-X (N)

0
100 200 300 400 800
-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
Distance from left support, x (mm)

Shear Force at x-x Experimental = Vx (N) Shear Force at x-x Theory (N)

14
 Case 2

Shear Force against Distance from left support

0.8
0.6
0.4
Shear Force X-X (N)

0.2
0
-0.2 100 200 300 400 800

-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
Distance from left support, x (mm

Shear Force at x-x Experimental = V (N) Shear Force at x-x Theory (N)

Case 3

Shear Force against Distance from left support

0.6

0.4

0.2
Shear Force X-X (N)

0
100 200 300 400 800
-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
Distance from left support, x (mm

Shear Force at x-x Experimental =V(N) Shear Force at x-x Theory (N)

15
 2. Determine the maximum shear force at x-x section for each case.

In this experiment, the maximum shear force in Case 1 is -0.27N and the maximum shear force of
theory is 0.391N where the load is located at the distance of 800mm from left support.

For Case 2, the maximum shear force of experimental is -0.45N from 800mm from left
support, while the theory result is N which -1.638N is located from left support 400mm.

Last is Case 3, the maximum shear force of experimental is -1.42N which located 300mm
from left support and theoretical result is -2.590N from left support 400mm.

Based on the bar chart above, there is a big difference between experimental values and
theoretical values. This might happened due to the hangers are placed inaccurately and not according
to the distance. The indicator is advised to switch on 10 minutes before the experiment is being carry
out. The hangers are placed too close to each other, overlap and affect the accuracy of the result.
External forces such as air movement will affect the stability of the loads when hanged at the weight
hanger.

Precautions/ Safety measures:

1. The condition of the hangers is in static and stable before setting the digital indicator to zero.
2. The hangers should place further, try not too close to each other to avoid overlapping.
3. Ensure the hangers are placed accurately according to distance from left support.
4. Observer’s eyes should be perpendicular with the ruler while taking the reading to avoid
parallax error.
5. Make sure the room is free of vibration and wind movements before the experiment to ensure
accuracy of the result.

16
CONCLUSION

We can said that we have successfully conduct this experiment and the objectives of this
experiment had been achieved. We are able to determine the maximum shear force influence line at
specific point when the load is moving in any left right direction along the beam. The concept and
calculations of shearing force in this experiment that enhance our knowledge about it.

Shearing force is very important for civil engineers, we can use it to analyze the beam.
Without any proper calculations, it will cost the structure to fail and will cause disaster if the building
collapses. This parameter is always considered for any sort of design as it describes the strength of
the structure. This experiment is just the basic calculation for shearing force, in order for the
structural member to be stable, we will need to calculate carefully and further study to enhance
certain skills to calculate the shearing force and build a more stable building.

17
BENDING MOMENT INFLUENCE LINE

INTRODUCTION

The bending moment at any point along the beam is equal to the area under the shear force diagram
up to that point. (Note: For simply supported beam, the bending moment at the ends will always be
equal to zero.)

To calculate the bending moment the beam must be broken up into two sections:

1. x = 0 to x = L/2

2. x = L/2 to x = L.

Bending moment diagrams are simply plots of the bending moment (on the y-axis) versus the
position of various points along the beam (on the x-axis).

18
PRINCIPLES

The Muller-Breslau principle or qualitative influence line is a method to determine influence

line diagrams (shear force or moment). This is another alternative available to qualitatively develop
the influence line for different functions. It is states that the ordinate value of an influences line for
any function on any structure is proportional to the ordinates of the deflected shape that is obtained
by removing the restraint corresponding to the function from the structure and introducing a force
that causes a unit displacement in the positive direction. The influence line for bending moment at a
specific section is the graph (diagram) representing the variation of bending moment at a section for
various position of the load on the span of the beam. By using Muller Breslau method, the bending
moment influence line for simply supported beam at any specific point, C is shown in Figure 1.

As discussed earlier, the bending moment, C is computed by the load multiplied by the
ordinate of influence line diagram covered by unit load. Hence, bending moment is given by:

Bending moment, M = load (P) x ordinate of influence line diagram [Equation 1]

As shown in Figure 1, maximum bending moment can be achieved when the head of the load is at
the section C.

19
OBJECTIVES

1. To construct the bending moment influence line at specific point when the load moving in either
direction along the beam.
2. To determine the maximum bending moment influence line at specific point when the load
moving in either direction along the beam.

20
APPARATUS

1. A pair of simple support

2. Special beam with a cut section

3. A set weight with a cut several load hangers

21
PROCEDURE

Start

v
1. The load cell is connected to the digital indicator.

8. The indicator has been switch on. For stability of the reading the indicator must be switch on
10 minutes before taking readings.
v
9. The two simple supports is fixed to the aluminum base at a distance equal to the span of the
beam to be tested. The supports is screwed tightly to the base.
v
10. The load hanger has been hang to the beam.
v
11. The beam is placed on the supports.

v
12. The load hanger is placed at the 50mm from the left support.
v
7. The indicator reading is noted. If it is not zero the tare button is pressed on the indicator.

8. A load is placed on the load hanger.

9. The indicator reading is recorded. This represents the shear force at the cut section.

10. The load is removed from the hanger.

11. The load hanger is moved to 100mm from the left support and step 7 to 11 is repeated. Each
time the distance is increased by 50mm.

22
12. Step 7 to 11 is repeated until the load reaches end B.

End

23
RESULTS

Case 1: Single Point Load, W1

L1 X
W1

RA X RB
Figure 1: Loading Position for Case 1

Beam Span = 1000mm

Distance of Shear Section from left support , 𝐿1 = 645mm
Weight, W1 = 2N

Table 1: Result data for Case 1

Bending Moment At X-X
Distance from Left
Experimental =
Support (mm) Theory (N)
(F *175) (N)
100 66.50 71.00
200 141.75 142.00
300 211.75 213.02
400 281.75 284.04
800 248.50 253.02

24
CALCULATION
Calculation for case 1 (Muller-Breslau Method):

M (Nmm) x
229

x (mm)

0 645 1000

When Distance from left support is 100mm,

100 x
=
645 229

X = 35 .50
= 2  35.50
Bending Moment at C
= 71Nmm

When Distance from left support is 200mm,

200 x
=
645 229
X = 71
= 2  71
Bending Moment at C
= 142 Nmm

When Distance from left support is 300mm,

300 x
=
645 229

X = 106 .51
= 2  106.51
Bending Moment at C
= 213.02 Nmm

25
When Distance from left support is 400mm,
400 x
=
645 229
X = 142 .02
= 2  142.02
Bending Moment at C
= 284.04 Nmm

When Distance from left support is 800mm,

200 x
=
355 229

X = 129 .01
= 2  129.01
Bending Moment at C
= 253.02 Nmm

26
Case 2: Series Load with Two Point Loads, W1 and W2

L1 X
a
W1 W2

X
RA RB
Figure 2: Loading Position for Case 2

Beam Span = 1000 mm

Distance of Shear Section from left support , 𝐿1 = 645 mm
Distance Betweem W1 and W1, a = 50 mm
Weight, W1 =1N
Weight, W2 =1N

Table 2: Result data for Case 2

Bending Moment At X-X
Distance from Left
Experimental =
Support (mm) Theory (Nmm)
(F *175)
100 82.25 124.26
200 155.75 230.76
300 220.50 337.28
400 297.50 443.81
800 213.50 349.78

27
Calculation for case 2 (Muller-Breslau Method):

When Distance from left support is 100mm,

71 + 1 ( 150 x 229)
645
Bending Moment at C = 124.26 Nmm

When Distance from left support is 200mm,

142 + 1 ( 250 x 229)
645
Bending Moment at C = 230.76 Nmm

When Distance from left support is 300mm,

213.02 + 1 ( 350 x 229)
645
Bending Moment at C = 337.28 Nmm

When Distance from left support is 400mm,

284.04 + 1 ( 450 x 229)
645
Bending Moment at C = 443.81 Nmm

When Distance from left support is 800mm,

150
253.02 + 1 ( x 229)
355
Bending Moment at C = 349.78 Nmm

28
Case 3: Series Load with Three Point Loads, W1, W2 and W3

L1 a b X

W1 W2 W3

RA X RB

Figure 3: Loading Position for Case 3

Beam Span = 1000 mm

Distance of Shear Section from left support , 𝐿1 = 500 mm
Distance Betweem W1 and W1, a = 50 mm
Distance Betweem W2 and W3, b = 50 mm
Weight, W1 =1N
Weight, W2 =1N
Weight, W3 =1N

Table 3: Result data for Case 3

Bending Moment At X-X
Distance from Left
Experimental =
Support (mm) Theory (Nmm)
(F *175)

100 150.50 215.86

200 264.25 368.16

300 357.00 520.48

400 467.25 672.81

800 273.00 395.58

29
Calculation for case 3 (Muller-Breslau Method):

When Distance from left support is 100mm,

124.26 + 1 ( 200 x 229)
500
Bending Moment at C = 215.86 Nmm

When Distance from left support is 200mm,

300
230.76 + 1 ( x 229)
500
Bending Moment at C = 368.16 Nmm

When Distance from left support is 300mm,

400
337.28 + 1 ( x 229)
500
Bending Moment at C = 520.48 Nmm

When Distance from left support is 400mm,

443.81 + 1 ( 500 x 229)
500
Bending Moment at C = 672.81 Nmm

When Distance from left support is 800mm,

100
349.78 + 1 ( x 229)
500
Bending Moment at C = 395.58 Nmm

30
DISCUSSION

1. From this experiment construct the influence diagram for shear force at x-x
section.

Case 1

Bending Moment (Nmm) against Distance from Left Support (mm)

Bending Moment at x-x (Nmm)

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Distance from left support, x (mm)

Bending Moment At X-X Experimental = (F *175)(N)

Bending Moment At X-X Theory (N) (F *175)(N)

Case 2

Bending Moment (Nmm) against Distance from Left Support (mm)

Bending Moment at x-x (Nmm)

500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Distance from left support, x (mm)

Bending Moment At X-X Experimental = (F *175)

Bending Moment At X-X Theory (Nmm) (F *175)

31
Case 3
Bending Moment at x-x (Nmm)

Bending Moment (Nmm) against Distance from Left Support (mm)

800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Distance from left support, x (mm)

Bending Moment At X-X Experimental = (F *175)

Bending Moment At X-X Theory (Nmm) (F *175)

32
 2. Determine the maximum bending moment at x-x section for each case.

For Case 1, the maximum bending moment for experimental result is 281.75N which
located 400mm from left hand side. While the bending moment for theory result is 284.04N
which is located 400mm from the left-hand side.

Case 2, bending moment for experimental with a result of 297.50N and for theory result
is 443.81N, both are occurred at the distance of 400mm from left hand support.

In Case 3, both experiments also occurred at the distance of load is 400mm from left
support. The maximum bending moment for experimental is 1249N, while the maximum
bending moment for theory is 4239.79N.

As you can see, the difference between theoretical and experimental result is quite big.
This might happen due to some causes and errors during the experiment. Hangers which were
too close to each other that cause the error in the reading. Secondly, the hangers are not in a
static condition when the indicator was set to zero. The hanger is not placed according from
left support. Parallax error might happen when the observer did not perpendicularly look to the
measuring tape.

This experiment needs precautions in order to get the most accurate value, which is
make sure the hangers are in static condition and stay still before setting the digital indicator to
zero. The eye of the observer must perpendicular with the ruler while taking the reading to
prevent parallax error. The hangers should not be placed too close in order to avoid
overlapping. If can ensure the room is free of vibration and wind movement before the
experiment to ensure the accuracy of the result. Lastly, the hangers are placed accordingly to
distance from left support.

33
CONCLUSION

In the end of this experiment, we can said that the objectives of this experiment had
been achieved. We were able to get the reading of bending moment at specific point when load
moving in either direction along the beam by using the lab apparatus, we were able to know
the factors and precautions in order to get the most accurate value in this bending moment
experiment. We were able to understand the concept and calculations of bending moment at
specific point when the load is moving in left or right direction.

In our daily life, there are many applications that use bending moment such as the tree
that experienced strong wind, bridges that a lot of car that pass by which will also undergoes
bending force. Same as the shearing moment, bending moment also widely used by engineers
to observe the behavior and deflection of structures when subjected to a single loading or
several loadings at different location along the span of the structure. They could make analysis
of the behaviour of the beam by observing the lines. By depending on these lines, they could
find out the worse possible combination of loadings and the maximum bending strength of the
structure.

34
REFERENCES

SHEAR FORCES INFLUENCES LINE

BOOKS:

• CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY MANUAL (3RD EDITION)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND EARTH RESOURCES
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

ONLINE SOURCES:

• https://www.qualitymag.com/articles/90413-the-importance-of-shear-testing-in-
process-design--quality-control
• http://people.virginia.edu/~pjm8f/engr162/beam/shear_force_and_bending_moment.h
tm

BENDING MOMENT INFLUENCES LINE

BOOKS:

• CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY MANUAL (3RD EDITION)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND EARTH RESOURCES UNIVERSITI
MALAYSIA PAHANG

ONLINE SOURCES:

• https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-real-life-examples-of-bending-and-direct-
stresses
• http://www.engineeringcorecourses.com/solidmechanics1/C4-bending/C4.1-
shearforce-and-bendingmoment-diagrams/example/
• http://authspot.com/thoughts/bending-moment-influence-lines/
• https://www.scribd.com/doc/40332994/Report-Shear-Force-Bending-Moment-in-
Influence-Line

35
APPENDIX

SHEAR FORCES INFLUENCES LINE

Figure1: Make sure the hanger is steady

Figure 2: Taring the indicator

36
BENDING MOMENT INFLUENCES LINE

Figure 1: Calibrating the force to zero

before reading where taken

Figure 2: Same as shear force experiment,

measure the length of beam span.

37