ORGANIC FARMING-BOOKLET {Indigenous Technical Knolwedge 2. NADEP Composting 3, Phospho-Compost 4. Vermicompost 5, Participatory Guarantee System for India [PGS-India] 6. Jaivik Kheti Portal 7. Organic Farming Systems Govt. of India Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Department of Agriculture, Coop.& Farmers Welfare National Centre of Organic Farming Hapur Road, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002‘Cow dung - 5Kg Cow urine - S Litre Lime ~ 50 gram Water = 20 Litre Seed of Wheat = 100 Kg Forest soil/Banyan tree (surrounding root soil) = 50 gram Seed Treatment: Beejamrit is used for seed treatment. It protects seeds from seed borne disease which is more important. Beejamrit enhances germination viability of seeds. Roots spread vigorously and also protected from any pest attack. b&w Preparation : Take 20 litre of water in a drum and add the above ingredients. Mix it properly. Leave the solution for 24 hours under the shade. Spread the 100 Kgs seeds on cement floor or on polythene sheets. Sprinkle the ready solution of Beejamrit on seeds uniformly, mix it gently for coating of Beejamrit on the seeds. After air dry of seeds, sow it in evening or early in the morning. Beejamrit controls seed borne disease. SANJEEVAK Sanjeevak enhances microbial activity in the soil. Ingredients * Cow dung -30 Kg + Cowurine - 3litre + Jaggery (Gur) = 500 gram « Water - 100 Litre Preparation : Leave the solution for fermentation for 10 days. Now Sanjeevak is ready. Mix with light irigation water to spread in the fiel before sowing or after sowing In Ist year use 1000 litre per acre, In 2 year use 800 litre per acre,\ + In-addition, 3 tonnes of well composted cow dung is used per acre after every 3 years interval, the soil fertlity enhances tremendously which reflects in the yield. AAR AY ny Ze JIVAMRIT F- Inaredionts ' f=) + cowdung “10 kg ~ a Ze , r _ e f+ cowurine 40 lit ea P+ aggary -2kg, = “S&S Be + any pulse grain flour -2kg 7 fie + Live forest soil -1kg @ + Water -200 lit ene Preparation : + Take 100 liter water in barrel and add 10 kg cow dung plus 10 lit in cow urine. + Mix well with the help of wooden stick add two kg jaggery and two kf of gram or any pulse flour mix this solution well with wooden stick. ‘ ‘ + Used as soil application either by sprinkling or by applying through irrigation water. Three applications are needed one before sowing, second after twenty days of sowing and third after 45 days of sowing. : . COCONUT- CHHANCH SOLUTION ‘ QR a * Cow's Butter Milk (Chhaanch) - 5 Litre * Coconut Water ~ A Litre + Fruit juice = 1 Litre © Turmeric - 100 Gram + Hing - 20 Gram * Dilute this 1 litre of solution with 10 litre of water and sprinkle on standing crop. + Fungal disease and sucker pests are controlled with this solution. .AAGNEYASHTRA It acts as pest control. Ingredients & Preparatior Take 10 litre of cow urine, Add 1 Kg of Besharam leaves (Ipomoea), 500 gram garlic and 5 Kg of neem leaves and then crush all. Boil the solution till it becomes half of quantity, Filter by squeezing the all materials, Store the solution in glassiplastic bottle, Dilute 2-3 extract solutions in 100 litre of water. Sprinkle in 1 acre of standing crop, ‘Stem borer, fruit borer and other types of pests are controlled. NEEMASTRA (Broad Spectrum Botanical based Pesticide) Neemastra is also a local concoction which control wide range of pests. Crush 5 Kg neem leaves in 50 litre of water, Add 5 litre cow urine and 2 Kg cow dung, Stir whole solution 5-6 times in day, Leave it for 24 hrs for fermentation, Filter and make up (dilute) in 100 litre of water Sprinkle on leaves of crop sown in one acre, ‘Sucker pests, rice weevil and other pests are controlled. NADEP Method of Composting This method is developed by an old Gandhian worker of Maharashtra (from Pusad), called Narayan Deorao Pandharipande and therefore derives its name abbreviated as NADEP, to the method of composting, Construction of tank:- NADEP compost is prepared in an aerobic tank made up of bricks and cement. The size of the tank is 12'x5'x3'. All the four walls of NADEP tank are provided with 6" vents by removing every alternate brick after the height of 1 ft. from bottom for aeration. Tank can be constructed in mud mortar or cement mortar (Fig). First Filling Before filling, the tank is plastered by dilute cattle dung slurry to facilitate bacterial activity from all four sides. tis then filled in definite layers consisting of the following sub-layers.Sub-layer -1:- 4 to 6" thick layer of fine sticks or stems of tur stalk / cotton stalk (This is provided for the initial layer only to facilitate aeration), followed by 4 to 6" layer of dry and green biomass. Sub-layer-2:- Approximately 4 kg cattle-dung is mixed with 100 litres of water. This slurry is sprinkled thoroughly on the agricultural waste to facilitate microbial activity. This slurry is used only as a bacterial inoculum in this method. Sub-layer-3:- Approximately 60 Kgs of soil is sprinkled uniformly over the biomass layer. Addition of soil serves three purpose (1) retention of moisture (2) soil micro- — Soil Layer flora helps in biodegradation and (3) it acts as buffer and controls pH of media during decomposition. Biomass Layet In this way, approximately 10-12 Filing of NADEP Compost tank layers are filled in each tank. The tank is filled approximately 1.5° above the height of the tank. After NY jemperry sade filing the tank, biomass is covered ™ with 3” thick layer of soil and sealed with cattle-dung and mud plaster. Atter 15-30 days of filing ,the organic biomass in the tank gets automatically reduced to 2 ft. At em this time, without disturbing the SADE uk initial sealing layer, tank is refilled by giving 2-3 similar layers over it and is resealed. After this filling, the tank is not disturbed for 3 months, except that it is moistened at intervals of every 6-15 days according to the weather conditions. From each NADEP tank, approximately 2.5 tonnes of compost is prepared within 90-120 days. Innovation in ‘NADEP' Technology (I.1.T. Delhi) In states like westerm U.P., Haryana, Punjab, large amount of dung is easily available whereas availability of surplus agro residues / biomass at the household level is limited due to socio-cultural reasons. Also, it is difficult to fill and seal the tank within 48 hrs. Hence, acceptability of 'NADEP’ Technology remained very low. Based on the research work carried out at I.1.T. Delhi, a new method was developed through optimizing the ratio of substrates, filling duration, additional alternative modes of aeration to the microbes ete.Thus in the new method, filing is done systematically as mentioned earlier but the raw material for composting is taken in the following ratio. 20% biomass/agro-residues and house hold ash, 50% dung and 30% soil. Filling period can be extended up to 4-5 days Biggest advantage of this method is that amount of water required is very less and optimum moisture in the tank is maintained without spraying extra water. In summer the tank needs to be protected from direct sunrays using suitable shade If suitable space for tank construction (from the angle of making holes for aeration) is not available with the family, then tank can be constructed using support of one / two walls already built. Under such a situation, adequate aeration can be achieved by inserting a few bamboos (having holes) in the composting mass Phospho-Compost Phospho-compost is an organic and natural manure. It is produced from crop residues, cattle dung, urine and other similar organic matter. These organic residues are mixed with phosphorus-rich rock phosphates or pyrite and enriched with phosphate solubilising microbes. This enables the non-solubilised nutritional factors like phosphorus to get solubilised, which can easily be taken up by plants from soil Method of phospho-compost production Since long, farmers have been using compost in agriculture; but the traditionally prepared compost is very low in nitrogen and phosphorus, which may amount to the extent 0.5% and 0.25%, respectively. Phospho-compost contains these ingredients 2-8 times more. The Method of phospho-compost production is as follows. i. Pit size:- Generally, pits of the size 2.5 m x 2.5 m x 1.0 m are dug. The size can be varied on the basis of the availability of organic matter. Pits should be dug at an elevated place, where rainwater does not enter and stagnate. If the pits are made impermeable (RCC) nutrient loss may be avoided ii, Filling of the Pits:- Organic matter or crop residues are layered at the bottom for 3-4 inches over this rock phosphate, cattle dung, soil and saprophytic inoculum is sprinkled in the form of suspension. Then, a second layer of organic matter is added. To bring about uniform exposure of organic matter to the microbial inoculum, small heaps of organic matter is mixed thoroughly with inoculum before adding to the pit. In this way, alternate layers of organic matter and microbial suspension are put to fill the pit completely. While filling the pit, organic matter, cattle dung, soil and compost are added in the ratio of 8:1:0.5:0.5,. The whole mixture contains 12.5% rock phosphate and saprophytic microbes are used @ 0.5 kg/MT of organic matter. To prepare nitrogen-rich phospho-compost, pyrite @ 10% wiw and nitrogen @ 1% wiw is used. It is especially monitored that organic matter contains 50-60% moisture. After filing the pit completely with organic matter, it is covered with either plastic sheet or mud.iii, Aeration of the Pit:- For appropriate microbial action, content of the pit has to be given 3-4 tums in every 15 days. Prior to turning adequate water should be sprinkled on the decaying organic matter, so that 60-70% moisture is maintained. In this way, phosphorus- rich well-ripened (applicable to crops in farm) phospho-compost will be ready within 3-4 months. The manure can be collected and stored in shed. The final compost to be stored must have 12-15% moisture level. It can be then packed into 50 kg polypropylene bags and stored. Such ready phospho-compost can be used as phosphoric manure. Vermicompost The term "vermicomposting" means the use of earthworms for composting organic residues. Earthworms can consume practically all kinds of organic matter and they can eat as much as their own body weight per day. The excreta or “casting” of earthworms are rich in nutrients (N.P,K and Mg) and also in bacterial and actinomycetes population. The collection of vermicast along with microbially degraded organic compost is called vermicompost. Requirements for production of earthworms for vermicomposting To produce vermicompost enough earthworm population is required and as a corollary, their multiplication on a large scale is essential. To achieve the goal of economic multiplication of earthworms, it is necessary to fulfill the following basic requirements. a. Selection of suitable earthworm species:- Among the 3000 species of earthworms so far identified in the world, only a few species are known to be used for economic multiplication of earthworms for vermicomposting. The species identified for multiplication & vermicomposting are (i) Eisenia foetida (ji) Eudrilus eugeniae and (iii) Perionyx excavatus. The first two are exotic and last one is indigenous. These species are most suitable because these are (a) prolific breeders with high multiplication rate, (b) having short life cycles with less mortality and (c) voracious feeders. They are easy to handle, having 1 to 1.5 years longevity, sturdy and survive very well throughout the year under varying weather conditions. Such species are economically feasible for vermicomposting and are easily available. b. Suitable and adequate food:- Any well-decomposed food of any organic waste in adequate quantity having C/N ratio of 20 to 40 can form feed for earthworm. If the C/N ratio is less than 20 it can be used directly as manure. c. Adequate moisture:- Earthworms cannot survive without moisture. Water is one of the most important requirements. Earthworms contain 85% water in their body and hence constitute the basic need. Respiration is done through the body wall, it is kept moist. Much water is lost from the body through urine. Thus, more than 35% water must be present in the earthworm feed for proper growth. Earthworms do not have any protective body cover and they have to keep the body surface moist as the body wall serves as respiratory organ. They will be constantly releasing mucus through the dorsal pores tokeep the body wet. Therefore it is essential to maintain 60% Moisture in the medium (one must feel the wetness in the material). Excess moisture or water stagnation creates anaerobic conditions in the medium and thus deters the growth of earthworms and also the quality of compost. d. Suitable temperature:- The temperature limit of the earthworm feed should be in the range between 20°C to 359C. The high temperature > 459 C results into desiccation of the body and moisture stress and temperature below 0°C stops earthworm activities. e. Protection from light:- Earthworms are nocturnal in habit and are hence active during night. They are injured and may be killed by exposure to light and are specially affected by ultra-violet wavelength. It is advisable to provide shade to the vermicomposting structures as earthworms are photonegative. They avoid day light and thus they are active during night. To increase their activity all through the day and night, it is essential to reduce the light intensity in the structure. (UV light will not affect the epigeic earthworms as they are pigmented). It is the heat factor of day light which is deleterious rather than the light intensity, f. Suitable pH:- For effective multiplication of earthworms, pH of the feeding material should be at neutral level i.e. 7.0. The earthworm population is severely affected if the pH of the feed material is <4 & >9. Normally a pH range of 6.0 to 8.5 in the feed mix is suitable for the activity of earthworm. At the two given extremes, there may be slight reduction in food consumption and compost production. To get an ideal pH within this range, it is essential to use green matter along with dry biomass and regulate the moisture in the medium. g. Location for earthworm multiplication:- Suitable place for multiplication should be under shade. Earthworms can be multiplied very well in pit and raised beds or on heap of 2' height filled with ready food of decomposed or partially decomposed organic waste. h. The compost pit:- Compost pit of any convenient dimension can be dug in the backyard or garden or in a field. The most convenient pit of easily manageable size is 2m x 1m x 0.45om. [A tank may be constructed with brick and mortar with proper water outlets or a plastic crate 60 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm with holes drilled at the bottom or empty wooden crates (drilled wood boxes) or well rings of 75 cm dia and 30 to 45 cm height can also be used with slight modification in the thickness of layers used. Preparation of organic biomass for earthworms feeding Earthworms are very sensitive to temperature; they cannot resist temperature beyond 35°C. Any biomass, dry or green, generates heat while decomposition and the temperature of the heap increases beyond 409-50°C. Therefore, it is very essential to predigest the organic biomass before it is used as a vermifeed. It can be digested in heaps, pits or tanks. It is preferable to decompose organic biomass by using biodung technique (described on page 14) after 30 days when organic biomass is partially digested after two turnings and its temperature comes down to 25 - 300C, it can be used for vermicomposting. Similarly, fresh cattle-dung also cannot be used for vermicomposting as the generation of ammonical gasesand high temperature of cattle-dung heap becomes lethal for earthworms. Thus, cattle-dung heap of the size 3m x 1.5m x 1.5m shall be prepared in shade and about 50 - 60% moisture should be maintained in the heap for about 30 days. This heap also should be tured at least twice at the interval of 15 days. After 30-40 days when the temperature of the heap is reduced to 25-300C, this predigested or partially digested cattle-dung should be transferred to vermibed. Preparation of vermibed Like temperature, earthworms are also very sensitive to light. Therefore, shade (either tree shade or artificial tin shade) is must for vermicomposting. Vermibed of the size 3m x 0.9m x 45cm can be prepared under shade. The breadth of bed should not exceed 1.2 m and depth or height should not exceed 45cm to avoid compaction and heat generation from the organic matter. The bottom layer of vermibed should be loosely lined with brick pieces, pebbles or twigs to facilitate aeration and avoid compaction. At the bottom layer dry and hard agriculture biomass should be given. To save from red ants, lining of wood or charcoal ash also can be given over vermibeds. Similarly covering the bed with neem leaves or other dry biomass like wheat straw paddy straw or dry grass also can help in protecting worms from red ants. This basal layer makes the housing for earthworms. After this, approximately 9" - 12" thick layer of half decomposed biomass over the basal layer of vermibed is made. Water is sprinkled over this layer to maintain moisture. 2000 earthworms are inoculated in one bed. Three common varieties used for vermicomposting are (1) Perionyx excavatus (2) Eudrilus eugeniae and (3) Eisenia foetida of which Perionyx excavatus is a local variety, while Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia foetida are exotic varieties. In a vermibed single/mixture of varieties can be used for vermicomposting. Earthworms when released into the vermibed or tanks containing half decomposed organic biomass, enter in to it on their own and feed on the material, layer after layer and release their excreta on the surface. Earthworms keep moving down wards as most of the material at the top is converted into their cast. The process of vermicomposting i.e. conversion of partially decomposed organic matter to fine granular vermicompost takes 40-45 days. Every kg of earthworms feeds on 5 kgs of waste with 40 to 50% moisture per day. In this way, with the help of earthworms, composting can be carried out with minimum cattle-dung. Use of different materials like green biomass, fibrous material, dry leaf litter and animal dung in combination results in the recovery of good quality of compost. In the end, compost recovery will be around 50 to 60% of the original material both by weight and volume. Compost preparation by using local earthworms Beside exotic varieties, vermicompost can also be prepared by using local epigeic varieties of earthworms like Perionyx excavatus. These epigeic earthworms can be collected from moist and cool places like tree shades, irrigated orchards, kitchen drainage systems and near cattle sheds, where availability of moisture and organic matter is found throughout the year. However, epigeic earthworms can be collected in the rainy season. After collection theseearthworms can be transferred to vermibed as described earlier and vermicompost can be harvested after 40-45 days. Harvesting of Compost As soon as vermicast is collected on the top layer of vermibed, regular watering should be stopped. Due to loss of moisture from the surface and lack of feeding material earthworms will move downward. After 2-3 days, small heaps of compost are prepared on the vermibed and kept open. This facilitate earthworm to move downwards. Vermicompost is then harvested from the surface and stored in shade. Fresh feeding material is added in the vermibed. After 2-3 days the harvested vermicompost is sieved through 4-5 mm sieves. If the vermicompost contains many cocoons or juveniles or subadults, then compost is watered and covered with grass mulch. To collect small worms from vermicompost small balls of wet cattle-dung are prepared and they are buried at several places in the compost. As markers ‘small pieces of stickes to identify the buried dung can be fixed. It is left for 15 days. After 15 days these balls of cattle dung are collected. Small earthworms juveniles, sub-adults or other escaped cocoons are all aggregated in the balls of cattle dung. They can be easily separated from compost. Biomass production of Earthworms The biomass production of exotic earthworms like Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia foetida may lead to a level of 40 to 90 folds in a period of 3-6 months with adequate space and food. For example a tank of the size 60 x 45 x 60 cm can hold a population of 1000 to 1500 adult Eudrilus eugeniae, three thousand to five thousand Eisenia fetida and Perionyx excavatus. The growth rate and reproduction of earthworms is controlled by population density. In case of Eudrilus eugeniae, earthworms remain small in size and produce less number of cocoons when they are crowded. Perionyx excavatus and Eisenia foetida can withstand the population pressure (density pressure) but Eudrilus eugeniae cannot. Thus frequent harvesting of earthworms is essential to bring down population pressure. It has been observed that addition of wheat bran; gram husk or grain powder and even neem cake increases or stimulates the reproductive potential of Eudrilus eugeniae. Predators and Parasites of Earthworms Although vermicomposting is very simple technology, care has to be taken to save earthworms from predators. A large number of invertebrates that predate upon earthworms are giant flat worms, the carivorus slugs, the carabid and staphylinid beetles and the centipedes. The camivorus earthworms like Agastrodrilus species is reported to feed upon earthworms. Besides these, frogs, toads reptiles, rodents, badgers, foxes, moles and birds are the main vertebrate predators (Fig. 4). Therefore the composting units either vermibeds or vermitanks should be well covered with wire mesh or with thomy leaves to protect from predators. Kitchen waste, half decomposed organic materials as well as cattle-dung attract red ants. These ants feed on cocoons and young earthworms. A native decoction which contains a mixture of 20 liters of water, 100 gms chilli powder, 100 gms turmeric powder, 100 gms salt and little soap powder is prepared and sprinkled over the bottom layer and corners of vermibed to save earthworms from red ants. In some cases where vermicompost is produced at commercial level vermicompost shed is surrounded by narrow water channel,which protects the vermibeds from red ants. Besides this, for household level Vermicomposting, the wooden crates, baskets or small tanks used for vermicompost should be kept at 2 feet height from the ground level and should be covered from top to protect from predators. 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SusWueY I!UEBIQ swayshs Burwup4 s1unbigList and Address of National and Regional Organic Farming Centres with states of their jurisdiction Director, National Centre of Organic Farming, ‘Sector 19, Hapur Road, Kamla Nehru Nagar, GHAZIABAD - 201 002 (UP). 0120.2764906, 2764212; Fax:0120-2764901 Web: http:/ncof dacnet.nic.in Emall: nbde@nic.in Entire India Regional Director, Regional Centre of Organic Farming, Sector 19, Hapur Road, Kamla Nehru Nagar, GHAZIABAD - 201 002 (UP). 0120-2764212; Fax:0120-2764901 Web: htip/incof dacnet.nic.in Ema: rcofha.qzb-agri@aov.in Delhi, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh (Except Districts Of Azamgarh, Ballia, Basti, Chandaull Deoria, Faizabad, Ayodhya, Ghazipur & Gorakhpur). Regional Director, Ragional Centre of Organic Farming, Kannamangala Cross, Whitefield — Hosekote Road, Kadugodi Post, BENGALURU-560067 (Karnataka). (080-28450503 Email: bioisk08@nic.in, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu, Pondicherry and Lakshdweep Regional Director, Regional Centre of Organic Farming, GA-114, Niladri Vihar (Near KV-4), PO Sailashree Vihar, BHUBANESHWAR-751007 (Orissa), 0874-2721281, Email biofor04@nic.in Orissa, West Bengal and Andman & Nicobar Regional Director, Regional Centre of Organic Farming, isan Bhawan, Sector 14, Panchkula-134 109 (Haryana). 0172-2971718, Email: biothrO5@nic.in Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir and Chandigarh (UT). Regional Director, Regional Centre of Organic Farming, Langol Road, Lamphelpat, IMPHAL-795 004 (Manipur), (0385-2413239 Email: biomn01@nic.in ‘Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland, Tripura and Sikkim Regional Director, Ragional Centre of Organic Farming, 67/1, Keshav Smrii, Lakshmipur, Shatabdipuram, Behind Muskan Plaza, JABALPUR-482 002 (Madhya Pradesh), 0761-297 1234, Email: biofmp06@nic.in ‘Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Regional Director, Regional Centre of Organic Farming, ‘Amravati Road, NH6, Village ~ Gondkhairy, Post ~ Wadi, Kalmeshwer, NAGPUR-440 023 (Maharashtra). 07118-297054, Email: biofmh10@nic.in ‘Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Telengana Regional Director, Regional Centre of Organic Farming, Central Potato Research Station Campus, Sahaynagar, Jagdev Path, Patna-801 506 (Bihar). 0612-2225024, Email: ‘cof pat-agri@aov.in Bihar, Jharkhand and Eastern Uttar Pradesh (Azamgarh, Balia, Basti, Chandauli, Deoria, Faizabad, Ayodhya, Ghazipur & Gorakhpur Districts) Regional Director, Regional Centre of Organic Farming, ‘APIC, Podium Level Krishi Bhawan, Sector 10-A Gandhinagar-382 010 (Gujral) 079-23257465, Email: ad-enagar@ncof.dacnet.nic.in Gujrat, Goa, Damn & Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli Toll Free Number : 1800-180-3049