Tutorial

Chapter 22
Chapter 22, Problem 03

In 1996, NASA performed an experiment called the Tethered Satellite experiment. In

this experiment a 2.0 x 104-m length of wire was let out by the space shuttle Atlantis
to generate a motional emf. The shuttle had an orbital speed of 7.6 x 103 m/s, and the
magnitude of the earth's magnetic field at the location of the wire was 5.1 x 10-5 T. If
the wire had moved perpendicular to the earth's magnetic field, what would have been
the motional emf generated between the ends of the wire?

3. REASONING AND SOLUTION The motional emf  generated by a conductor moving

perpendicular to a magnetic field is given by Equation 22.1 as  = vBL, where v and L are the
speed and length, respectively, of the conductor, and B is the magnitude of the magnetic
field. The emf would have been

  
  vBL  7.6  103 m/s 5.1  105 T 2.0  104 m  7800 V 

Chapter 22, Problem 07 GO

Suppose that the voltage of the battery in the circuit is 3.0 V, the magnitude of the
magnetic field (directed perpendicularly into the plane of the paper) is 0.60 T, and the
length of the rod between the rails is 0.20 m. Assuming that the rails are very long and
have negligible resistance, find the maximum speed attained by the rod after the
switch is closed.

7. REASONING Once the switch is closed, there is a current in the rod. The magnetic
field applies a force to this current and accelerates the rod to the right. As the rod begins to
move, however, a motional emf appears between the ends of the rod. This motional emf
depends on the speed of the rod and increases as the speed increases. Equally important is
the fact that the motional emf opposes the emf of the battery. The net emf causing the

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 1 Dr. S.H. Choy

current in the rod is the algebraic sum of the two emf contributions. Thus, as the speed of
the rod increases and the motional emf increases, the net emf decreases. As the net emf
decreases, the current in the rod decreases and so does the force that field applies to the
current. Eventually, the speed reaches the point when the motional emf has the same
magnitude as the battery emf, and the net emf becomes zero. At this point, there is no
longer a net force acting on the rod and the speed remains constant from this point onward,
according to Newton’s second law. This maximum speed can be determined by using
Equation 22.1 for the motional emf, with a value of the motional emf that equals the battery
emf.

SOLUTION Using Equation 22.1 (  = vBL) and a value of 3.0 V for the emf, we find
that the maximum speed of the rod is

 3.0 V
v   25 m/s
BL  0.60 T  0.20 m 
Chapter 22, Problem 09

Suppose that the light bulb in Figure 22.4b is a 60.0-W bulb with a resistance of 240
Ω. The magnetic field has a magnitude of 0.40 T, and the length of the rod is 0.40 m.
The only resistance in the circuit is that due to the bulb. What is the shortest distance
along the rails that the rod would have to slide for the bulb to remain lit for one-half
second?

9. SSM REASONING The minimum length d of the rails is the speed v of the rod times
the time t, or d = vt. We can obtain the speed from the expression for the motional emf

given in Equation 22.1. Solving this equation for the speed gives v  , where  is
BL
the motional emf, B is the magnitude of the magnetic field, and L is the length of the rod.
  
Thus, the length of the rails is d  vt    t . While we have no value for the
 BL 
motional emf, we do know that the bulb dissipates a power of P = 60.0 W, and has a
resistance of R = 240 Ω. Power is related to the emf and the resistance according to

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 2 Dr. S.H. Choy

 2
P (Equation 20.6c), which can be solved to show that   PR . Substituting
R
this expression into the equation for d gives

    PR 
d  t   t
 BL   BL 

SOLUTION Using the above expression for the minimum necessary length of the rails,
we find that

 PR    60.0 W  240   
d    t     0.50 s   250 m
 BL     0.40 T  0.60 m  

Chapter 22, Problem 15

A magnetic field has a magnitude of 0.078 T and is uniform over a circular surface
whose radius is 0.10 m. The field is oriented at an angle of  = 25.0o with respect to
the normal to the surface. What is the magnetic flux through the surface?

15. REASONING According to Equation 22.2, the magnetic flux  is the product of the
magnitude B of the magnetic field, the area A of the surface, and the cosine of the
angle between the direction of the magnetic field and the normal to the surface. The
area of a circular surface is A   r 2 , where r is the radius.

SOLUTION The magnetic flux  through the surface is

  BA cos   B  r 2  cos    0.078 T    0.10 m  cos 25  2.2 103 Wb

2

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 3 Dr. S.H. Choy

Chapter 22, Problem 23

A constant magnetic field passes through a single rectangular loop whose dimensions
are 0.35 m x 0.55 m. The magnetic field has a magnitude of 2.1 T and is inclined at an
angle of 65o with respect to the normal to the plane of the loop. (a) If the magnetic
field decreases to zero in a time of 0.45 s, what is the magnitude of the average emf
induced in the loop? (b) If the magnetic field remains constant at its initial value of
2.1 T, what is the magnitude of the rate A/ t at which the area should change so
that the average emf has the same magnitude?

23. REASONING We will use Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, Equation 22.3,
to find the emf induced in the loop. Once this value has been determined, we can employ
Equation 22.3 again to find the rate at which the area changes.

SOLUTION

a. The magnitude  of the induced emf is given by Equation 22.3 as

   BA cos   B0 A cos    B  B0 

 =  N  0
   N     NA cos   
 t  t 0   t  t0   t  t0 

 2.1 T  0 T 
 1 0.35 m  0.55 m  cos 65    0.38 V
 0.45 s  0 s 

b. When the magnetic field is constant and the area is changing in time, Faraday’s law can
be written as

   BA cos   BA0 cos  

 =  N  0
   N  
 t  t 0   t  t0 

 A  A0   A 
  N B cos     N B cos  
 t  t  
 t 
 0 

A
Solving this equation for and substituting in the value of 0.38 V for the
t
magnitude of the emf, we find that

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 4 Dr. S.H. Choy

 A  0.38 V
 0.43 m / s
2
= =
t N B cos  1 2.1 T  cos 65

Chapter 22, Problem 27

A magnetic field is passing through a loop of wire whose area is 0.018 m2. The
direction of the magnetic field is parallel to the normal to the loop, and the magnitude
of the field is increasing at the rate of 0.20 T/s. (a) Determine the magnitude of the
emf induced in the loop. (b) Suppose the area of the loop can be enlarged or shrunk. If
the magnetic field is increasing as in part (a), at what rate (in m2/s) should the area be
changed at the instant when B = 1.8 T if the induced emf is to be zero? Use a minus
sign if the area is to be shrunk.

27. SSM REASONING According to Equation 22.3, the average emf  induced in a
single loop (N = 1) is    / t . Since the magnitude of the magnetic field is changing,
the area of the loop remains constant, and the direction of the field is parallel to the normal
to the loop, the change in flux through the loop is given by   (B)A . Thus the
magnitude  of the induced emf in the loop is given by     B  A /  t .

Similarly, when the area of the loop is changed and the field B has a given value, we
find the magnitude of the induced emf to be    B  A /  t .

SOLUTION

a. The magnitude of the induced emf when the field changes in magnitude is

 B 
   A   (0.018 m )(0.20 T/s)  3.6 10 V
2 -3

 t 

b. At a particular value of B (when B is changing), the rate at which the area

must change can be obtained from

BA A  3.6 10 V

-3
  or    2.0 103 m2 / s
t t B 1.8 T

In order for the induced emf to be zero, the magnitude of the magnetic field and the
area of the loop must change in such a way that the flux remains constant. Since the

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 5 Dr. S.H. Choy

magnitude of the magnetic field is increasing, the area of the loop must decrease, if the flux
is to remain constant. Therefore, the area of the loop must be shrunk .

Chapter 22, Problem 35

The drawing depicts a copper loop lying flat on a table (not shown) and connected to
a battery via a closed switch. The current I in the loop generates the magnetic field
lines shown in the drawing. The switch is then opened and the current goes to zero.
There are also two smaller conducting loops A and B lying flat on the table, but not
connected to batteries. Determine the direction of the induced current in (a) loop A
and (b) loop B. Specify the direction of each induced current to be clockwise or
counterclockwise when viewed from above the table.

35. SSM REASONING The current I produces a magnetic field, and hence a magnetic flux,
that passes through the loops A and B. Since the current decreases to zero when the
switch is opened, the magnetic flux also decreases to zero. According to Lenz’s law, the
current induced in each coil will have a direction such that the induced magnetic field
will oppose the original flux change.

SOLUTION

a. The drawing in the text shows that the magnetic field at coil A is
perpendicular to the plane of the coil and points down (when viewed from above
the table top). When the switch is opened, the magnetic flux through coil A
decreases to zero. According to Lenz's law, the induced magnetic field produced
by coil A must oppose this change in flux. Since the magnetic field points down
and is decreasing, the induced magnetic field must also point down. According
to Right-Hand Rule No. 2 (RHR-2), the induced current must be clockwise
around loop A.

b. The drawing in the text shows that the magnetic field at coil B is
perpendicular to the plane of the coil and points up (when viewed from above
the table top). When the switch is opened, the magnetic flux through coil B

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 6 Dr. S.H. Choy

 decreases to zero. According to Lenz's law, the induced magnetic field produced
by coil B must oppose this change in flux. Since the magnetic field points up
and is decreasing, the induced magnetic field must also point up. According to
RHR-2, the induced current must be counterclockwise around loop B.

Chapter 22, Problem 73

Review Conceptual Example 9 as an aid in understanding this problem. A long,

straight wire lies on a table and carries a current I. As the drawing shows, a small
circular loop of wire is pushed across the top of the table from position 1 to position 2.
Determine the direction of the induced current, clockwise or counterclockwise, as the
loop moves past (a) position 1 and (b) position 2.

73. SSM REASONING In solving this problem, we apply Lenz's law, which essentially
says that the change in magnetic flux must be opposed by the induced magnetic field.

SOLUTION

a. The magnetic field due to the wire in the vicinity of position 1 is directed out of
the paper. The coil is moving closer to the wire into a region of higher magnetic field, so the
flux through the coil is increasing. Lenz’s law demands that the induced field counteract this
increase. The direction of the induced field, therefore, must be into the paper. The current
in the coil must be clockw ise .

b. At position 2 the magnetic field is directed into the paper and is decreasing as the
coil moves away from the wire. The induced magnetic field, therefore, must be directed into
the paper, so the current in the coil must be clockwise .

Chapter 22, Problem 79

A piece of copper wire is formed into a single circular loop of radius 12 cm. A
magnetic field is oriented parallel to the normal to the loop, and it increases from 0 to

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 7 Dr. S.H. Choy

0.60 T in a time of 0.45 s. The wire has a resistance per unit length of 3.3 x 10-2 Ω/m.
What is the average electrical energy dissipated in the resistance of the wire?

79. SSM REASONING The energy dissipated in the resistance is given by

Equation 6.10b as the power P dissipated multiplied by the time t, Energy = Pt.
The power, according to Equation 20.6c, is the square of the induced emf 
divided by the resistance R, P =  2/R. The induced emf can be determined from
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, Equation 22.3.

2
SOLUTION Expressing the energy consumed as Energy = Pt, and substituting in P =  /R, we
find

 2t
Energy  P t 
R

The induced emf is given by Faraday’s law as  =  N  /t  , and the resistance R is
–2
equal to the resistance per unit length (3.3  10 /m) times the length of the
circumference of the loop, 2 r. Thus, the energy dissipated is

2
2     0 
        t
 N
N
 t
 t  
  t  t0  
Energy  
 2
3.3  10  / m 2 r  
2
3.3  10  / m 2 r 
2 2
  BA cos   B0 A cos      B  B0  
  N    t   NA cos     t
  t  t0     t  t0  
 
 2
3.3  10  / m 2 r  2

3.3  10  / m 2 r

2
  0.60 T  0 T  
  1   0.12 m   cos 0      0.45 s 
2

  0.45 s  0 s   2
  6.6  10 J
 
3.3  10  / m 2  0.12 m 
2

Chapter 22, Problem 81

A solenoid has a cross-sectional area of 6.0 x 10-4 m2, consists of 400 turns per meter,
and carries a current of 0.40 A. A 10-turn coil is wrapped tightly around the
circumference of the solenoid. The ends of the coil are connected to a 1.5Ω- resistor.

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 8 Dr. S.H. Choy

Suddenly, a switch is opened, and the current in the solenoid dies to zero in a time of
0.050 s. Find the average current induced in the coil.

81. REASONING According to Ohm’s law, the average current I induced in the coil is
given by I =  /R, where  is the magnitude of the induced emf and R is the resistance of
the coil. To find the induced emf, we use Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction

SOLUTION The magnitude of the induced emf can be found from Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction and is given by Equation 22.3:

   BA cos 0  B
  N  N  NA
t t t

We have used the fact that the field within a long solenoid is perpendicular to the
cross-sectional area A of the solenoid and makes an angle of 0° with respect to the normal to
the area. The field is given by Equation 21.7 as B  0 n I , so the change in the field is
B  0nI , where is the change in the current. The induced current is, then,

B  n I
NA NA 0
t t
I 
R R

(4  107 T  m/A)(400 turns/m)(0.40 A)

(10)(6.0  104 m 2 )
(0.050 s) 5
  1.6  10 A
1.5 

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 9 Dr. S.H. Choy